• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.185-194
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• 2002

This study was conducted to compare the biochemical properties on chicken meat among Korean Ogol Chicken(KOC), the Cross-bred Ogol chicken(CBO), and broiler(BRO). The results were as follows: the total protein content of the CBO was significantly(P<0.05) higher by 0.83% in male and by 1.37% in female than that of KOC. In the total protein content, CBO also had significantly(P<0.05) higher percentages than that of BRO(21.73%). In the total fat content of CBO, there was a significant (P<0.05)difference between male(0.69%) and female(0.91%). However, on the regarding both sexes the total fat content percentage of CBO was a greatly lower than that of BRO(1.92%). The CBO showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher calcium ion content, with 103.67 ppm and 118.00 ppm in male and female, respectively, than traditional broiler breed(73.80 ppm). But KOC and CBO contained similar calcium ion content in each other. The CBO contained significantly(P<0.05) higher essential amino acids(cystine, serine, lucine, phenylalanine, arginine, proline) than the BRO. In fatty acid composition, the CBO contained higher unsaturated fatty acids, with 34.22 and 26.23% for male and female, respectively, than the KOC containing 29.76 and 24.59% fur male and female, respectively. These were substantially higher levels compared to 19.59% in BRO. Higher trend in Docosa hexaenoic acid(DHA) level was observed in the CBO(5.47% and 2.89% for male and female, respectively) compared to the KOC(2.92% and 1.00%). While DHA in the broiler meat was not detectable. In the ratio between n-6 and n-3, the CBO(3.87∼6.14) appeared to have a better profile than BRO(25.71). The brightness of Commision Internationale do L＇Eclairage for CBO were 56.97 and 58.06 for male and female, respectively. Whereas broiler meat showed 62.88. Collectively, these color properties were higher than KOC.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 1986

This study was carried out to evaluate the water quality of spring waters in Pusan area (see Fig. 1). In this experiment, one hundred and forty water samples were collected at 20 stations from July to December 1985. Range and mean value of constituents of the samples were as follows ; pH 6.2-8.2, 7.07 ; water temperature $4.0-23.5^{\circ}C,\;15.9^{\circ}C$ ; electrical conductivity $0.228{\times}10^{2}-2.125{\times}10^2{\mu}{\mho}/cm,\;0.860{\times}10^2{\mu}{\mho}/cm$; chloride ion 3.28-19.3mg/l, 6.81mg/l ; nitrite-nitrogen ND-0.221 mg/l, 0.017mg/l ; nitrate-nitrogen ND-6.779mg/l, 0.877 mg/l ; phosphate-phosphorus ND-0.105mg/l, 0.021mg/l ; silicate-silicious 2.12-22.70mg/l, 9.04mg/l, respectively. Especially, electrical conductivity, chloride ion, nitrite-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and silicate-silicious of the station 11 (Millakdong) were higher than those of others as $1.815{\times}10^2{\mu}{\mho}/cm$, 13.5mg/l, 0.076mg/l, 4.772mg/l and 14.07mg/l. Range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of the samples were 0-1,500/100ml, 13-470/100ml and 0-460/100ml, 2-32/100ml. Composition of coliform was $26.37\%$ Escherichia coli group, $21.98\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $37.36%$ Entrobacter aerogenes group and $14.29\%$ others.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2003

pH value of sampled fogwater at source regions (above highway and road) in Yongin sites showed the lowest value and was increased after passing the forest stands. Changes of ion concentrations through the forest stands showed a lowering tendency at sampling sites. The fogwater passing the forest stands (Quercus mangolica and Pinus rigida) surrendered acid pollutants to crown and stem from the atmosphere. It was concluded that environmental moisture in the atmosphere is acidified in fogwater. The influence was extended to the pure zone, and the frequency of acid rain has increased. The forests are assumed to remove air pollutants because ion concentrations in fogwater decreased after passing the forests. The fogwater which functions as a local sink for pollutants (H$_2$SO$_4$, HNO$_3$, etc.) falling on plant surfaces is considered to effectively remove acid pollutants. But if the deposition of pollutants exceeds the capacity of purification, it would damage the forest ecosystem. Further investigation is necessary to identify tree species tolerant to acid pollutants.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 1987

The physical properties, coliform groups, and nutrients were investigated to evaluate the sanitary Quality of the environmental water at Chinju area from May to October, 1986. The results were as follows : The pH ranged from 5.4 to 7.8 : water temperature ranged from 12.0 to $30.3^{\circ}C$ : electrical conductivity ranged from $0.51\times10^2\;to\;8.095\times10^2\mu\mho/cm$; chloride ion ranged from 3.6 to 126.8 mg/l, respectively. Especially, the concentration of the chloride ion at St.9 was 109mg/l which was higher than those of others. The $NO_3^--N$ ranged from 0.2336 to 14.1648 mg/l and the mean value was 5.4774 mg/l, the concentration of $NO_3^--N$ at St. 2 was higher as 40 times than that of St.4. The $PO_4^{3-}-P$ ranged from 0.0013 to 0.8315 mg/l, and the mean value was 0.0745 mg/l, the concentration of$PO_4^{3-}-P$ at St.8 was higher than that of others. The $SiO_2-Si$ ranged 1.7 to 15.28 mg/1 and the mean value was 5.81 mg/l. The value of St.8 and St.9 were higher than those of other stations but this value were lower $10\~13\;mg/l$ than the criterion for drinking water as 50 mg/l. The bacterial density of the spring waters ranged 9.1 to 4,600/100 ml (geometric mean : 205/100 ml) for total coliform 0 to 4s0/100 ml and 28.2/100 ml for fecal coliform. Composition of coliform was $38.2\%$ Escherichia coli, $25\%$ Entrobacter aerogenes, $13.2\%$ Citrobecter freundii and the others.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.119-120
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• 2004

Urban groundwater has a unique hydrologic system because of the complex surface and subsurface infrastructures such as deep foundation of many high buildings, subway systems, and sewers and public water supply systems. It generally has been considered that increased surface impermeability reduces the amount of groundwater recharge. On the other hand, leaks from sewers and public water supply systems may generate the large amounts of recharges. All of these urban facilities also may change the groundwater quality by the recharge of a myriad of contaminants. This study was performed to determine the factors controlling the recharge of deep groundwater in an urban area, based on the hydrogeochemical characteristics. The term ‘contamination’ in this study means any kind of inflow of shallow groundwater regardless of clean or contaminated. For this study, urban groundwater samples were collected from a total of 310 preexisting wells with the depth over 100 m. Random sampling method was used to select the wells for this study. Major cations together with Si, Al, Fe, Pb, Hg and Mn were analyzed by ICP-AES, and Cl, N $O_3$, N $H_4$, F, Br, S $O_4$and P $O_4$ were analyzed by IC. There are two groups of groundwater, based on hydrochemical characteristics. The first group is distributed broadly from Ca-HC $O_3$ type to Ca-C1+N $O_3$ type; the other group is the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type. The latter group is considered to represent the baseline quality of deep groundwater in the study area. Using the major ions data for the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type water, we evaluated the extent of groundwater contamination, assuming that if subtract the baseline composition from acquired data for a specific water, the remaining concentrations may indicate the degree of contamination. The remainder of each solute for each sample was simply averaged. The results showed that both Ca and HC $O_3$ represent the typical solutes which are quite enriched in urban groundwater. In particular, the P$CO_2$ values calculated using PHREEQC (version 2.8) showed a correlation with the concentrations of maior inorganic components (Na, Mg, Ca, N $O_3$, S $O_4$, etc.). The p$CO_2$ values for the first group waters widely ranged between about 10$^{-3.0}$ atm to 10$^{-1.0}$ atm and differed from those of the background water samples belonging to the Na+K-HC $O_3$ type (<10$^{-3.5}$ atm). Considering that the p$CO_2$ of soil water (near 10$^{-1.5}$ atm), this indicates that inflow of shallow water is very significant in deep groundwaters in the study area. Furthermore, the P$CO_2$ values can be used as an effective parameter to estimate the relative recharge of shallow water and thus the contamination susceptibility. The results of our present study suggest that down to considerable depth, urban groundwater in crystalline aquifer may be considerably affected by the recharge of shallow water (and pollutants) from an adjacent area. We also suggest that for such evaluation, careful examination of systematically collected hydrochemical data is requisite as an effective tool, in addition to hydrologic and hydrogeologic interpretation.ion.ion.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.452-460
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• 2007

Ultra-low loss ZERODUR and fused silica mirrors were manufactured and their light scattering characteristics were investigated. For this purpose, ZERODUR and fused silica substrates were super-polished by the bowl feed method. The surface roughness were 0.292 ${\AA}$ and 0.326 ${\AA}$ in rms for ZERODUR and fused silica, respectively. To obtain the high reflectivity, 22 thin film layers of $SiO_2$ and $Ta_2O_5$ were deposited by Ion Beam Sputtering. The measured light scattering of ZERODUR and fused silica mirror were 30.9 ppm and 4.6 ppm, respectively. This shows that the substrate surface roughness is not the only parameter which determines the light scattering of the mirror. In order to investigate the mechanism for additional light scattering of the ZERODUR mirror, the surface roughness of the mirror was measured by AFM and was found to be 2.3 times higher than that of the fused silica mirror. It is believed that there is some mismatch at the interface between the substrate and the first thin film layer which leads to the increased mirror surface roughness. To clarify this, the contact angle measurements were performed by SEO 300A, based on the Giriflaco-Good-Fowkes-Young method. The fused silica substrates with 0.46 ${\AA}$ in its physical surface roughness shows lower contact angle than that of the ZERODUR substrate with 0.31 ${\AA}$. This indicates that the thin film surface roughness is determined by not only its surface roughness but also the surface energy of the substrate, which depends on the chemical composition or crystalline orientation of the materials. The surface energy of each substrate was calculated from a contact angle measurement, and it shows that the higher the surface energy of the substrate, the better the surface roughness of the thin film.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1979

Free amino acids and total free sugar of kimchi were identified. Free amino acids of kimchis were extracted by 80% ethanol and isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Identification and quantitative determination of individual free amino acids were performed by amino acid autoanalyzer. Free sugar of kimchis was extracted by aqueous ethanol and isolated by ion exchange chromatography. Quantitative determination of it was perfermed by spectrophotometer. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, cysteine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were found in all kimchis. 2. The change of free amino acid composition during fermentation of kimchis was not observed, but the amount of total free amino acids of fermented kimchi decreased as compared with those of raw kimchi. 3. In kimchi containing 10 ml of fermented anchovy solution/100 g of chinese cabbage, the amount of total free amino acids was more than that of fermented salt kimchi and the characteristic flavor of it was attributed to such amino acids as lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine. 4. Large amount of free sugar in raw salt kimchi decreased during fermentation, but, after fermentation, significant difference of free sugar content between salt kimchi and kimchi containing fermented anchovy solution was not observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.392-396
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• 1989

Methylobacterium organophilum, a facultative methylotroph was cultivated on a methanol as a sole carbon and energy source. The cell growth was affected by the various components of minimal synthetic medium and the medium composition was optimized with 0.5% (v/v) methanol at pH 6.8 and at 3$0^{\circ}C$. The maximum specific growth rate of M. organophilum was achieved to 0.26 hr$^{-1}$ in the optimized medium which has following composition: Methanol, 0.5% (v/v):(NH$_4$)$_2$SO$_4$, 1.0g/l:KH$_2$PO$_4$, 2.13g/l:KH$_2$PO$_4$, 1.305g/ι:MgSO$_4$.7$H_2O$. 45g/l and trace elements (CaCl$_2$.2$H_2O$, 3.3mg:FeSO$_4$.7$H_2O$, 1.3mg:MnSO$_4$.4$H_2O$, 130$\mu\textrm{g}$:ZnSO$_4$.5$H_2O$, 40$\mu\textrm{g}$:Na$_2$MoO$_4$.2$H_2O$, 40$\mu\textrm{g}$:CoCl$_2$.6$H_2O$, 40$\mu\textrm{g}$:H$_3$BO$_3$, 30$\mu\textrm{g}$ per liter). By the limitation of nitrogen and deficiency of Mn$^{+2}$ or Fe$^{+2}$, the cell growth was significantly repressed. Methanol greatly repressed the cell growth and the complete inhibition was observed at concentration above 4% (v/v). In order to overcome the methanol inhibition and to prevent the methanol limitation, intermittent feeding of methanol was conducted by a D.O.-stat technique. PHB production by M. organophilum was stimulated by deficiency of nutrients such as NH$_{4}^{+}$, SO$_{4}^{-2}$, $Mg^{+2}$, $K^{+}$, or PO$_{4}^{-3}$ in the medium. The maximum PHB content was obtained as 58% of dry cell weight under deficiency of potassium ion in the optimized synthetic medium.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-100
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• 1999

The rain water samples were collected at Chunchon and Seoul by using wet only automatic sampler from January 1996 through 1997. The daily base rain water samples collected over than 95% rainy events components, $SO_4^{-2}$, $NO_3^-$, $CI^-$, NH_4^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^+$, and $K^+$, by ion chromatography. In 1996, about 77% of sampled rain water showed below pH 5.6 and the 60% of rain water was lower than pH 5.0. The volume weighted average pH was 4.7 at all sites. In 1997, the volume weighted average pH was 4.6 and 4.9 at Seoul and Chunchon, respectively. Among the rain water samples,, 87% and 55% fo samples showed below than pH 5.6 and 5.0, respectively. The pH value of Chunchon was significantly (p＜0.05) lower than Seoul at the rain samples for less than 20mm rainfall. However conductivity of the rain samples were 20.9$\mu$S/cm for 1996 and 27.7$\mu$S/cm for 1997 at Seoul, and 19.1$\mu$S/cm for 1996 and 14.1$\mu$S/cm for 1997 at Chunchon. $H_2SO_4$ and $HNO_3$ contributed 65.9% and 29.6% of free acidity at Seoul, respectively. The ratio of [$NO_3^-$]/[nss-$SO_4^{-2}$] were 0.43 at Seoul and 0.51 at Chunchon for rain samples for less than 20mm rainfall. The annual wet deposition of $CI^-$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{-2}$, $H^+$M, $Na^+$, NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$, respectively, 568.8kg/$ extrm{km}^2$, 1489.3kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 3184.8kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 20.9kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 249.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 1091.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 189.8kg/ $\textrm{km}^2$, 90.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ and 702.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ at Seoul for 1996; 656.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 2029.7kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 3280.7kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 27.2kg /$\textrm{km}^2$, 229.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 1063.9kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 106.9kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 78.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 645.3kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ at Seoul for 1997; 116.9kg/ $\textrm{km}^2$, 983.3kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 1797.0kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 21.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 83.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 648.1kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 78.0kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 22.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 368.8kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ at chunchon for 1996; 100.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 1077.6kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 1754.0kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 13.4kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 146.0kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 602.3kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 88.8kg/$\textrm{km}^2$, 16.2kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ and 206.8kg/$\textrm{km}^2$ at chunchon for 1997.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.3 s.104
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• pp.235-241
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• 2003

The effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the characteristics of algae-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) was examined by comparing the biodegradability and DOM fraction distribution of algal DOM before and after UV exposure. Algal DOM from two axenic cultures of Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria agardhii were irradiated for 24 h at a UV intensity of 42 W/$m^2$. A complete degradation of algal DOM during the UV exposure did not occur, remaining at constant concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC). After UV exposure, however, microbial degradations were reduced by 17% in M. aeruginosa and 53% in O. agardhii, respectively, and decomposition rates also were two times lower in UV exposed algal DOM. In addition, the chemical compositions of algal DOM altered substantially after UV radiation exposure. The proportions of hydrophilic bases (HiB; protein-like DOM) decreased considerably in both algal DOM sources after UV exposure (16.8% and 20.0% of DOM, respectively), whereas those of hydrophilic acids (HiA; carboxylic acids-like DOM) increased as much as the decrease of the HiB fraction. Capillary ion electrophoresis (CE) analysis showed that several carboxylic acids increased significantly after UV exposure, further confirming an increase in HiA fractions. The results of this study clearly indicate that algal DOM can be changed in its chemical composition as well as biodegradability without complete degradation by UV radiation.