• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.829-842
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• 2003

In this Paper, we propose the new face detection and tracking method based on template matching for real-time applications such as, teleconference, telecommunication, front stage of surveillance system using face recognition, and video-phone applications. Since the main purpose of paper is to track a face regardless of various environments, we use template-based face tracking method. To generate robust face templates, we apply wavelet transform to the average face image and extract three types of wavelet template from transformed low-resolution average face. However template matching is generally sensitive to the change of illumination conditions, we apply Min-max normalization with histogram equalization according to the variation of intensity. Tracking method is also applied to reduce the computation time and predict precise face candidate region. Finally, facial components are also detected and from the relative distance of two eyes, we estimate the size of facial ellipse.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1973

During the last decade extensive studios on catecholamines have evolved new knowledge in the physiology and biochemistry of adrenergic mechanism. Cardiac muscle, receiving adrenergic fibres from the stellate, cervical and thoracic ganglia, has been repeatedly shown to have a specific capacity to uptake and to store catecholamines. The catecholamine stores in cardiac muscle have also been shown to be important sites for the action of numerous drugs. Under normal condition, a certain level of catecholamines is maintained in the stores and serves as the basis for studying the changes in the catecholamine content of the heart. Because myocardial catecholamines play such important role in the patho-physiology of the heart, it would be interesting to compare the normal level of myocardial catecholamines among various species of animals. An occasional study has dealt with myocardial catecholamines of several species add ages of animals but these have been insufficiently comprehensive to afford a basis for an understanding of the importance of these amines as related to species and ages. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not there is any significance of myocardial catecholamines in the course of the evolution and development of animals. Seasonal changes, sex difference and regional and subcellular distribution of myocardial catecholamines were also examined. The concentration of cardiac catecholamines was determined by the spectrophotofluorometric procedure described by Shore and Olin. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. As animals phylogenetically progressed larger amounts of catecholamines were resent in their hearts. A negligibly small amount of catecholamine was present in the hearts of the clam, a non-vertebrate. Among the vertebrates, cold-blooded animals (snake, turtle, frog, eel and fish) had less myocardial catecholamines than warm-blooded animals, of which aves (fowl and duck) had less than mammalia (cat, dog, rabbit, rat, cow and pig). The ratio of norepinephrine to epinephrine also was greater as the animals progress phylogenetically. 2. Examination of the regional distribution of cardiac catecholamines in warm-blooded animals showed that the content of the auricle was generally higher than that of the septum and considerably than that of the ventricle, but the differences of contents among these regions were not so marked. 3. In the embryonic chick, cardiac catecholamines were firstly detected on the 4th day of incubation, the time before the cardiac innervation of sympathetic nerves. The concentrations of these catecholamines increased but not markedly on the 6th day of incubation, soon after the innervation of sympathetic nerves to the heart. The level of the cardiac catecholamines fluctuated throughout the remainder of embryonic development. 4. In newborn rat hearts, a considerable amount of catecholamines was present. With the development of the rats, the concentrations of myocardial catecholamines increased. The ratio of epinephrine and norepinephrine fluctuated within the range of 40 to 60 pervent. However, as development progressed, the percentage of norepinephrine continued to rise, attaining the adult value of $80{\sim}90%$ after $45{\sim}60$ days. In contrast, the total amount of epinephrine remained fairly constant throughout the animal's development. 5. No significant sexual differences were observed in the concentration of myocardial catecholamines in the developing rat. 6. The catecholamines in the rabbit hearts increased during the summer season (from May to August) and maintained a fairly constant level in the other seasons of the year. 7. The subcellular distribution of cardiac catecholamines was examined by differential centrifugation of homogenates of cardiac muscles in rabbits, cats and rats. The catecholamines were found to be present approximately 20% in particles of mitochondrial fraction, 45% in particles of microsomal fraction and 35% in soluble supernatant fraction. The particle containing catecholamines in cardiac muscle appears to be two different sizes.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.1 s.57
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

The slow development of histopathological changes and long period required for stabilization of lesions have suggested that secondary injury processes exacerbate the effect of initial mechanical insult after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). The importance of glutamate receptors in the normal functions of spinal cord, in concert with the large body of evidence that points to their involvement in neurotoxicity due to both ischemic and traumatic insults to the CNS, suggested a probable role of glutamate receptors in secondary injury process after traumatic SCI. In order to investigate the involvement of excitatory amino acid in the secondary injury process after SCI, this study examined the effect of dextrorphan, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, on the recovery of hindlimb function and the residual tissue at injury site following SCI. Locomotor function was assessed using open field test (21 point scale). At 8 weeks spinal cord tissue was examined using quantitative histopathologic technique. Prior to surgery female Long-Evans rats were adapted to the test environment. Rats received laminectomies (T9/T10), and spinal cord contusions (NYU impactor) were produced by a 10 gm weight dropped 25 mm. DXT (15 or 30 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline was injected 15 min before contusion. Behavioral testing resumed 2 days post-injury and continued twice a week for 8 weeks. No differences between DXT and saline groups were found for hindlimb function and sparing tissue at the lesion site. These results suggest that NMDA receptor might not be involved in secondary injury processes after traumatic SCI.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.115-120
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• 1973

An experiment was carried out to investigate possible use of several systemic insecticides as seed treatment to control some insect pests of rice, barley and soybean. The insecticides were impregnated with active carbon dust and $2\%$ water solution of methyl cellulose as skicker. The seeds were dressed with the insecticides: Fussol (Monofluoroacetamide), Dimethoate (0, 0-dimethyl-S-(N-methyl carbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate), Metasystox (0, 0-dimethyl 0-2 ethylthioethyl phosphorodithioate), Dimecron (0, 0-dimethyl (diethylamide-1-chlorocrotonyl) Phosphate). The seeds were treated at the rate of $4\%$ by grain weight. Effects of seed treatments with systemic insecticides on the seed germination and insecticidal effectiveness were tested. Fer rice, no seed germination was observed in Fussol treatment. Dimethoate, Metasystox and Dimecron showed a slight reduction in germination when seeds were sown 1 day after treatment, but they showed gradual reduction in germination when seeds were sown 20 and 45 days after treatment. Especially Diriethoate treatment showed significant reduction in germination after 20 and 45 days of storage. All the insecticides reduced seedling stands of barley somewhat. No plant emergence was observed in Fussol treatments after 25 and :to days of storage. In case of the 40 days of storge in barley seed treated with Dimethoate, Hetasystox and Dimecron there was no gignificant reduction in plant emergence except Fussol treatment. Dimethoate was highly toxic to the soybean seed viability. However, there was no significant reduction in the soybean germination after 1 day of storage. in Fussol, Metasystox and Dimecron treatments After 25 days of storag in Fussol and Dimethoate treatments, no plant emergence was observed, and there was $13.3\%$ emergence in Metasystox treatment, and $93.0\%$ emergence in Dimecron treatment. Dimethoate treatment in rice seed(variety Suwon # 82) showed $90\%$ mortality at the twentieth day and $33.3\%$ at the thirtieth day after sowing against the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix cincticeps But no visible effectiveness was observed in Metasystox and Dimecron treatments. Dimethoate treatment in barley seed resulted in low population density of aphids. Rhopalosiphum spp. Final observation on the number of eggs per plant was made at the fiftieth day after sowing; 2 in Dimethoate, 4 in Fussol, 6 in Metasystox, 7 in Dimecron, and 13 in check plots. All the insecticides tested resulted in good insecticidal effectiveness against the aphids, Aulocorthum solani on soybean plant at the ninth day infestation after sowing. Dimethote, Metasystox, and Dimecron treated soybean plants was still effective in controlling the aphids to the eighteenth day infestation.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of 12-week weight control program including nutrition education, diet therapy and regular exercise on body weight, obesity degree, BMI and blood lipid levels among middle aged obese women. The 31 middle aged obese women participated in the weight control program for 12-week. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food habit were measured before and after the weight control program. Changes in body weight after 12 week weight control program showed the slight reduction from $67.4{\pm}10.8kg\;to\;65.1{\pm}9.2kg$. Obesity degree and BMI were decreased from $128.4{\pm}19.1%,\;27.8{\pm}3.9\;to\;123.4{\pm}15.7%,\;26.8{\pm}3.0$, respectively. Waist-hip ratio was also decreased from $0.98{\pm}10.16\;to\;0.94{\pm}0.04$. LBM was also slightly reduced from $39.9{\pm}5.6kg\;to\;37.0{\pm}8.5kg$ with the reduction of body fat. The levels of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride were slightly decreased, HDL-chol level was significantly increased from $43.1{\pm}14.1mg/dL\;to\;50.4{\pm}16.5mg/dL$. Waist-hip ratio was also slightly decreased after 12 weeks. Food habit score was significantly increased after nutriton education and personal counseling about their eating behaviors and nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of energy restricted (ER) diet on the expressions of lipogenic genes in liver and myogenic genes in muscle tissue of broiler chickens. Energy restriction was accomplished by providing chicks with 70% (ER70) or 85% (ER85) energy level of control diet intake. Energy restricted groups of chickens were restricted for 7 days, starting at 8 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction period, and continued through the end of the experiment. The body weight of chickens in the restricted groups gained less during the energy restriction period (P<0.05). The body weight of the ER groups were similar to the control group during the re-alimentation period. However, the body weight of the ER70 group did not catch up with that of the control group by 35 days of age. The energy restrictions during early life of chicks decreased the contents of triglycerides and cholesterol in blood (P<0.05), but those were not different among treatments after re-alimentation. The genes of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and transcription factors including SREBP and PPARγ were down regulated by restriction regimen only in ER70 (P<0.05). However, those genes were not completely recovered after re-alimentation in ER70 group. The RNA expression levels of Myo-D, Myf-5 and myogenin in all treatment groups were decreased by restriction regimen when compared with control group (P<0.05). Myogenin was highly expressed after re-alimentation, but the other genes were not different among groups. These results suggest that ER85 group shows the best growth performance by re-alimentation and the higher muscle differentiation by expressing myogenin.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 1998

The total-bodies of 10 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with single doses 4.5 and 7.5 Gy, respectively. The effects on plasma and sciatic nerve platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF) concentrations and sciatic nerve PDGF ${\alpha}$ -and ${\beta}$ -receptors densities were examined up to 10 days post-treatment. There was no consistent significant variation in the plasma and sciatic nerve PDGF concentrations in time over the period of study between 4.5 and 7.5 Gy groups. Plasma PDGF concentrations were significantly reduced to 58% of control values between 5 and 10 days with 4.5 Gy and to 51% of control values as percentage of control values between 5 and 10 days with 7.5 Gy after irradiation, respectively(p<0.05). Sciatic nerve PDGF concentrations were increased to 118% of control values at 1 day with 4.5 Gy and to 130% of control values at 1 day with 7.5 Gy after irradiation, respectively(p>0.05). After irradiation, the levels of PDGF ${\alpha}$ -receptor protein density were reduced to 33% of control values at 2 days with 4.5 Gy and to 50% at 2 days with 7.5 Gy, while the levels of PDGF ${\beta}$-receptor protein density were reduced to maximally 26% of control values at 2 days with 4.5 Gy and to 27% at 2 days with 7.5 Gy, respectively, but both initial decreased levels of those were increased subsequently after 2 days following irradiation. These results suggest that the radiation-induced alteration of plasma and sciatic nerve PDGF concentrations, and sciatic nerve PDGF ${\alpha}$ -and ${\beta}$ -receptors densities may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone marrow stem cell and peripheral neuron damages.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.77-90
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• 2002

This study serves the purpose of understanding about correct jump and landing motion through Kinematical Analysis of Straddle Jump to Push up Motion at target by four elite sports aerobics athletes have more than four years career. And further more that make good assistance for coaches effective guidance through an offer basic data and correct diagnosis, evaluate of motions. It was picture-taked by two-video camera for Straddle Jump to Push up Motions. Camera speeds are 60 frame/sec. There are Kinematical Variation elements for analysis, the displacement of COG, each angle displacement left/right of shoulder-joint, each angle displacement left/right of knee-joint and each speed left/right of tip of the toes. Every each person accomplished severaly 3 times and we have acquired this conclusion. The conclusions were as follows; 1. Each situation for displacement of COG showed low height of COG by phase 1, 4, 5(79.05${\pm}9.07,\;46.41{\pm}3.65,\;18.66{\pm}0.54cm$) and It showed high height of COG by phase 2, 3($120.80{\pm}6.13,\;148.12{\pm}9.19cm$). 2. Each displacement left, right of shoulder-joint flexion by phase 1($91.07{\pm}8.30,\;90.77{\pm}5.72$deg/sec)and It showed maximal extension angles by phase 2($102.48{\pm}10.00,\;102.39{\pm}10.51$deg/sec). in part of phase 3, left of shoulder-joint angle($94.43{\pm}4.12$deg/sec) showed flexion phase 1, the other right shoulder-joint angle(88.38${\pm}$4.98deg/sec) showed more a little lower than phase 1, in last phase that showed most low by phase 4($70.58{\pm}13.72,\;54.24{\pm}11.58$deg/sec). 3. Each displacement left, right of hip joint showed maximal extent conditions by phase 2, 3($160.35{\pm}22.68,\;1534.77{\pm}5.40$deg/sec, $150.04{\pm}12.79,\;145.54{\pm}13.00$deg/sec) beside, ankle-joint showed minimal angle by phase 1, 4($93.59{\pm}18.92,\;85.37{\pm}13.23$deg/sec, $66.60{\pm}15.77,\;80.60{\pm}16.57$deg/sec). 4. Each displacement left, right of hip joint showed maximal extent conditions by phase 2($157.15{\pm}9.13,\;163.52{\pm}8.18$deg/sec), and right of hip joint showed minimal angle by phase 3($110.87{\pm}13.81,\;77.53{\pm}8.95$deg/sec) It showed alike condition of low angle by phase 1, 4($91.04{\pm}2.31,\;96.26{\pm}2.20$deg/sec). 5. Each displacement left, right of knee-joint showed maximal extent conditions by phase 1, 3, 4($173.46{\pm}2.95,\;171.51{\pm}5.44$deg/sec, $172.24{\pm}4.49,\;171.26{\pm}0.65$deg/sec, $162.78{\pm}2.13,\;164.10{\pm}5.97$deg/sec) but It showed flexion only left of knee-joint by phase 2($164.45{\pm}7.51,\;159.38{\pm}3.48$deg/sec). 6. Each speed left, right of the tip of the toes showed most fastest when someone jumped with lift up leges by phase 1, 2($321.32{\pm}67.91,\;316.90{\pm}41.97$cm/sec, $410.06{\pm}153.06,\;399.77{\pm}189.34$cm/sec), It showed more less speed than phase 1,2 by phase 3($169.74{\pm}67.17,\;150.00{\pm}63.80$cm/sec) and It showed most slow speed than phase 1,2,3 by phase 4($87.22{\pm}34.90,\;85.72{\pm}52.23$cm/sec).

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.249-268
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• 2001

This study was carried out to identify the effects of an art therapy program based on reality therapy on the weight control, body image, and self-esteem of college students. The program was developed by the authors. The design was a pretest-post test control group design. The subjects were college students attending M college : 8 in experimental group A, 6 in experimental group 2, who wanted to control their body weight and 16 in the control group who didn't attend the program those in the experimental group attended the program once (group A) or twice (group B) per week meeting a total of six times. The data were analyzed by quantity method (SPSS 10.0 program) and quality method(process analysis). The results were as follows : 1. The average obesity index of pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up test decreased from 8.9% to 6.1%, 3.7%. And the rate of decrease both pre-post and post-follow up were statistically significant 2. The average obesity index of group A decreased from 9.6% to 6.3%, 4.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were statistically significant. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically not significant 3. The average obesity index of group B decreased from 7.8% to 5.8%, 3.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were not significant statistically. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically significant 4. The average scores of pre and post body image increased and were statistically significant : group A from 129.0 to 153.5, group B from 127.7 to 155.2. 5. The average scores of pre and post semantic differential method increased and were statistically significant: group A from 38.1 to 44.1, group B from 38.0 to 45.0. 6. The average scores of pre and post self-esteem increased: group A increased from 37.3 to 40.3 and were statistically significant, group B increased from 36.5 to 39.5 but was statistically insignificant 7. The average scores of pre and post obesity rate, body image, semantic differential method and self-esteem in the control group were not statistically significant 8. The pre and post scores of body image(p=.001), semantic differential method(p=.001) and self-esteem(p=.039) between experimental and control group were statistically significant. 9. In Duncan multiple comparison, it was not statistically significant between group A and B, but statistically significant between group A and the control group, group B and the control group in obesity index, body image, semantic differential method. There was no statistically significance among the three groups in self esteem 10. In Duncan multiple comparison, group A gained higher scores than group B in obesity index(-1.2%), and self esteem(0. 3). Group B gained higher scores than group A in body image(3. 0), and semantic differential method(1. 0). So it is difficult to conclude whether group A or B is more effective. In conclusion, the art therapy program based on reality therapy was effective in weight the control program of college students: obesity was decreased, the scores of body image and semantic differential method and self-esteem were increased. The scores of group A were increased more than group Band were statistically significant, The time interval was a very important factor in this program. The recommendation is : the validity of this program has to be tested through various subjects and in various areas. And also this program has to be tested in other topics.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2006

$\underline{Purpose}$: To evaluate the pathological prognostic factors related to local recurrence after radical surgery and adjuvant radiation therapy in advanced rectal cancer. $\underline{Materials\;and\;Methods}$: Fifty-four patients with advanced rectal cancer who were treated with radical surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy between February 1993 and December 2001 were enrolled in this study. Among these patients, 14 patients experienced local recurrence. Tissue specimens of the patients were obtained to determine pathologic parameters such as histological grade, depth of invasion, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, neural invasion and immunohistopathological analysis for expression of p53, Ki-67, c-erb, ezrin, c-met, phosphorylated S6 kinase, S100A4, and HIF-1 alpha. The correlation of these parameters with the tumor response to radiotherapy was statistically analyzed using the chi-square test, multivariate analysis, and the hierarchical clustering method. $\underline{Results}$: In univariate analysis, the histological tumor grade, venous invasion, invasion depth of the tumor and the over expression of c-met and HIF-1 alpha were accompanied with radioresistance that was found to be statistically significant. In multivariate analysis, venous invasion, invasion depth of tumor and over expression of c-met were also accompanied with radioresistance that was found to be statistically significant. By analysis with hierarchical clustering, the invasion depth of the tumor, and the over expression of c-met and HIF-1 alpha were factors found to be related to local recurrence. Whereas 71.4% of patients with local recurrence had 2 or more these factors, only 27.5% of patients without local recurrence had 2 or more of these factors. $\underline{Conclusion}$: In advanced rectal cancer patients treated by radical surgery and adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy, the poor prognostic factors found to be related to local recurrence were HIF-1 alpha positive, c-met positive, and an invasion depth more than 5.5 mm. A prospective study is necessary to confirm whether these factors would be useful clinical parameters to measure and predict a radio-resistance group of patients.