• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.53-62
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• 2017

In this paper, we present the score classification accuracy of BBS(Berg Balance Scale) which is the most commonly used balance evaluation tool using machine learning. Data acquisition was performed using the Noraxon system and an inertial sensor of Noraxon system was attached to the body in 8 locations (left and right ankle, left and right upper buttocks, left and right wrists, back, forehead). Based on the 3-axis accelerometer of the inertial sensor, the feature vector STFT(Short Time Fourier Transform) and SAM(Signal Area Magnitude) were extracted. Then, the items of the BBS were divided into static movement and dynamic movement depending on the operation characteristics, and the feature vectors were selected according to the sensor attachment positions which affect the score for each item of the BBS. Feature vectors selected for each item of BBS were classified using GMM(Gaussian Mixture Model). As a result of the accuracy calculation for 40 subjects, 55.5%, 72.2%, 87.5%, 50%, 35.1%, 62.5%, 43.3%, 58.6%, 60.7%, 33.3%, 44.8%, 89.2%, 51.8%, 85.1%, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.522-527
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• 2017

We determined the effects of atmospheric temperature ($10-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ in $5^{\circ}C$ increments) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) levels ($400{\pm}50ppm$, $540{\pm}50ppm$, and $940{\pm}50ppm$) on the infection of Solanum tuberosum cv. Chubaek by Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Below $CO_2$ levels of $400{\pm}50ppm$, the PLRV infection rate and RNA content in plant tissues increased as the temperature increased to $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, but declined at higher temperatures. At high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), more plants were infected by PLRV at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ than at 20 or $25{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, whereas PLRV RNA content was unchanged in the $20-30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ temperature range. The effects of atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration on the acquisition of PLRV by Myzus persicae and accumulation of PLRV RNA in plant tissues were investigated using a growth chamber at $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The M. persicae PLRV RNA content slightly increased at elevated $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$), but this increase was not statistically significant. Transmission rates of PLRV by Physalis floridana increased as $CO_2$ concentration increased. More PLRV RNA accumulated in potato plants maintained at 540 or $940{\pm}50ppm$ $CO_2$, than in plants maintained at $400{\pm}50ppm$. This is the first evidence of greater PLRV RNA accumulation and larger numbers of S. tuberosum plants infected by PLRV under conditions of combined high $CO_2$ levels ($940{\pm}50ppm$) and high temperature ($30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2015

Kiwifruit is a new fruit crop that was commercialized in the late 1970s. Recently, its cultivation and consumption have increased rapidly worldwide. Kiwifruit is a dioecious, deciduous, and climbing plant having fruit with hairs and various flesh colors and a variation in ploidy level; however, the industry consists of very simple cultivars or genotypes. The need for efficient cultivar improvement together with the evolutional and biological perspectives based on unique plant characteristics, have recently encouraged genome analysis and bioinformatics application. The draft genome sequence and chloroplast genome sequence of kiwifruit were released in 2013 and 2015, respectively; and gene annotation has been in progress. Recently, transcriptome analysis has shifted from previous ESTs analysis to the RNA-seq platform for intensive exploration of controlled genetic expression and gene discovery involved in fruit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, flesh coloration, maturation, and vine bacterial canker tolerance. For improving conventional breeding efficiency, molecular marker development and genetic linkage map construction have advanced from basic approaches using RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP to the development of NGS-based SSR and SNP markers linked to agronomically important traits and the construction of highly saturated linkage maps. However, genome and transcriptome studies have been limited in Korea. In the near future, kiwifruit genome and transcriptome studies are expected to translate to the practical application of molecular breeding.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different surface soil management practices on soil microflora in volcanic ash soils of citrus orchard. Soil samples were collected from citrus orchards of clean cultivation, grass sod, and grass mulch system in May and September 1997. Soil chemical properties, populations of various microorganisms, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C were analyzed. Average soil pH were 4.7, and average nitrogen and organic matter contents were 6 and $140.2g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Aerobic bacteria were distributed at $26,2-47.3{\times}10^6cfu\;g^{-1}$ level. Among the aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., and thermophilic Bacillus spp. were dominant in most of the investigated orchard soils. Density of actinomycetes were low at $1.8-84.6{\times}10^5cfu\;g^{-1}$ level. Fungi were distributed at $26.4-182.1{\times}10^5cfu\;g^{-1}$ level and the density was higher in grass mulch and sward sites. In september, phosphomonoesterase activity was high at $239.6{\mu}g\;PNP\;g\;soil^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in clean cultivated citrus orchards. Soil cellulase activity were higher at $602.6{\mu}g\;GE\;g\;soil^{-1}$\;24\;h^{-1}$ in grass sward cultivation than any other soil management practices. Soil microbial biomass C was higher in grass mulch cultivated orchards.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.597-602
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of active biotelemetry to monitor stress response, and the effects of acute stressor (raising a hind foot of a standing animal) on body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR) in comparison heifer group (n=4) with cow group (n=3). Both parameters were recorded by active telemetry. Cortisol assay was used to compare the result of active biotelemetry. The stressor consisted in restraining the cows for hoof treatments. Body temperature and heart rate were measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 minutes during the experiments, and also cortisol assay at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 12 and 24 hours. Base line for these animals was set in there accustomed environment at -24hrs and -30 mins before the beginning of experiments. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. In the BT, heifer group showed no significant difference from cow group, but were observed slightly higher BT than cow group during restraint stress for 30 minutes. 2. The both groups showed directly significant increase of HR immediately after the beginning of the restraint stress (P<0.01), but in the required time for the recovery of HR after finishing the stress, heifer group was 40 minutes and cow group 60 minutes. 3. In the cortisol assay, the both groups increased from 30 to 120 minutes after the beginning of experiment (i.e, from 0 to 90 minutes after finishing the restraint stress), showing significant difference from before the beginning of the stress (P<0.01), but heifer group showed great increase of the cortisol level from 30 to 60 minutes after the beginning of the stress, while cow group was observed at 60 minutes. In conclusion, we suppose that care is required to decrease psychological stress in cattle when they suffer from a series of procedures for diagnosis and treatment, especially in heifers rather than in cows. Also BT and HR obtained by active biotelemetry are reliable indicators of stress in cattle.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.603-609
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• 2001

A transport stress is one of the main causes of economic losses and physiological dysfunction. The present study has been performed to suggest a method to decrease the adverse effects above mentioned from transport. The groups were prepared as follows; (1) Control group : 4 cattle transported for 5 hrs (274 km) without any treatment, (2) Treatment group : 4 cattle treated with electrolyte-mineral solution (I.V.) at 1 hr before the enrollment of transport under same experimental condition with Control group. The blood specimens were collected at 1 hr before transport, 2.3 hrs (135 km) and 5 hrs (274 km) after the enrollment of transport, and 1, 6 and 18 hrs after fulfillment of transport. The collected blood specimens were analyzed for cortisol and epinephrine. Core temperature and heart rate were measured with active biotelemetry in every 30 minutes from 0.5 hr before the start of transport to 18 hrs after the end of transport. In results, the level of cortisol considerably increased to the peak either in Control group ($5.3{\pm}1.3{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) and in Treatment group ($4.0{\pm}2.6{\mu}g/d{\ell}$) at 2.3 hrs in transport. The concentration of epinephrine of Treatment group had been higher than that of Control group from the start of transport to 18 hrs after the fulfillment of transport. Particularly there was the biggest gap between Control and Treatment groups, $424.0{\pm}194.1pg/m{\ell}$ and $209.1{\pm}65.1pg/m{\ell}$ respectively, at 6 hrs after the end of transport. The heart rates were considerably increased either in Control group ($81.5{\pm}18.5$ to $126.3{\pm}7.8beats/min$) and in Treatment group ($114.3{\pm}14.4$ to $140.8{\pm}22.4beats/min$) with the enrollment of transport. These results indicate that the concentration of cortisol and the heart rate were pertinent to cognitive parameters to evaluate physiological responses against stress such as transport. In addition, the intravenous administration of electrolyte-mineral solution could be suggested as the method to decrease the adverse effects from a transport stress.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.15C no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2008

The mobile sink is most suitable to guarantee the real time processing to events in ubiquitous environment. However it brings many challenges to wireless sensor networks. In particular, the question of how to transfer the collected data to the mobile sink is an important topic in the aspect of effective management of wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, a new data dissemination model is proposed. Since this method uses the home agent and the access node concepts, it provides reliable and efficient data delivery to mobile sink with minimum overhead. In this proposed method, the information of the mobile sink which is constantly moving is informed only to the home agent node and the access node, instead of all sensor nodes. Thus, the collected data from sensor nodes are transferred to the fixed home agent and it sends these data to the mobile sink. Since the confliction phenomenon between data packets in wireless networks could be reduced, the success ratio of data arriving in the mobile sink is highly enhanced. In our experiments, the proposed method reduces the number of broadcast packets so that it saves the amount of energy consumed for transmitting and receiving the data packets. This effect contributes to prolong the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks operated by batteries.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.467-474
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• 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate effect of temperature condition on nitrogen mineralization of organic matter, distribution of microbial group by PLFA profiles, and soil microbial community structure in volcanic ash soil. Dried soil 30 g mixed well each 2 g of pellet (OFPE) organic fertilizers, pig manure compost (PMC), and food waste compost (FWC). And then had incubated at $10^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. Nitrogen mineralization rate increased with increasing temperature and that was in the order of FWC>OFPE>PMC. Distribution ratio of microbial group by PLFA profiles were different significantly caused by incubation temperature and the type of organic matter. As incubating time passed, density of microbial group decreased gradually. The Gram-bacteria PLFA/Gram+ bacteria PLFA, Fungi PLFA/Bacteria PLFA, and Unsaturated PLFA/saturated PLFA ratios were decreased according to the increasing temperature gradually. But cy19:0/$18:1{\omega}7c$ ratio increased both FWC and PMC treatment. Principal component analysis using PLFA profiles showed that microbial community structure made up clearly at both 75 days ($10^{\circ}C$) and 270 days ($30^{\circ}C$) by temperature factor. As incubating time passed, microbial community structure shifted gradually.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.77-84
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• 2018

An increase in $CO_2$ will affect plant pathogenic microorganisms, the resistance of host plants, and host-pathogen interactions. This study used Capsicum annuum and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, a pathogenic bacterium of pepper, to investigate the interactions between hosts and pathogens in conditions of increased $CO_2$ concentrations. Our analysis of disease resistance genes under 800 ppm $CO_2$ using quantitative RT-PCR showed that the expression of CaLRR1, CaPIK1, and PR10 decreased, but that of negative regulator WRKY1 increased. Additionally, the disease progress and severity was higher at 800 ppm than 400 ppm $CO_2$. These results will aid in understanding the interaction between red pepper and X. euvesicatoria under increased $CO_2$ concentrations in the future.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated the oral toxicity of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire, (Zingiberaceae) extract in Balb/c mice (BALB, n=60) for 3 weeks. Balb/c mice (10 mice/group, 6 group, $20{\pm}2g$, 6 weeks) were orally administered for 21 days, with dosage of 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day. Ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko did not affect any significant change of mortality, clinical signs, organs and body weights. Also, there were not significantly difference from the naive group (control) in hematological and serum biochemical examination. Consequently, these findings indicate that 3-week treatment with the ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko was not any toxic effects in Balb/c mice and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for oral toxicity was determined to be 2000 mg/kg/day under our experimental conditions.