• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.239-244
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• 2008

최근 급속한 산업화가 진행되고 있는 중국의 편서풍 영향하에 위치한 우리나라의 경우에는 장거리 이동에 따른 강우의 산성도 변화 및 예상되는 피해에 대한 대책 마련을 위하여 강우의 화학성에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다. 본 연구는 경기도 수원지역 강우의 산성도 및 주요 이온조성을 평가하기 위하여 wet sampling 방식의 자동채취기를 사용하여 2006년 4월부터 12월까지의 빗물 42점을 채취하였다. 각 시료의 pH 및 주요 이온 성분에 대한 강우량 가중평균치의 월별 변화를 조사하였으며, pH 분포와EC의 계절적 특성을 평가하였다. 빗물 중 양이온과 음이온의 균형비(ion balance)와 전기전도도 균형비(electrical conductivity balance)가 1에 가까운 값을 보여 분석의 높은 신뢰성을 나타내었다. 조사기간 중 평균 pH값은 4.7을 보였다. 빗물의 EC는 조사기간 평균 $17.6{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$을 나타냈으며, 월별로는7월에 $9.1{\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$로 조사기간 중 가장 낮은 값을 보였으며, 11월 이후에 급격히 높아져 EC의 계절적 특성을 보였다. 빗물의 조성에서 양이온 구성은 $Na^+>NH_4{^+}>Ca^{2+}>H^+>Mg^{2+}>K^+$의 순이었으며, $Na^+$ 와 NH_4{^+}$가 전체 양이온 함량의 65% 이상을 차지 하였다. 음이온은 $SO_4{^{2-}}>NO_3{^-}>Cl^-$ 순으로 $SO_4{^{2-}}$가 약 67%를 차지하였다. 조사기간 중 평균 sulfate 함량은 $119.0{\mu}eq\;L^{-1}$이었으며, 이중 비해염 sulfate(nss-$SO_4$) 함량은 평균 94%로 빗물 중에 함유된 sulfate의 대부분이 인위적인 발생원에서 기인되었다.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.566-572
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• 2013

A microgrid is a small scale power system. The microgrid is operated in two operation modes, the grid-connected mode and the islanded mode. In the islanded mode, the frequency of a microgrid should be maintained constantly. For this, the balance between power supply and power demand during islanded mode should be met. In general, energy storage systems (ESSs) are used to solve power imbalance. In this paper, the frequency control effect of a Lithium-ion battery energy storage system (Li-ion BESS) has been tested on the hardware-in-the loop simulation (HILS) system environment.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.71.2-71.2
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• 2012

There are rising demands for developing more efficient energy materials to stem the depletion of fossil fuels, which have prompted significant research efforts on proton exchange fuel cells (PEFCs) and lithium ion batteries (LIBs). To date, both PEFCs and LIBs are being widely developed to power small electronics, however, their utilization to medium-large sized electric power resources such as vehicle and stationary energy storage systems still appears distant. These technologies increasingly rely upon polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) that transport ions from the anode to the cathode to balance the flow of electrons in an external circuit, and therefore play a central role in determining the efficiency of the devices; as ion transport is a kinetic bottleneck compared to electrical conductivity, enormous efforts have been devoted to improving the transport properties of PEMs. In present study, we carried out an in-depth analysis of the morphology effects on transport properties of PEMs. How parameters such as self-assembled nanostructures, domain sizes, and domain orientations affect conductivities of PEMs will be presented.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.20-25
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• 2008

The ionic equilibira in mixed solutions of cuprous and cupric chloride were analyzed by considering chemical equilibria, mass and charge balance equations. The activity coefficients of solutes were calculated by using Bromley equation. Required thermodynamic constants and interaction parameters were evaluated from the data reported in the literature. The effect of NaCl and CuCl concentrations on the pH and potential of the mixed solutions was explained in terms of the variation in the concentration of solutes and in the activity of hydrogen ion. The calculated pH values of the mixed solutions agreed well with the measured values. However, the calculated values for the potential of the mixed solutions were lower than the measured values, indicating the necessity of considering the complex formation between cuprous and chloride ion, such as $Cu^2Cl{_4}^{2-}$ and $Cu_3Cl{_6}^{3-}$.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.399-406
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• 1996

Acidic fog is catastrophic to aviation and potentially affect materials, vegetation, crops and public health. This paper was carried out to investigate the chemical features of fog sample at Mt. Sobaek (mean sea level : 1, 340m) from June to August 1995. Each sample was analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity and major ions (anion : $Cl^N)_3^-, SO_4^{2-}, cation : Na^+, NH_4^+, K^+, Mg^{2+}, Ca^{2+}$) by ion chromatography. The quality analysis of fog sample data was performed based on ion balance and electrical conductivity method. The wind directions are subdivided into the northerly and southerly wind according to the wind direction data at the Sobaek-san meteorological observation station. Statistical analyses were performed on the complete set of results in order to obtain a description of fog sample. All the statistical treatment was carried out using the SPSS/PC + software package. The major ion concentration of fog samples was higher for the northwesterly wind cases than sourtheasterly wind cases. The pH of fog sample varied between 2.95 and 6.08. The average pH and electrical conductivity of total sample (n=210) were 4.39 and 113.0 $\mu$S/cm, respectively. It may be noted that in nearly all the cases, the dominant major ions in the fog sample at Mt. Sobaek were $SO_4^{2-}, NO_3^-, H^+ and NH_4^+$.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.415-423
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• 2021

For a battery module where single cells are connected in series, the single cells should each have a similar state of charge (SOC) to prevent them from being exposed to an overcharge or over-discharge during charge-discharge cycling. To detect the existence of unbalanced SOC cells in a battery module, we propose a simple measurement method using a single-frequency response of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For a commercially available graphite/nickel-cobalt-aluminum-oxide lithium-ion cell, the cell impedance increases significantly below SOC20%, while the impedance in the medium SOC region (SOC20%-SOC80%) remains low with only minor changes. This impedance behavior is mostly due to the elementary processes of cathode reactions in the cell. Among the impedance values (Z, Z', Z"), the imaginary component of Z" regarding cathode reactions changes heavily as a function of SOC, in particular, when the EIS measurement is performed around 0.1 Hz. Thanks to the significant difference in the time constant of cathode reactions between ≤SOC10% and ≥SOC20%, a single-frequency EIS measurement enlarges the difference in impedance between balanced and unbalanced cells in the module and facilitates an ~80% improvement in the detection signal compared to results with conventional EIS measurements.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1993년도 제2회 신약개발 연구발표회 초록집
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• pp.179-179
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• 1993

1. PS및 CP의 flux는 전류의 새기 및 donor의 약물농도에 비래하였다. 2. pH의 flux는 pH가 증가할수록 증가하였으나, CP(pKa=9.2)의 flux는 pH=2에서 최대치를 보였다. 이는 약물의 해리 정도와 H$^{＋}$이온의 mobility, 또 피부의 permselectivity의 balance에 의해 결정된 것으로 생각된다. 3. donor cell에 NaCl을 첨가하면 두 약물 공히, 그러나 특히 PS의 flux가 저하되었다. 이는 두 약물의 이온과 $Na^{＋}$의 mobility차이에 기인한다고 생각된다. 4. PS의 경우 taurodeoxycholate(TDC)같은 음이온을 donor cell에 공존시키면 flux가 감소하였다. 이는 PS와 TDC가 전기적으로 중성인 ion-pair complex를 형성함으로써 PS이온의 유효농도가 감소하기 때문으로 생각된다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.65-68
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• 2008

Generally CCM (cold crucible melting) is not suitable for melting glass. However, in this study we described the quantitative relationship between the basic property of glass and power balance, the power absorption in the melt, the losses in the coil and the cold crucible, for melting glass in CCM. The dependence of power balance on the applied frequency and the electric conductivity has been found. Above 300 kHz, the glass (B) contained alkali ion which has the low resistance $3.0{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ at $900^{\circ}C$ and $1.36{\Omega}{\cdot}cm$ at $1,100^{\circ}C$ was melted easily and 60% of the overall power was absorbed in the melt and 30% and 10% of the overall power was lost in the cold crucible and coil respectively. Under the same condition, the glass (A) contained non-alkali ion was not melted easily and 50% of the overall power was absorbed in the melt and 40% and 10% of the overall power was lost in the cold crucible and coil respectively. In conclusion, the small absorbed power of the overall power in melt prevented a successful melting as for glass A, and the successful melting depends on the relative size of the absorbed power in melt irrespective of the melting volume. Hence, as typical for direct induction heating method(CCM), the successful melting strongly depended on the chosen working frequency based on electric conductivity of glass, power balance and the control of the critical power which was absorbed in melt.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2014

리튬-이온 배터리는 이전의 전기 화학 배터리에 비교해 무게, 열 소산 및 자가 방전 등의 장점으로 인해 현재 대부분의 인공위성에서 사용되고 있다. 리튬-이온 배터리의 성능 해석 모델은 새로운 위성 전력계 설계를 지원하기 위해 필요하다. 본 논문은 정지궤도위성 전력계 설계 및 에너지 밸런스 해석에 활용하기 위해 리튬-이온 배터리 성능 해석 모델을 개발하였다. 해석 모델은 위성체 버스 전력, 태양전지배열기 전력 및 배터리 온도를 입력 받고 배터리 전압, 충방전 전류, 테이퍼 지수, 충전 상태 및 소산 전력을 제공한다. 성능 해석 모델의 결과는 모델을 검증하기 위해 정지궤도위성의 비행 데이터와 비교 분석하였다. 비교된 결과는 비행 데이터와 현저한 차이가 없었다.

• 전자공학회논문지SC
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.37-42
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• 2004

사람의 체질이 산성화로 변화되는 것을 막고 생체 밸런스를 유지하기위해 알칼리수를 인간의 인체에 공급할 필요가 있다. 알칼리수는 인체에 유익한 칼슘(Ca/sup +/), 칼륨(K/sup +/), 마그네슘(Mg/sup +/), 나트륨(Na/sup +/)등을 포함한 물로 되어있다. 이러한 알칼리수를 생성하기 위해서는 물을 전기분해하여 격막(격리된 특수막)을 통해 - 전극 쪽으로 미네랄들을 모아 생성한다. 물론 반대로 + 전극쪽으로는 염소(Cl), 인(P), 유황(S) 등의 - 이온을 띈 유기물들이 모여 산성수도 발생되어 다른 용도의 물로 사용할 수 있다. 이 전기분해 과정에서 - 극판과 + 극판에 PWM(pulse width modulation)전압을 Microprocessor를 이용하여 4종류의 PWM 전압을 구현하고, 전압별 ph농도 변화를 고찰해 보았다. 이와 같이 PWM제어를 이용하면 필요한 ph농도 값의 알칼리 이온수를 설정 값으로 하면 정확하게 얻을 것으로 예상된다.