• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2015

Purpose : This study presents the usefulness assessment of secondary shield for the lens exposure dose reduction during radiation treatment of peripheral orbit. Materials and Methods : We accomplished IMRT treatment plan similar with a real one through the computed treatment planning system after CT simulation using human phantom. For the secondary shield, we used Pb plate (thickness 3mm, diameter 25mm) and 3 mm tungsten eye-shield block. And we compared lens dose using OSLD between on TPS and on simulation. Also, we irradiated 200 MU(6 MV, SPD(Source to Phantom Distance)=100 cm, $F{\cdot}S\;5{\times}5cm$) on a 5cm acrylic phantom using the secondary shielding material of same condition, 3mm Pb and tungsten eye-shield block. And we carried out the same experiment using 8cm Pb block to limit effect of leakage & transmitted radiation out of irradiation field. We attached OSLD with a 1cm away from the field at the side of phantom and applied a 3mm bolus equivalent to the thickness of eyelid. Results : Using human phantom, the Lens dose on IMRT treatment plan is 315.9cGy and the real measurement value is 216.7cGy. And after secondary shield using 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block, each lens dose is 234.3, 224.1 cGy. The result of a experiment using acrylic phantom, each value is 5.24, 5.42 and 5.39 cGy in case of no block, 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block. Applying O.S.B out of the field, each value is 1.79, 2.00 and 2.02 cGy in case of no block, 3mm Pb plate and tungsten eye-shield block. Conclusion : When secondary shielding material is used to protect critical organ while irradiating photon, high atomic number material (like metal) that is near by critical organ can be cause of dose increase according to treatment region and beam direction because head leakage and collimator & MLC transmitted radiation are exist even if it's out of the field. The attempt of secondary shield for the decrease of exposure dose was meaningful, but untested attempt can have a reverse effect. So, a preliminary inspection through Q.A must be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.197-219
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• 2005

This study attempted, in accordance with the National Educational Curriculum, to develop achievement assessment standards for a course within the field of home economics which has been widely adopted by Korean vocational high schools, namely, the food and nutrition subject. Focus was also placed on strengthening the management of the curriculum for this food and nutrition course, as well as on establishing proper assessment standards by developing model assessment tools which can be used to assess the subject. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : First, based on an analysis of the related literature and materials. the desired notion of the achievement and assessment standards was established, and their significance ascertained the achievement and assessment standards for the food and nutrition course were set and the type of model assessment tool which should be developed, as well as the method in which it should be applied. was established Second. by analyzing the curriculums and the contents of the textbooks used in the food and nutrition subject, the researcher was able to compile the 70 factors which could to be used to develop the achievement and assessments standards, and then classify these into 6 main categories and 32 sub-categories. Based on the characteristics of these factors and learners' academic performance levels the number of factors was expanded to 89 in order to establish the achievement standards. In turn, these achievement standards were used, in accordance with the learners' achievement and teaming activity levels, to develop three different levels of assessment standards. namely, upper, middle, and lower ones. Third. a model assessment tool was developed which could be used by individual school units as a reference in terms of achievement and assessment standards, and that could be modified to meet each school's circumstances. In order to create the model assessment tool a 100-question questionnaire was formulated that contained various types of questions, such as essay, report, theoretical and practical, portfolio, as well as multiple choice-type questions. Lastly, the researcher introduced measures to effectively use the achievement and assessment standards developed for the food and nutrition course, as well as the model assessment tool in school units.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.196-201
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• 2015

This study was conducted to monitor the current status of pesticide residues and to calculate the correlation between monthly price fluctuation and distribution of pesticide residues in leafy vegetables at the whole market in Gyeonggi-do from 2009 to 2013. From the result, the maximum residue limit (MRL) were frequently exceeded in 5 leafy vegetables which were 48 cases of crown daisy (5.8%), 28 cases of chard (5.1%), 28 cases of spinach (3.4%), 25 cases of perilla leaves (3.4%) and 24 cases of chamnamul (3.7%). The high rate of monthly pesticide residues exceeding MRL showed on crown daisy and chard observed in June and September, spinach in October to November and December to January, perilla leaves in July to August and January, and chamnamul in August to September. To calculate the correlation between monthly price fluctuation and distribution of pesticide residues, we performed the Pearson's correlation analysis. From the results, there were significant differences between monthly price and pesticide residues detected in chamnamul, spinach and perilla leaves (p < 0.05). There were also significant differences between monthly price and pesticide residues exceeding MRL in chamnamul and crown daisy (p < 0.05). Although the small number of leafy vegetables and short period were analyzed in this study, the consolidation monitor of pesticide residues according to the season and price will be needed to acquire the safety of agricultural products.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.303-309
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• 2010

This study was planned to monitor the change in the content of sulfur dioxide during the drying process of fresh vegetables. The analysis of sulfur dioxide was conducted by the Optimized Monier-Williams Method based on the Korea Food Code. The samples were kinds of vegetables which consisted of naturally-originated sulfur compounds (green onion, onion, cabbage, garlic, radish leaves, radish). Fresh vegetables (n = 182) and dried vegetables (n = 41) purchased from different local areas were investigated for the content of sulfur dioxide. The fresh vegetables were dried at 50~$60^{\circ}C$ using hot-air dryer. The moisture contents of dried samples were adjusted to keep 10 percents. The contents of sulfur dioxide in self-dried vegetables were 104.6 mg/kg in green onion, 75.4 mg/kg in onion, 129.1 mg/kg in cabbage, 197.6 mg/kg in garlic, 23.0 mg/kg in radish leaves and 52.5 mg/kg in radish, respectively. The increase of sulfur dioxide content according to the moisture content reduction was different from the expected. It means that the contents of sulfur dioxide can be altered by other factors except moisture contents. This results can be utilized as materials for the safe management of sulfites of dried vegetables.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.543-548
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of com distillers dried grain with soluble (DDGS) in American and Chinese on quality and amino acid of meat in finishing pigs. 120 pigs (Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc, 64.50 kg average initial body weight) were used in 56 day growth assay. Dietary treatments were included CON (basal diet), ADS (basal diet + DDGS from American) and CDS (basal diet + DDGS from Chinese). The pigs were allotted into four pigs per pen with ten replicates per treatments by completely randomized design. Backfat thickness and lean percentage were not affected by treatment (p>0.05). For the meat color, redness was significantly increased in DDGS treatments compared to CON treatment (p<0.05). CDS treatment was higher than in ADS treatment (p<0.001). Water holding capacity was higher in CON and CDS treatments compared to ADS treatment (p<0.05). pH was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05), and ADS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.05). For the amino acid of meat, CDS treatment significantly increased their arginine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine compared to other treatments (p<0.05). DDGS treatment was higher than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Methinonine, phenylalanine, threonine and valine were significantly increased DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.05). Cysteine was greater in CDS treatment than CON and ADS treatments (p<0.001). DDGS treatments was higher cysteine than in CON treatment (p<0.001). Proline significantly improved in CON treatment compared to CDS treatment (p<0.05). Tyrosine was greater in DDGS treatments than CON treatment (p<0.01). In conclusion, redness and amino acids of meat were affected by DDGS treatments.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2014

The present study was designed to explore the antioxidant effect of Bamboo powder and its immunoreactivity in pigs. We investigated the functional properties of Bamboo extracts by means of measuring the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoid as well as determining ABST, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and anticancer activity. The total phenolic compound and flavonoids contents of Bamboo extracts were 171.25 mg/g and 127.5 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, ABST radical scavenging activity of Bamboo extracts were 17.3%, 12.5% and 21.5%, respectively. Evidenced by MTT and cell cycle assay, Bamboo dose-dependently inhibited the cell proliferation and induced G0/G1-phase arrest in CHO cells at concentrations of 100, 250, and 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ Bamboo extracts. More than 80% of apoptotic cells were observed by staining with annexin V in 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ Bamboo-treated CHO cells, indicating that Bamboo had potent anticancer activities. Next, to investigate the effect of Bamboo on cytokine, immunoglobulin concentration, and blood compositions, flatting pigs were fed with Bamboo powder for 38 days. Flatting pigs were divided into 4 groups; basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 1% Bamboo powder (T1), 2% Bamboo powder (T2), and 3% Bamboo powder (T3). The level of hemoglobin increased in the all Bamboo-fed groups compared with the normal control group. In particular, platelet levels in the all Bamboo-treated groups increased by approximately 90% compared with the levels from pig on a normal control. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA) in the pigs fed Bamboo powder were modestly increased, and the interferon-${\gamma}$ level also was strongly increased in 2% or 3% Bamboo-fed groups compared with the levels in control groups. Together, these results demonstrated that Bamboo extracts had an effective capacity of scavenging for ABTS, DPPH, and hydroxyl radicals and showed correlation with potent phenol and flavonoid contents, thus suggesting its antioxidant potential. Moreover, administration of Bamboo in 2~3% improved blood parameters and platelets, and especially immunity-related ones such as IgG, IgA, and interferon-${\gamma}$, leading to be potential feed additives in flatting pigs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.762-769
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• 2002

As a preliminary test for defining intact yellow croaker pigment, the pigment was analyzed by column chromatography and UV-vis spectrophotometry. All maximum absorbance wavelengths commonly showed three maximum absorbance ranges, similar to those of carotenoid, suggesting that the tested pigment may be carotenoid. We detected total six peak RT values in the chromatogram through PDA-HPLC under gradient mode (behavior A at 10% for initial 2 min and changed to behavior B for 60 min). Most pigments were detected at the peak with 3.27 RT value. Because seven peaks were detected under gradient mode and three under isocratic mode [methanol : methylene chloride (90 : 10, v/v)], gradient mode was determined to be more appropriate for quantitative analysis. By the comparison test of RT values among yellow pigment in croakers and reference pigments, such as zeaxanthine, ${\beta}-cryptoxanthine$, ${\beta}-carotene$, and astaxanthin, only ${\beta}-cryptoxanthine$ was detected in the white croaker, whereas such pigment of yellow croaker having RT value of 31.02 was not detected. Therefore, RT value was found to be applicable for detecting adulterated croaker.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.485-494
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• 2003

Background : Most previous studies regarding the role of GSTMl and GSTT1 on lung cancer risk have been focused mainly on male smokers. However, epidemiological characteristics, histologic types and risk factors are different in female and male lung cancers, we investigated the association between these genotypes and lung cancer risk in males and females separately. Materials and Methods : The study population consisted of 253 lung cancer (153 males and 100 females) and 243 controls (140 males and 103 females). GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined by a multiplex PCR. Results : In the male population, neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 null genotype showed significant difference between cases and controls. In the female population, the frequencies of GSTM1 null genotype showed no significant difference between cases and controls. However, the frequencies of GSTT1 null genotype was significantly higher in cases (70.3%) than controls (55.3%, odds ratio (OR)=2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI=l.21-3.93). When the female population was stratified by age and smoking status, the ORs for GSTT1 null genotype were significantly higher in subgroups of ${\leq}60$ years (OR=4.82; 95% CI=l.61-14.4) and never-smokers (OR=4.29; 95% CI=1.94-9.48) but not in subgroups of >60 years or smokers. When stratifying the female never-smokers by age, the ORs for GSTT1 null genotype were significantly higher in both age groups of ${\leq}60$ years (OR=7.64; 95% CI=2.00-29.2) and >60 years (OR=2.89; 95% CI=1.05-7.94). Conclusion : We found that GSTT1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in Korean female never-smokers. This result suggests that GSTT1 null genotype could be used as a biomarker for genetic susceptibility to lung cancer in Korean female never-smokers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1351-1359
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• 2013

The anti-proliferative activity of ${\beta}$-ionone was investigated on human non-small lung cancer A-549 cells (designated A-549 cells). A-549 cells were treated with various concentrations of ${\beta}$-ionone (1, 5, 10, and 15 ${\mu}M$) for two, four, and six days. Biochemical markers related to the growth inhibition of A-549 cells by ${\beta}$-ionone were measured at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone inhibited the growth of A-549 cells by dose-and time-dependent manners, resulting in an $IC_{50}$ of 5.0 ${\mu}g/ml$ at the second day of incubation. ${\beta}$-Ionone induced apoptosis by a dose-dependent manner. ${\beta}$-Ionone increased levels of p53, p21, and Bax proteins, but suppressed expression of the Bcl-2 protein. Similarly, ${\beta}$-ionone enhanced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and induced activation of caspase-9 and -3. Additionally, ${\beta}$-ion-one reduced $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein levels. These results suggest that the ${\beta}$-ionone inhibits the proliferation of A-549 cells through reciprocal regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression and suppression of $cPLA_2$ and COX-2 protein expressions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2021

The consumption of fresh-cut agricultural materials is increasing due to increased public interest in health and the increase of single-person households. Most fresh-cut agricultural materials can be eaten without heating, thus easily exposing the consumer to food-borne pathogens. As a result, food-borne diseases are increasing worldwide. In the analysis of food-borne pathogens, it is important to detect the strains, but this is time consuming and laborious. Alternative detection methods that have been introduced, include polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), which is performed without prior culturing. Samples of fresh-cut agricultural materials, such as vegetables, were analyzed by the culture-based method. In 129 samples, non-pathogenic Escherichia coli (3.9%), Bacillus cereus (31.8%), Clostridium perfringens (5.4%), Yersinia enterocolitica (0.8%), and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (0.8%) were detected. Eight samples contaminated with bacteria were randomly selected, further analyzed by PCR-DGGE, and compared with the culture-based method. Two cases detected non-pathogenic E. coli by PCR-DGGE only, despite a lack of detection by the culture method. It was supposed there was possibility of sample loss during its 10-fold dilution for appropriate cultivation. In the detection of high-risk food-borne pathogens, it was found that the detection limit was lower in PCR-DGGE than in the culture-based method (10 CFU/g). This suggests that PCR-DGGE can be alternatively used to detect strains. On the other hand, low-risk food-borne pathogens seem to have higher detection limits in PCR-DGGE. Consequentially, this study contributes to the improvement of food-borne pathogen detection and the prevention of its related-diseases in fresh-cut agricultural materials.