• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.287-298
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• 2019

The purpose of this study to investigate the impact of rewards on job satisfaction and whether economic trends moderate the relationship of job satisfaction and rewards or not. Furthermore, this study also investigates whether the relationship between job satisfaction and reward is linear or nonlinear and whether the relationship diminishes or improves with predictor inclusion. Data collection was done through online and self-administered questionnaires by adopting cluster sampling technique from higher education institutions of Pakistan. Results based on 2160 responses suggest that economic trends moderate the relationship of job satisfaction and reward while assuming the economic trends as perceived rewards. The logit model was adopted to probabilistic relationship between job satisfaction and reward in moderation with economics trends. The moderations magnify the impact of rewards on job satisfaction. The job satisfaction is more sensitive to extrinsic reward as compared to intrinsic reward. The relationship of job satisfaction and reward is nonlinear for both extrinsic and intrinsic reward suggesting the diminishing relationship of job satisfaction and rewards. This study has pivotal implication for the higher education sector as it helps the sector to align the rewards with economic and trends and can normalize the reward after assessing the nonlinear stricture of relationship.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.113-120
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for developing the self-leadership program by identifying the effect of self-leadership on intrinsic motivation among physical therapy students. METHODS: One hundred physical therapy students in E university of Gyeonggido were recruited by convenience sampling from October 4 to 14, 2016. Of them, 89% were chosen and 79% were analyzed after excluding the cases with wrong answers. The survey, using Likert's five scales was conducted with fifteen items of intrinsic motivation (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, .84) and thirty-five items of self-leadership (Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, .90). Frequency analysis, correlation analysis regression diagnostics, and multiple regression analysis were done with SPSS 20.0 Statistics program (IBM, Korea). RESULTS: The total score of Self-leadership was 3.61 and of substrategies was 4.05 (Natural reward strategy), 3.38 (Behavior-focus strategy), and 3.43 (Constructive thought pattern strategy), respectively. The score of intrinsic motivation was 3.43. The substrategy of Self-leadership indicated positive correlation with intrinsic motivation. The correlation values in higher order were .75 (Natural reward strategy), .66 (Behavior-focus strategy), and .61 (Constructive thought pattern strategy). The Constructive thought pattern strategy (t=5.18, p=.00) and Natural reward strategy (t=2.10, p=.38), except Behavior-focus strategy were effective on intrinsic motivation, according to the multiple regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Before stepping up to the next level of being a physical therapist, students must go through the educational program to improve the Constructive thought pattern strategy and Natural reward strategy.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-74
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• 2017

The current research proposes to fill a research gap by testing how reward uncertainty, different types of motivation, as well as individual risk-taking attitude affect consumers' promotion participation. Being offered with an uncertain reward, relative to individuals with extrinsic motivation, individuals with intrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. In contrast, being offered with a certain reward, relative to individuals with intrinsic motivation, individuals with extrinsic motivation will have greater intention to participate in marketing promotion. This effect arises only among consumers having a low level of risk-taking attitude. For consumers having a high level of risk-taking attitude, their participation intention shows no significant difference between the two motivation type groups, under both certain and uncertain reward conditions. With an understanding of how consumer's response heterogeneously to promotions involving rewards, marketers can better understand not only how to use this promotional tactic more effectively, but also how to better allocate their budget for promotions.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 2022

For construction companies to become competitive innovative, cost management as well as process improvement are required. Activity-based costing (ABC), which uses cost information to support long-term decision-making, is a tool that enhances a company's competitiveness. In this study, we compare and analyze tradition-based costing (TBC) and ABC to confirm the adequacy of performance-based costing. In addition, we will empirically examine the relationship between the impact of the reward system using ABC on employee satisfaction and involvement. In research results, the influence of the reward system on employee involvement appeared in the order of intrinsic reward (𝛽 = 0.338) and extrinsic reward (𝛽 = 0.308). In addition, the reward system showed positive (+) effects on employee satisfaction, with influence appearing in the order of intrinsic reward (𝛽 = 0.360) and extrinsic reward (𝛽 = 0.337). And employee satisfaction (𝛽 = 0.225) had a positive effect on involvement. We were able to confirm that it is necessary to build a reward system consisting of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards to increase employee satisfaction and involvement.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2016

This study investigates how anticipated value(attainment value, intrinsic value, utility value, and reward value) and self-efficacy in providing information have an influence on continuance intention to provide information in the context of online community or social media. We propose a conceptual model for examining the framework for the effect of anticipated value on attitude toward providing information, and the effect of attitude toward providing information and self-efficacy in providing information on continuance intention to provide information. Proposed research model is empirically assessed using the survey data obtained from 221 respondents in Korea. Results show that attainment value and intrinsic value have a significant impact on attitude toward providing information, whereas utility value and reward value are found to be insignificant. In addition, attitude toward providing information and self-efficacy in providing information are positively and significantly related to continuance intention to provide information.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2024

Multi-agent systems can be utilized in various real-world cooperative environments such as battlefield engagements and unmanned transport vehicles. In the context of battlefield engagements, where dense reward design faces challenges due to limited domain knowledge, it is crucial to consider situations that are learned through explicit sparse rewards. This paper explores the collaborative potential among allied agents in a battlefield scenario. Utilizing the Multi-Robot Warehouse Environment(RWARE) as a sparse reward environment, we define analogous problems and establish evaluation criteria. Constructing a learning environment with the QMIX algorithm from the reinforcement learning library Ray RLlib, we enhance the Agent Network of QMIX and integrate Random Network Distillation(RND). This enables the extraction of patterns and temporal features from partial observations of agents, confirming the potential for improving the acquisition of sparse reward experiences through intrinsic rewards.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.638-648
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• 2016

The current study investigated the impact of interaction between self-esteem and reward type on the effects of an international relief campaign. Self-esteem refers to how worthy a person feels about the self. Reward is differentiated by intrinsic or extrinsic type. An experimental research was conducted with 184 subjects by self-esteem ${\times}$ reward type. This research was progressed with two stages. At the first stage, questionnaires relative to participants' self-esteem and past experiences were distributed. At the second stage, the participants rated their responses after exposure to the campaign. Individuals with higher self-esteem showed more favorable message attitudes towards intrinsic reward type, yet those with lower self-esteem did not show a significant difference. Analyses for behavioral intention did not produce any significant result.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2017

Purpose - This study extracts performance-reward factors based on the previous studies related to Herzberg's two-factor theory and performance-reward and proposes a research method to identify how these factors have an influence on task performance directly related to production performance and contextual performance that has an indirect influence. Research Design, Data, and Methodology - This study draws performance-reward factors through Focus Group Interview(FGI), classifies them into economic/uneconomic and direct/indirect factors, draws maintenance/improvement factors and unnecessary ones through IPA, and maximizes the effectiveness of performance-reward factors. Results - It also identifies how performance-reward factors have an influence on internal and external motives based on previous studies, classifies performance-reward factors into task performance and contextual performance and identifies the influence relationship between these, and proposes a research model to identify the roles of equity sensitivity based on equity theory. Conclusion - The findings from this study are expected to lay the groundwork for drawing various methods to reduce the turnover rate of employees and be important resources for reinforcing the competitiveness of businesses by classifying the performance -reward factors that may cause internal and external motives from the small and medium-sized manufacturing perspective and presenting methods to identify if these have an influence on task performance and contextual performance.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-79
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• 2010

According to resource based view, knowledge is regarded as a salient factor to improve an organization's efficiency in the current fast-changing business environment. Knowledge management (KM) may encourage employees to share and exchange knowledge in the organization in order to improve and sustain a competitive advantage over other companies. The proposed research model examines the impacts of KM performances' antecedents on an employee's absorptive capacity. This study identifies KM performances as employee's satisfaction about KM and shared knowledge quality. This study considers KM performances as the major determinants that enhance his/her absorptive capacity. This study also investigates the key antecedents of KM performances. The research model posits extrinsic reward, intrinsic reward, and relational reward as the KM performances' antecedents. Furthermore, this study examines the difference of the antecedents' effects in terms of firm's type. The proposed research model was tested by using survey data collected from 1,103 employees of 2 public enterprises and 907 employees of 5 private enterprises. The findings of this study showed that employee's satisfaction about KM and shared knowledge quality play a significant role in enhancing employee' absorptive capacity. Extrinsic reward only significantly influences employee's satisfaction about KM, whereas both intrinsic and relational rewards serve as the salient antecedents of improving both KM performances. The results also shed light on the moderating role of firm's type. Theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02b
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• pp.64-70
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• 2008

Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) is quite different from in many aspects. CAL provides individualistic learning environment and facilitates autonomy of the learner. Thus the learners who uses CAL program has more sense of control and engages in more strategic learning than conventional learning environment. In this experiment, we used KORI (KORea university intelligent agent) which is a new type of ITS adopting TA (Teachable Agent) that fosters learning by teaching, So, we investigated the critical motivational factor that have influences in CAL learning and the effects of reward in CAL are another area of our interest. Thus, we divided two conditions that presence of reward and absence of reward. The 174 elementary school students(5th) were participated and they are randomly assigned the one of the reward conditions. Before entering the experimental instruction, all participants measured about metacognition, self-efficacy and goal orientation questionnaire as independent variables. Then, Participants were instructed of method of using KORI program and asked to study for ten days with KORI program at least 20 minutes everyday in their home, about 10 days. After 10 days, they were rated interest and comprehension. Regression results suggest that regardless of the presence of reward, metacognition is a positive predictor in interestingness. It indicate that metacognitive skills are required in CAL learning situation irrespective of reward. But on comprehension in the absence of reward, only self- efficacy appeared to be a positive predictor. In the presence of reward, performance goal orientation showed as a negative predictor of comprehension, whereas self-efficacy was a positive predictor. This result suggest that presence of reward especially interferes learning process of performance goal orientation in CAL learning situation. It could be interpreted that reward interferes the learning process of performance goal orientation by debilitating intrinsic motivation.