• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.229-239
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• 1997

The superoxide anion radical$(O_2)$ poses a threat to macromocules and cell organelles of the living cells. This toxicity damage to all groups of proteins results in loss of enzyme function concerned with metabolism and ion transport, and peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol results in a change of permeability characteristics of the membrane, and oxidative of nucleic acids results in genomic damage and thereby cause mutation, potential carcinogenesis and somatic damage that produce cellular aging Superoxide dismutase(SOD) has received substantial attention as a potential therapeutic agent. It has been investigated as a possible agent for the prevention of ontogenesis, the reduction of cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs, and protection against damage in ischemic tissue. It is suggest that $O_2$ is concerned with cellular aging, thereafter we need to investigate herb that activated to SOD.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 1996

The age-46.5 gene of Escherichia coli is induced by nitrate ion and regulated by Fnr, NarL, and NarP during anaerobic growth. aeg-46.5::lacZ fusion gene shows its maximum expression in narL host after two hours of aerobic to anaerobic switch in M9-Glc-nitrate medium. Fnr and NarP act as positive regulators, and NarL acts as a negative regulator. The control region of the aeg-46.5 was identified and the binding sites of regulator proteins have been predicted (Reznikoff and Choe (1993)). It has two symmetry regions. One is located at -52~-37 bp from the anaerobic mRNA 5'-end, which is the binding site of NarL and NarP. The other is located at +37~+56 bp from the 5'-end of mRNA. In this study, the downstream symmetry region from the mRNA 5'-end was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The destruction of the symmetry region increases the expression level of aeg-46.5. We propose that the symmetry region interferes with the expression of aeg-46.5 possibly by forming a stem-and-loop structure.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.722-727
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• 2016

Cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death worldwide. Based on pathohistological abnormalities and clinical manifestation, cardiomyopathies are categorized into several groups: hypertrophic, dilated, restricted, arrhythmogenic right ventricular, and unclassified. Dilated cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by dilation of the left ventricle and systolic dysfunction, is the most severe and prevalent form of cardiomyopathy and usually requires heart transplantation. Its etiology remains unclear. Recent genetic studies of single gene mutations have provided significant insights into the complex processes of cardiac dysfunction. To date, over 40 genes have been demonstrated to contribute to dilated cardiomyopathy. With advances in genetic screening techniques, novel genes associated with this disease are continuously being identified. The respective gene products can be classified into several functional groups such as sarcomere proteins, structural proteins, ion channels, and nuclear envelope proteins. Nuclear envelope proteins are emerging as potential molecular targets in dilated cardiomyopathy. Because they are not directly associated with contractile force generation and transmission, the molecular pathways through which these proteins cause cardiac muscle disorder remain unclear. However, nuclear envelope proteins are involved in many essential cellular processes. Therefore, integrating apparently distinct cellular processes is of great interest in elucidating the etiology of dilated cardiomyopathy. In this mini review, we summarize the genetic factors associated with dilated cardiomyopathy and discuss their cellular functions.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.18-25
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• 2018

Proteins play a key role in many functions such as metabolic activity, differentiation, as cargos and cell fate regulators. It is necessary to know about the markers involved in male fertility in order to develop remedies for the treatment of male infertility. But, the role of the proteins is not limited to particular function in the biological systems. Some of the proteins act as ion channels such as catsper and proteins like Nanos acts as a translational repressor in germ cells and expressed in prenatal period whose role in male fertility is uncertain. Rbm5 is a pre mRNA splicing factor necessary for sperm differentiation whose loss of function results deficit in sperm production. DEFB114 is a beta defensin family protein necessary for sperm motility in LPS challenged mice where as TEX 101 is a plasma membrane specific germ cell protein whose function is not clearly known u to now. Gpr56 is another adhesion protein whose null mutation leads to arrest of production of pups in rats. Amyloid precursor protein role in Alzheimer's disease is already known but it plays an important role in male fertility also but its function is uncertain and has to be considered while targeting APP during the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The study on amyloid precursor protein in male fertility is a novel thing but requires further study in correlation to alzheimer's disease.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2007

8-Hydroxyquinoline is used as antibacterial agent and antioxidant based on its function inducing the chelation of ferrous ion present in host resulting in production of chelated complex. This complex being transported to cell membrane of bacteria and fungi exerts antibacterial and antifungal action. In this study, we have carried out in vitro genetic toxicity tests and microarray analysis to understand the underlying mechanisms and the mode of action of toxicity of 8-hydroxyquinoline. TA1535 and TA98 cells were treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline to test its toxicity by basic genetic toxicity test, Ames and two new in vitro micronucleus and COMET assays were applied using CHO cells and L5178Y cells, respectively. In addition, microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in L5178Y cells in response to 8-hydroxyquinoline were analyzed using Affymatrix genechip. The result of Ames test was that 8-hydroxyquinoline treatment increased the mutations in base substitution strain TA1535 and likewise, 8-hydroxyquinoline also increased mutations in frame shift TA98. 8-Hydroxyquinoline increased micronuclei in CHO cells and DNA damage in L5178Y. 8-Hdroxyquinoline resulted in positive response in all three tests showing its ability to induce not only mutation but also DNA damage. 783 Genes were initially selected as differentially expressed genes in response to 8-hydroxyquinoline by microarray analysis and 34 genes among them were over 4 times of log fold changed. These 34 genes could be candidate biomarkers of genetic toxic action of 8-hydroxyquinoline related to induction of mutation and/or induction of micronuclei and DNA damage. Further confirmation of these candidate markers related to their biological function will be useful to understand the detailed mode of action of 8-hydroxyquinoline.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.378-383
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• 1989

For selection of mutants two rice varieties, Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo, were irradiated with 20 kR and 25 kR of gamma rays. One panicle per each plant was harvested in Ml, and single needling per hill was planted for M2 and M3 generations. Mutations for short culm, earliness and the major traits were examined. 1. The mutation rates were varied with the rice varieties and the doses of radiation, higher in Sangpungbyeo and 25kR than in Seomjinbyeo and 20 kR, respectively. 2. The rates in Sangpungbyeo with the 20 kR and 25 kR were 1.10％ and 1.47％. respectively and those of Seomjinbyeo were 0.51％ and 1.25％, respectively. 3. The culm lengths of short-culm mutants derived from Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo were reduced about 10％ compared to their mother varieties, especially it was possible to select the dwarf mutants reducing 57％ and 40％ of culm length in Sangpungbyeo and Seomjinbyeo, respectively with the dose of 25 kR irradiation. 4. The range of heading date of the mutant ion in the M3 generation was comparatively wide. Many earliness mutants shortened about 7 days were selected as compared with their mother varieties, some mutants of the irradiated group had early matured by 20 days and 30 days, respectively in both Seomjinbyeo and Sangpungbyeo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2006

Yeast cell wall matrix particles are composed entirely of mannoprotein and ${\beta}-glucan$. The mannoproteins of yeast cell wall can systemically enhance the immune system. We previously purified and analyzed alkali-soluble ${\beta}-glucans$ [${\beta}$-(1,3)- and ${\beta}$-(1,6)-glucans] [10]. In the present study, a wild-type strain was first mutagenized with ultraviolet light, and the cell wall mutants were then selected by treatment with 1.0 mg/ml laminarinase (endo-${\beta}$-(1,3)-D-glucanase). Mannoproteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were released by laminarinase, purified by concanavalin-A affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. The results indicated that the mutants yielded 3-fold more mannoprotein than the wild-type. The mannoprotein mass of mutant K48L3 was 2.25 mg/100 mg of yeast cell dry mass. Carbohydrate analysis revealed that they contained mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, mannoproteins, are known to interact with macrophages through receptors, thereby inducing release of tumor necrosis factor alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and nitric oxide. Mannoprotein tractions in the present study had a higher macrophage activity of secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and nitric oxide and direct phagocytosis than positive control ($1{\mu}g$ of lipopolysaccharide). In particular, F1 and F3 fractions in mannoproteins of K48L3 enhanced and upregulated the activity of nitric oxide secretion and macrophage phagocytosis by approximately two- and four-fold, respectively.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2012

In this study, we investigated the biological damage and stress responses induced by ion beam (proton beam) irradiation as a basis for the development of protective measures against space radiation. We examined the biological effects of proton beam produced by MC-50 cyclotron at KIRAMS on the cultured cells and mice. The proton beam energy used in this study was 34.9 MeV and the absorption dose rate for cells and mice were $0.509Gy\;sec^{-1}$ and $0.65Gy\;sec^{-1}$, respectively. The cell survival rates measured by plating efficiency showed the different sensitivity and dose-relationship between CHO cells and Balb/3T3 cells. HGPRT gene mutation frequency in Balb/3T3 was $15{\times}10^{-6}Gy^{-1}$, which was similar to the reported value of X-ray. When stress signaling proteins were examined in Balb/3T3 cells, $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ decreased markedly whereas p53, phospho-p53, and Rb increased after proton beam irradiation, which implied that the stress signaling pathways were activated by proton beam irradiation. In addition, cellular senescence was induced in IMR-90 cells. In the experiments with C57BL/6 mouse, the immune cells (white blood cells, lymphocytes) in the peripheral blood were greatly reduced following proton beam irradiation whereas red blood cells and platelets showed relatively little change. These results can be utilized as basic data for studying the biological effects of proton beam using MC-50 cyclotron with respect to proton therapy research as well as space radiation research.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.566-579
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• 2021

Ralstonia syzygii subsp. indonesiensis (Rsi, former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype IV) PW1001, a causal agent of potato wilt disease, induces hypersensitive response (HR) on its non-host eggplant (Solanum melongena cv. Senryo-nigou). The disaccharide trehalose is involved in abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in many organisms. We found that trehalose is required for eliciting HR on eggplant by plant pathogen Rsi PW1001. In R. solanacearum, it is known that the OtsA/OtsB pathway is the dominant trehalose synthesis pathway, and otsA and otsB encode trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) synthase and T6P phosphatase, respectively. We generated otsA and otsB mutant strains and found that these mutant strains reduced the bacterial trehalose concentration and HR induction on eggplant leaves compared to wild-type. Trehalose functions intracellularly in Rsi PW1001 because addition of exogenous trehalose did not affect the HR level and ion leakage. Requirement of trehalose in HR induction is not common in R. solanacearum species complex because mutation of otsA in Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum (former name: Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype I) RS1002 did not affect HR on the leaves of its non-host tobacco and wild eggplant Solanum torvum. Further, we also found that each otsA and otsB mutant had reduced ability to grow in a medium containing NaCl and sucrose, indicating that trehalose also has an important role in osmotic stress tolerance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.41-52
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• 2022

As a cultivar of Korean wheat, 'Keumgang' wheat variety has a fast growth period and can be grown stably. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) has moderately high salt tolerance compared to tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). However, the molecular mechanisms related to salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat have not been elucidated yet. In this study, the candidate genes related to salt tolerance were identified by investigating the genes that are differently expressed in Keumgang variety and examining salt tolerant mutation '2020-s1340.'. A total of 85,771,537 reads were obtained after quality filtering using NextSeq 500 Illumina sequencing technology. A total of 23,634,438 reads were aligned with the NCBI Campala Lr22a pseudomolecule v5 reference genome (Triticum aestivum). A total of 282 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the two Triticum aestivum materials. These DEGs have functions, including salt tolerance related traits such as 'wall-associated receptor kinase-like 8', 'cytochrome P450', '6-phosphofructokinase 2'. In addition, the identified DEGs were classified into three categories, including biological process, molecular function, cellular component using gene ontology analysis. These DEGs were enriched significantly for terms such as the 'copper ion transport', 'oxidation-reduction process', 'alternative oxidase activity'. These results, which were obtained using RNA-seq analysis, will improve our understanding of salt tolerance of wheat. Moreover, this study will be a useful resource for breeding wheat varieties with improved salt tolerance using molecular breeding technology.