• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.286-305
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• 2014

We explored the possibilities of science field experience in Jongmyo Shrine in this study. To understand the educational value of self-leading science activities in Jongmyo Shrine, one of the World Heritage, we developed science program and applied it to the elementary students participating in a gifted education center. We collected and analyzed various data of opinionnaire survey before and after the program, field activity sheets, field observation, and individual- and group interview. The results showed the lack of students' spatial ability and proposed educational interests in science education. Also, a lot of students felt the difficulty in applying school science knowledge into the real life context. Students found the meaning of science learning through cooperative activities in the historically meaningful place. A proper use of smart device in science field experience was recommended. We found that activities with too much smart device might impede various scientific process skills.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.62
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• pp.231-262
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• 2016

The Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) of Zhou dynasty was a king's main building where a diversity of rituals were held, such as 'the assembly ceremony between a king and vassals in the morning', and was also called as Taechim(太寢) Nochim(路寢) Jeongchim(正寢) and others. Before Zhou dynasty, the expressions of Taesil(太室) and Sesil(世室) were used, and especially the term of Taesil(太室) is found in the records of the early period of West Zhou. In "Seogyeong(書經)", not only the term of Nochim(路寢) but also the letter of 'chim(寢)' itself is not found at all, but the letter of 'sil(室)' appeared several times in the chapters of "Haseo(夏書)" "Sangseo(商書)" "Juseo(周書)" except for that of "Wuseo(虞書)". "Jwajowusa(左祖右社)" meaning that 'the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) which keeps the late king's mortuary tablet is established in the left, and Sajikdan altar(社稷壇) which enshrines a god of land and grains is established in the right' was first mentioned in the part of 'Janginyeongguk(匠人營國 : a master craftsman builds different national infrastructures, for instance, a palace and roads)' in "Donggwangogonggi(冬官考工記)" of "Jurye(周禮)". In addition, so-called 'Jwamyowusa(左廟右社)', that is, "Sajik(社稷) enshrining the god of land and grains is built in the right('右'), and the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟) in the left('左'). (右社稷 左宗廟)" was mentioned as one of different duties of a Sojongbaek(小宗伯) in charge of ancestral rites, which was recorded in "Chungwanjongbaek(春官宗伯)" of "Jurye(周禮)". And it seems that had affected the mention of "Jwajowusa(左祖右社)" in "Donggwangogonggi(冬官考工記)" appeared thereafter. Many manners scholars including Jeonghyun(鄭玄) since Han dynasty interpreted 'Jwa(左 : left)' and 'Wu(右 : right)' here as the arrangement relation of left and right of Jongmyo(宗廟) and Sajik(社稷), but when it is interpreted as "helping(右=佑 : to help) to sacrifice to a god of land and grains in Sajik(社稷), and helping(左=佐 : to help) memorial ceremonies in Jongmyo(宗廟)." it can correspond with a 'Jongbaek(宗伯)''s duties. 'Jeonmyohuchim(前廟後寢)' is the term that began from the expression that "what's in front is called as an jongmyo shrine(宗廟) and what's back as a bedroom.(前曰廟 後曰寢)" in Jeonghyun(鄭玄)'s annotation explaining the chapter of "Hagwansama(夏官司馬)" in "Jurye(周禮)" and "Wolryeong(月令)" in "Yegi(禮記)". Chaeong(蔡邕), a figure in the same age as Jeonghyun(鄭玄), used the expression that "a court is placed in the front, and a bedroom in the back(前有朝 後有寢)." In the paper, two hypotheses were discussed about the theory about Jeonmyohuchim(前廟後寢). In one hypothesis, it expressed two facilities within a wall; 'a court in the front to deal with governmental affairs, and a comfortable interior space in the back.' In another hypothesis, it refers to two independent and separate buildings of 'an jongmyo shrine(宗廟) building in the front as the area of governmental meetings, and the residential building in the back as the residence area with family'.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

Macrofungi are visible to the naked eye and play important ecological roles in nutrient cycles as decomposers and symbionts in forest ecosystems. Collectively, macrofungi have great potential as valuable resources for food, cosmetics, and medicinal uses. We surveyed the Royal Tombs (Donggureung and Seooreung) of the Joseon Dynasty and Jongmyo Shrine, where the surrounding vegetation is well-preserved, to investigate indigenous macrofungi. During surveys in 2015-2016, we discovered six macrofungi that were previously not recorded to Korea. They were identified to the species level using morphological features and phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer region: Cruentomycena kedrovaya, Dacrymyces aureosporus, Laetiporus versisporus, Parasola setulosa, Piptoporellus soloniensis, and Pluteus longistriatus. The detailed morphological descriptions and molecular analysis are provided in this study.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.4-21
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the names and types of walls constructed in the late Joseon Dynasty in YeonggeonUigwe, a record of construction works of the Joseon Dynasty, and to examine the current status and name of walls constructed in the main hall and the Yeongnyeongjeon Hall of Jongmyo Shrine. The results of the study are as follows. First, the name of the wall can be divided into four types depending on the characteristics, including direction, location, shape, function, material, and complexity, and was used as a compound word in front of the wall. Second, some of the wall types related to the material were found to have differences in the timing of theypes of walls. Since the 18th century, the use of earthen walls has been reduced, and the use of wooden walls and paper walls are often used. Third, the walls of the Jongmyo Shrine were composed of a mud wall and a fireproof wall. A fireproof wall was installed in the main hall, including a pillar, while the Yeongnyeongjeon Hall was installed only between the pillar and the pillar. Fourth, the Gap Wall can be defined as the "wall constructed at the upper part of the chamber used in the construction of the building in Jongmyo." This study is meaningful in that it attempted to clarify the definition of a wall in the late Joseon Dynasty by examining the names and examples of walls used in the late Joseon Dynasty, focusing on walls that lacked research in familiarity.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.64-79
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• 2016

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the process of change to the pond at the Jongmyo Shrine(宗廟), from the Joseon Dynasty period to the modern and contemporary era. The consequent research results can be summarized as follows. The first record of the Jongmyo pond is confirmed in the "Annals of King Sejong(世宗實錄)". The pond, which was being constructed at the time, refers to the current upper pond(上池). A pair of islets(雙島) were constructed during the Sukjong(肅宗) period, with several trees planted on the middle islet(中池). The middle pond is thick with lotuses. In particular, the middle island on the middle pond subsequently changed into a single island(單島), which is likely to be related to the pond expansion during the reign of Youngjo(英祖). When the lower pond(下池), involving dualistic arrangement, was constructed in the modern and contemporary era, the pond of the Jongmyo Shrine underwent a drastic transformation phase. The lower pond was constructed before 1947 at the latest, and when the right side of the lower pond was filled in the mid 1980s, the dualistically arranged lower pond became a unified type of lower pond. On the other hand, the bank protections of the upper and middle ponds were constructed with earth, but was subsequently modified into its current form using stone.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.125-137
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• 2010

Jongmyo royal shrine, located in Seoul, is a UNESCO World Heritage site, and a cultural relic of national value and significance. Examination of its udobakseok(granitic flagstone; thin, flat and even stepping-stones for the King) has shown that parts are in damaged condition. In this study, GIS and GPS technologies were applied to determine the extent of damage and to find granitic flagstone for replacement and restoration of the damaged stones. 1,158 out of 2,361 stone pieces of the udobakseok were damaged at Jongmyo. Replacement granitic flagstones are available on Seokmo Island, in Ganghwa County, and estimates show that approximately 100,000 pieces of stone can be quarried. This research aided the systematic management of information about availability and location of granitic flagstones for restoration of the Jongmyo udobakseok. It also demonstrated that GIS and GPS technologies can apply a critical role in managing cultural properties. The wide use of GIS and GPS technologies can be expected for survey and management of other cultural properties in addition to Jongmyo.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 2018

This study aims to study the flora and identify the naturalized plants of the 4 ancient palace (Gyeongbokgung, Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung) and Jongmyo Shrine, which are national cultural heritage and urban cultural centers in Seoul. The plants found consisted of 315 taxa in total, belonging to 82 families, 201 genera, 285 species, 1 subspecies and 29 varieties. The naturalized plants were shown as follows: in the Deoksugung Palace(33 taxa), the Jongmyo Shrine(14 taxa) and the Gyeongbok Palace(21 taxa) and the Changdeokgung Palace complex(11 taxa). The results of the analysis based on the place of origin showed a higher rate of distribution of species based in North America, Europe and Eurasia, with higher rates of grass than tree. In addition, except for Gyeongbokgung Palace, the annual rate is higher than the perennial rate. As a result of naturalization analysis, the percentage of naturalized plants corresponding to naturalization degree 3 and naturalization degree 5 was high. According to the moment of the invasion, the naturalized plants recently introduced were higher than the first species. In addition, it was found that the similarity between the sites was more than 40%, and the diversity of species of naturalized plants common to the five sites was very low. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for cultural heritage landscaping and naturalized plant management.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.22
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• pp.169-183
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• 2015

As time is rapidly changing, the culture to represent an era is getting more subdivided and complex. Due to cultural diversity, the influence, cause, characteristics which could be understood in individual field centered by space in the past cannot be understood now only by the viewpoint of one field, and it has become difficult to predict and correspond to the change of the future. With the development of information and knowledge delivery system, various cultural contents to form a space are being created and lapsed, but there are a lot of parts which cannot be explained or understood by only one point of view. To inspect these situation, this study is aimed to draw the Tangibility and Intangibility Value causes that became the influence with Jongmyo Shrine, designated from UNESCO at February 1995, a traditional space with historical superiority, analyze the key factors that became the main factor to form the space, and consider the importance of the related factors. The unconstructured data technique which is applied as the method of analysis in this study can be said to be a new value judgement and viewpoint in interpreting the space. Therefore, this study is a new trial to provide a frame for multilaterally interpreting the various traditional space and culture of Korea from the past to the present.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.87-88
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• 2016

서울시에 소재하고 있는 종묘와 사직단은 제례의식이 거행되던 곳으로 실제 재현은 1년에 약 한번 정도 진행되며 이것을 보기위해 관람객이 몰리게 된다. 이것은 일종의 병목현상처럼 일어나고 있다. 이러한 병목현상을 해소하고, 평소 관람객에게도 실제 재현과 같은 효과를 보여주기 위하여 실감형 콘텐츠를 활용하고자 한다. 마이크로소프트(MS)의 증강현실(AR)기기 '홀로렌즈(Hololens)' 기법을 바탕으로 관람자들에게 이용의 편의를 보완할 수 있는 방법을 제안한다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.196-221
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• 2011

The Royal Private Shrines or the Samyo(私廟), were dedicated to members of Choseon's royal family who could not be enshrined at the (official) Royal Ancestral Shrine, the Jongmyo(宗廟). The Samyo were constructed at the national level and were systematically managed as such. Because these private Shrines were dedicated to those who couldn't belong to the Jongmyo but were still very important, such as the ruling king's biological father or mother. The details of all royal constructions were included in the State Event Manuals, and with them, the two-dimensional layouts of the Samyo also. From the remaining "Hyunsa-gung Private Tomb Construction Layout Record(顯思宮別廟營建都監儀軌)" of 1824, which is the construction record of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine(景祐宮) dedicated to Subin, the mother of King Sunjo(純祖), it became possible to investigate the so far unknown "The Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine", in terms of the year produced, materials used and other situational contexts. The investigation revealed that the "The Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine" is actually the "Hyunsa-gung Private Tomb Layout" produced by the Royal Construction Bureau. The bureau painted this to build Hyunsa-gung Private Shrine in a separately prepared site outside the court in 1824, according to the royal verdict to close down and move the temporary shrine inside the courtyard dedicated to Subin who had passed away in 1822. As the Construction Bureau must have also produced the Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine Layout, the painter(s) of this layout should exist among the official artists listed in the State Event Manual, but sadly, as their paintings have not survived to this day, we cannot compare their painting styles. The biggest stylistic character of the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine is its perfect diagonal composition method and detailed and neat portrayalof the many palace buildings, just as seen in Donggwoldo(東闕圖, Painting of a panoramic view for Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung Palaces). A well-perceiving architectural painting employs a specific point of view chosen to fit the purpose of the painting, or it can opt to the multi-viewpoint. Korean traditional architectural paintings in early ages utilized the diagonal composition method, the bird-eye viewpoint, or the multi-viewpoint. By the 18th century, detailed but also artistic architectural paintings utilizing the diagonal method are observed. In the early 19th century, the peak of such techniques is exhibited in Donggwoldo(Painting of a panoramic view for Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung Palaces). From the perfect diagonal composition method employed and the details of the palace buildings numbering almost two hundreds, we can determine that the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine also belongs to the same category of the highly technical architectural paintings as Donggwoldo(Painting of a panoramic view for Changdeokgung and Changgyeonggung Palaces). We can also confirm this hypothesis by comparing the painting techniques employed in these two paintings in detailthe way trees and houses are depicted, and the way ground texture is expressed, etc. The unique characteristic of the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine is, however, that the area surrounding the central shrine building(正堂), the most important area of the shrine, is drawn using not the diagonal method but the bird-eye viewpoint with the buildings lying flat on both the left and right sides, just as seen in the "Buildings Below the Central Shrine(正堂以下諸處)" in the State Event Manual's Painting Method section. The same viewpoint method is discovered in some other concurrent paintings of common residential buildings, so it is not certain that this particular viewpoint had been a distinctive feature for shrine paintings in general. On the other hand, when the diagonalmethod pointing to the left direction is chosen, the top-left and bottom-right sections of the painting become inevitably empty. This has been the case for the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine, but in contrast, Donggwoldo shows perfect screen composition with these empty margins filled up with different types of trees and other objects. Such difference is consistent with the different situational contexts of these two paintings: the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine is a simple single-sheet painting, while Donggwoldo is a perfected work of painting book given an official title. Therefore, if Donggwoldo was produced to fulfill the role of depiction and documentation as well as the aesthetic purpose, contrastingly, the Painting of Gyeongwoo-gung Shrine only served the purpose of copying the circumstances of the architecture and projecting them onto the painting.