• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4 s.42
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• pp.237-250
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• 2005

In order to clarify the effect of standard rock material in the chemical analysis of rare earth element abundance with ICP-MS, we measured rare earth element abundance of KIGAM granite standard rock material (KG-1), USGS granite standard rock material (G-2), GSJ granite standard rock materials (JG-1a and JG-2). In REE analysis, we used conventional calibration standard solutions, KG-1, JG-1a, JG-2 and G-2 as standard material, respectively. Chondrite-normalized LREE patterns of low granite standard material correspond well each other in the recommended value and the estimated value regardless of a kind of standard rock. However, the HREE patterns of the estimated value based on G-2 or JG-2 and the recommended value are different from each other. Such difference may be due to the wrong recommended value or a specific geochemical properly of the standard rock material itself, The chondrite-normalized REE patterns of four standard rock materials estimated on the basis of KG-1 or JG-1 a show little deviation compared to the those of the recommended values. This suggests that KG-1 and JG-1a may be a optimum standard material for granitoids.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.366-374
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• 2016

Background: In this study, we screened and identified an endophyte JG09 having strong biocatalytic activity for ginsenosides from Platycodon grandiflorum, converted ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers, determined the source of minor ginsenosides and the transformation pathways, and calculated the maximum production of minor ginsenosides for the conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to assess the transformation activity of endophyte JG09. Methods: The transformation of ginseng total saponins and ginsenoside monomers Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg1 into minor ginsenosides F2, C-K and Rh1 using endophyte JG09 isolated by an organizational separation method and Esculin-R2A agar assay, as well as the identification of transformed products via TLC and HPLC, were evaluated. Endophyte JG09 was identified through DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results: A total of 32 ${\beta}$-glucosidase-producing endophytes were screened out among the isolated 69 endophytes from P. grandiflorum. An endophyte bacteria JG09 identified as Luteibacter sp. effectively converted protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd into minor ginsenosides F2 and C-K, and converted protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside Rg1 into minor ginsenoside Rh1. The transformation pathways of major ginsenosides by endophyte JG09 were as follows: $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rb2{\rightarrow}C-O{\rightarrow}C-Y{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rc{\rightarrow}C-Mc1{\rightarrow}C-Mc{\rightarrow}C-K$; $Rg1{\rightarrow}Rh1$. The maximum production rate of ginsenosides F2 and C-K reached 94.53% and 66.34%, respectively. Conclusion: This is the first report about conversion of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides by fermentation with P. grandiflorum endophytes. The results of the study indicate endophyte JG09 would be a potential microbial source for obtaining minor ginsenosides.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.147-156
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans JG22 isolated from pepper leaf jangajji on the mutagenic activity of N-methyl, N'-nitro, N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and 2-nitrofluene (2-NF) and to evaluate the effect of physico-chemical pretreatment on the antimutagenic activity of the strain. The viable cells of JG22 strain displayed a significantly high (p <0.05) antimutagenic activity against both mutagens tested. The antimutagenic effect of JG22 strain seems to be positively correlated with the amounts of the cells in the incubation time. This strain produced the antimutagenic activity of the maximum levels after preincubation for 30 min. The binding of this strain against the mutagenic compounds might be mainly present in the cell wall fraction rather than the cytosol fraction. Pretreatment with proteolytic enzymes and simulated gastric and intestinal juices and at different pH values had no significant effect on two mutagens removal by the viable cells. However, the binding activity of the mutagen by the strain seems to be affected by heating, enzymes including $\alpha$-amylase and lysozyme, divalent ions, and sodium metaperiodate. Thus, carbohydrates consisting of the cell walls may be important elements responsible for the binding of MNNG and 2-NF by this strain. In conclusion, the binding of the mutagens to cells of JG 22 strain may play a vital role in suppressing the process of mutagenesis induced by mutagens.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.111-122
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• 2004

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Jaeumgeonbi-tang extract on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions of mice. Methods : Experimental groups were classified into non-treatment group (CON group), non-administered group (GE group), misoprostol administered group (MA group) and Jaeumgeonbi-tang extract administered group (JG group). This study examined the morphological change, distribution of mast cells, mucous secreted cells and apoptotic cells, BrdU, COX-1, Hsp70, NF-κB p50, PKC, COX-2 and TNF-α of gastric mucosa. Results : 1. The hemorrhagic erosion of gastric mucosa and infiltrated mast cells were reduced in the MA and JG groups. 2. PNA reaction and mucous secreted cells were increased in the MA and JG groups. 3. The distribution of apoptotic cells, Hsp70, NF-κB p50, PKC, COX-2 and TNF-α were increased in the gastro­inflammation elicitated group, but decreased in the MA and JG groups. 4. The MA and JG groups showed increase on COX-1, BrdU. Conclusions : Jaeumgeonbi-tang extract had excellent effects on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal lesions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 2011

Transgenic zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) expressing the bar gene inserted in the plant genome has been generated previously through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The GM zoysiagrass (event: JG21) permits efficient management of weed control of widely cultivated zoysiagrass fields, reducing the frequency and cost of using various herbicides for weed control. Now we have carried out the environmental risk assessment of JG21 prior to applying to the governmental regulatory agency for the commercial release of the GM turf grass outside of test plots. The morphological phenotypes, molecular analysis, weediness and gene flow from each test plot of JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrasses have been evaluated by selectively analyzing environmental effects. There were no marked differences in morphological phenotypes between JG21 and wild-type grasses. The JG21 retained its stable integration in the host plant in T1 generation, exhibiting a 3:1 segregation ratio according to the Mendelian genetics. We confirmed the copy number (1) of JG21 by using Southern blot analysis, as the transgenic plants were tolerant to ammonium glufosinate throughout the culture period. From cross-fertilization and gene flow studies, we found a 9% cross-pollination rate at the center of JG21 field and 0% at distances over 3 m from the field. The JG21 and wild-type zoysiagrass plants are not considered "weed" because zoysiagrasses generally are not dominant and do not spread into weedy areas easily. We assessed the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of the transgene DNA to soil microorganisms from JG21 and wild-type plants. The bar gene was not detected from the total genomic DNA extracted from each rhizosphere soil of GM and non-GM Zoysia grass fields. Through the monitoring of JG21 transgene's unintentional release into the environment, we found no evidence for either pollen mediated gene flow of zoysiagrass or seed dispersal from the test field within a 3 km radius of the natural habitat.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.87-93
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• 2009

The increased person interests in health in accordance with improved living standards result in the booming population who enjoy mountain climbing. Although there are more climbers than ever, most existing mountain paths are those which have been made naturally by people utilizing them to get to the peak and therefore cannot meet the various needs of emerging mountain climbers. Thus, this study that establish a data using numerical map and TotalStation aimed to provide them with beneficial information on mountain paths, analyzing each path using GIS. The subjects of this study are limited to Kum-Am which is in Kyungnam province, Korea. According to out research, proper slopes for the majority of mountain climbers, mostly in their from 30s to 50s, are turned out to be HG1 and JG1-JG2-JG3.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.450-457
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• 2016

While many studies on the heat transfer effect of an impinging jet have been published, most studies focus on the downward impinging jet. This study investigates the impinging jet heat transfer phenomenon when water at a temperature of $24^{\circ}C$ impinges on the downward isothermal circular plate at 60, 70, and $80^{\circ}C$ and when the upward round jet nozzle is 4, 6, and 8 mm diameter with a flow rate 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 L/min, respectively, and when the ratio of the nozzle clearance/nozzle diameter (H/D) is 1. The results showed that, as the nozzle diameter decreases, the heat transfer coefficient increases at a constant flow rate. The correlation equation of $Nu_r$, $Pr_r$, and $Re_{jg}$ is obtained in the impinging and constant velocity flow region $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=4.6[Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr]^{0.8}$ at all flow rates, in the deceleration and falling flow regions $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=42.7{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-345.7{\mid}^{0.3}$ at 3.6 L/min, $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=92.4{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-16.8{\mid}^{0.2}$ at 4.6 L/min, and $(Nu_r/Pr^{0.4}_r)Dr=322.4{\mid}Re_{jg}(r/R_c)Dr-536.2{\mid}^{0.01}$ at 5.6 L/min.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.523-528
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of jambo grass (Sorghum $bicolour{\times}Sorghum$ sudanefe) silage and mott grass (Pennisetum purpureum) silage as a replacement of conventional fodder (jambo grass) in the diet of lactating Nili buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Thirty early-lactating ($45{\pm}4$ days), multi-parous Nili buffaloes, ten in each group, were allotted to three experimental diets. Jambo grass and mott grass were ensiled with molasses (at 2% of fodder DM) in two trench silos for 30 days. The control diet (JG) contained 75% jambo grass while the other two diets contained 75% jambo grass silage (JGS) and 75% mott grass silage (MGS). The remaining 25% DM in each diet was supplied by concentrates. Diets were mixed daily and fed twice a day ad libitum for 120 days. Dry matter intake (DMI) was higher with the JG diet compared with JGS and MGS diets. However, DMI as % body weight did not differ significantly in buffaloes fed either fodder or silage based diets. Crude protein (CP), digestible CP and NDF intakes were significantly higher on JG compared with silage-based diets. Apparent total tract digestibilities of DM, CP and NDF were similar in buffaloes fed JG, JGS and MGS diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was similar in buffaloes fed JG and silage based diets. Fat, total solids, solid not fat, CP, true protein and non-protein nitrogen content of milk were similar in buffaloes fed fodder or silage based diets. The present results indicated that jambo grass and mott grass ensiled with 2% molasses for 30 days could safely replace the conventional fresh grass fodder (75% DM) in the diet of lactating Nili buffaloes without affecting their milk yield.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 2014

The cultivation area and use of genetically modified (GM) crops have been increased continuously over the world. Seed distribution and transgenes to environmental ecosystem is one of the most important factors in risk assessment and risk management of GM crop. Safe management for the development and commercialization of GM crops is required according to The Act on Transboundary Movements of Living Modified Organisms,etc (LMO Act) in Korea. This study was conducted to setup the environmental monitoring system of GM zoysiagrass (event JG21 and JG21-MS). The monitoring was performed in 4 GMO confined fields, Sungwhan, Ochang, Jeju University and Jeju Namwon. In the result of monitoring, we could not found any gene flow and distribution of GM zoysiagrass in the 3 fields, but one spill of JG21 was found in the Namwon field in 2012. These results suggest that continuous monitoring is necessary to detect the occurrence of GM zoysiagrass for preventing genetic contamination in natural environment.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.79-86
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• 2018

Objectives : Hemorrhoids are one of the most common diseases in humans. Jingyoganghwaltang (JG) and Cheongsimhwan (CS) have been used for treating hemorrhoids in Korean traditional clinical practice. The present study was designed to evaluate the traditional effects of JG and CS on the experimental hemorrhoid model in rats. Methods : Hemorrhoids are closely related to inflammation. Accordingly, we examined the nitric oxide (NO) production in macrophage cell line in order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect. The expression levels of inflammation related genes including IL-1 beta, IL-6, INOS, and TNF-alpha were examined via a real-time quantitative PCR. Croton oil-induced hemorrhagic animal model was used to test the in vivo efficacy against hemorrhoids. The rectal tissues were weighed and the inflammatory proteins were measured to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects. Results : JG and CS have a statistically significant effect on inhibition of NO production and on the reduction of inflammatory gene expression such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, INOS, and TNF-alpha. The synergistic effects of co-treatment of JG and CS were found out in the IL-6 gene expression. The in vivo study using croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat was performed to check the co-treatment effects. As a result, the co-treatment reduced the inflammation of the rectal tissue and decrease the inflammation related protein productions including ICAM1, MMP2 and MMP9. Conclusions : These results suggest that JG and CS co-treatment demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in croton oil-induced hemorrhoid model in rat.