• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2004

Background and purpose: Opposing-needling technique involves selecting acupoints at unaffected limb. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LI4-LI11 electrical acupuncture at unaffected limb on the cerebral blood flow in ischemic stroke patients using SPECT Methods: We selected 9 ischemic stroke patients. Baseline brain SPECT was done with triple head gamma camera(MultiSPECT3, Siemens, USA) after intravenous administration of 925 MBq of Tc-99m ECD). Fifteen-minute electro-acupuncture at Hapgok(LI 4) and Gokji(LI 11) were applied on unaffected upper limb of subjects. The same dose of Tc-99m ECD was injected during the electro-acupuncture, and the second SPECT images were obtained. Using the computer software(ICON 7.1, Siemens, USA), 3 SPECT slices(upper, middle, lower) surrounding the brain lesion were selected and each slice was divided by 10-16 brain regions. Asymmetry indexes were analyzed in each brain region. We regarded$\geq$10% changes of asymmetry index between before and after electro-acupuncture as significance. Results: Seven Patients(77.8%) had significantly increased perfusion and 2(22.2%) didn't show increased perfusion in post-acupuncture scans compared to pre-acupuncture scans(baseline). The regions of CBF improvement were mostly frontal lobes and anterior temporal lobes. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that LI4-LI11 electro-acupuncture at unaffected limb increased regional cerebral blood perfusion to the corresponding brain areas in ischemic stroke patients.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2017

To determine the effect of the tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) in odontoclast formation, we administrated a $TNF-{\alpha}$ inhibitor in rats with diabetes rats with periodontitis. The rats included in the study were divided into three groups: control rats without diabetes or periodontitis (the C group), rats with periodontitis and diabetes (the PD group), and rats with periodontitis and diabetes treated by infliximab, the TNF inhibitor (the PD+infliximab group). The PD and PD+infliximab groups received intravenous administrations of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After 7 days of STZ injections, the mandibular first molars were ligatured to induce periodontitis. The PD+infliximab group was intrapenitoneally administrated by infliximab (5 mg/kg). On days 3 and 20 after the ligature administration, odontoclast formation along root surfaces was evaluated by tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and cathepsin K immunohistochemistry. On day 3, the number of TRAP- and cathepsin K-positive cells increased more so in the PD group than in the C group. The PD+infliximab group showed a lower number of positive cells than the PD group. There was no difference in all the groups on day 20. On day 3, the cathepsin-K positive multinucleated and mononucleated cells were higher in the PD group than in the C group. The number of cathepsin-K positive multinucleated cells was lower in the PD+infliximab group than in the PD group. The PD group showed more cathepsin K-positive cells in the furcation and distal surfaces than the c group. The Cathepsin K-positive cells of the PD+infliximab group were lower than that of the PD group in furcation. These results suggest that $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulates odontoclast formation in diabetes with periodontitis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.9-13
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• 2013

Objectives: Bisphosphonates (BP) are widely used in medicine for inhibiting bone resorption; however bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a major side effect of BP. To date, there have been no specific reports on the incidence of BRONJ among Koreans. This study investigated the preliminary results from a nationwide survey of BRONJ in the Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMFS) at individual training hospitals. Materials and Methods: A total of 15 OMFS departments (10 from dental schools, 4 from medical schools, and 1 from a dental hospital) participated in a multi-centric survey. This study assessed every BRONJ case diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2010. The patient age and BP type were evaluated. Results: A total of 254 BRONJ cases were collected. The majority of BRONJ cases were associated with oral BP therapy, while 21.8% of the cases were associated with intravenous administration. Alendronate was the drug most frequently related to BRONJ (59.2% of cases), followed by risedronate (14.3%) and zolendronate (17.0%). The average age of BRONJ patients was $70.0{\pm}10.1$ years, with a range of 38-88 years of age. With the number of BP patients in Korea reported to be around 600,000 in 2008, the estimated incidence of BRONJ is at least 0.04% or 1 per 2,300 BP patients. Conclusion: The results suggest that the estimated incidence of BRONJ in Korea is higher than the incidence of other countries. Future prospective studies should be carried out to investigate the exact epidemiological characteristics of BRONJ in Korea.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1989

특정 발암원의 조직특이성 암유발기전을 연구하기 위하여 DMBA의 구강투여 또는 NMU의 동맥주입에 의하여 유암이 유도되는 실험모델을 대상으로 선택하였다. 본 실험에서는 화학적 발암원의 유암유발기전에 미치는 숙주인 흰쥐의 연령효과를 아울러 비교분석하였으며, 특히 발암원의 조직내 활성화, 불활화 및 해독 그리고 DNA 손상과 수성등의 변화를 구명하였다. 유암의 발생율은 1년생 흰쥐보다 생후 50일 흰쥐에서 현저하게 높았다. 특정조직의 선택적 발암기전을 설명하는 기전의 일환으로 조직 DNA의 특정 발암원에 의한 공유결합성 지표(covalent binding index, CBI)를 발암원의 활성화 기전 지표로는 cytochrome P450의 함량을 반면 불확화의 지표로는 glutathione S-transferase와 peroxide의 활성을 비교하였다. 조직의 CBI는 생후 50일군의 유선조직이 DMBA나 NMU에 대하여 간조직보다 유의하게 높았으며 시험관내 CBI 실험에서는 생후 50일군 유선조직의 microsome 분획의 발암원 활성화능이 보다 높음을 관찰하였다. 또한 T.C.D.D. 의존성 cytochrome P450 함량도 생후 50일군에서 가장 높았다. 그러나 불활화 효소들은 연령 변화에 따라 유의한 변화를 보여주지 않았다. 상기의 결과들은 DMBA나 NMU와 같은 발암물질이 특정조직, 특히 유선조직에 생후 50일군에서 유암을 선택적으로 유발하는 기전은 표적 조직의 높은 발암원 활성화능, 낮은 불활화등 그리고 효율이 낮은 DNA 수선능이 연계적으로 작동함으로써 이루어지고 있음을 보여주고 있다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2012

천년초(Opuntia humifusa)에 존재하는 점질다당의 새로운 이용방안을 모색하기 위해 천년초로부터 다당을 분리하여 면역자극활성을 측정하였다. 천년초의 주요 다당 CNC-E는 상업용 효소처리, 물 추출 및 ethanol 침전을 거쳐 조제하고 이들의 특성을 검토하였다. CNC-E는 분자량 약 700 kDa의 다당체로, 구성당 조성을 확인한 결과, arabinose, galactose 및 xylose를 높은 비율로 함유하고 있었으며 rhamnose와 fucose를 미량 함유하고 있었다. 한편 CNC-E는 비장세포 유래 림프구에 대해서는 비교적 높은 증식활성을 농도 의존적으로 나타냈다. CNC-E로 자극한 macrophage는 IL-6, IL-12, IL-10 및 TNF-${\alpha}$와 같은 cytokine의 생산을 농도 의존적으로 증진시켰으며 CNC-E를 mouse에 정맥 주사한 후 얻어진 NK세포는 Yac-1 종양 세포주에 대한 높은 치사작용을 보였다. 특히 CNC-E를 mouse 당 $100{\mu}g$ 처리한 후 얻어진 NK세포는 미처리 대조군에 비해 3배 높은 치사활성을 나타냈다. CNC-E는 인체 초기 면역반응에 있어 중요한 역할을 담당하는 보체계에 대하여 농도 의존적인 활성을 나타냈으며, anti-human C3를 이용한 면역전기영동실험과 $Ca^{2+}$이온이 제거된 상태에서의 항보체 활성 실험을 통해 천년초 다당 CNC-E는 고전경로와 부경로를 모두 경유하여 활성을 나타내고 있음을 확인하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 한국산 선인장 천년초에는 인체에 유익한 면역 활성 다당체를 다량 함유함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1718-1723
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• 2009

본 연구는 부위별 녹용 추출물이 PHZ 투여로 용혈성 빈혈을 유도한 흰쥐의 조혈작용에 대한 효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 4주령의 암컷 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐에 PHZ 10 mg/kg을 4일간 미정맥 주사하여 용혈성 빈혈을 유발한 후 각 부위별 녹용 추출물 200 mg/kg을 일주일간 경구투여 하였다. 용혈성 빈혈 유발군인 PHZ군은 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 감소하였고, 망상적 혈구수는 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면, 녹용 추출물 군에서 는 hemoglobin, hematocrit치, 적혈구수가 PHZ 투여군보다 증가하였다. 특히 분골, 상대, 중대 추출물 투여 시 유의성있게 증가하였다. 상대 추출물 투여군에서는 망상적혈구수 증가가 유의적으로 억제되었다. PHZ 투여로 증가된 혈청 EPO 함량은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 모두 정상적으로 회복 되었다. Hemoglobin 합성에 관여하는 $\delta$-ALAD 활성은 녹용 추출물 투여군에서 활성이 증가되는 결과를 보여주었다. 따라서 녹용 추출물은 PHZ으로 유도한 용혈성 빈혈에 대한 바람직한 조혈효과가 있는 기능성 물질로 사료된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.238-243
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• 1990

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of recombinant human interleukin-2 (rH IL-2) wre studied in the rat. First, different doses of rH IL-2 ranging from 6,400 to 1,600,000 U/kg were injected intravenously and the effect of dose size on the pharmacokinetics was examined. There was no dose dependency in the pharmacokinetics of rHIL-2 in the dose range of 6,400-40,000 U/kg. But at the dose of 1,600,000 U/kg, there was a severe hemolysis throughout the experiment and the pharmacokinetic parameters such as Vdss and CLt were significantly increased compared to those obtained from lower doses. It also showed that this drug is hardly distributed to the peripheral tissues and hardly eliminated from the body, since the valume of distribution (Vdss) and total body clearance (CLt) were 45-75 ml/kg and 1-2 ml/min/kg, respectively. The Vdss is close to the actual plasma volume and the CLt is less than glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Therefore it seemed that rH IL-2 is distributed only in the plasma pool and hardly filtered in the kidney due to its very large molecular weight. Second, rH IL-2 was administered to the rat via several routes such as hepatic portal vein (PV), intraperitoneal (IP), peroral (PO) and intranasal (IN) routes. The bioavailabilities (BA) of PV, IP, PO and IN routes were 96.8, 4.9, 0 and 0.1%, respectively. The addition of some nasal absorption enhancers such as taurocholate, taurodeoxycholate, glycocholate and glycodeoxycholate did not increase the BA of intranasaly administered rH IL-2. The result is contrast to the effect of these bile salts on the nasal absorption of ${\alpha}-inteferon$. Considering it together with the pharmacokinetic parameters, very large molecular weight of rH IL-2 seemed again to be the cause to very poor membrane permeability.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.115-119
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• 2012

유방특이감마영상검사(Breast-specific Gamma Imaging, BSGI)는 $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi와 고해상도 감마카메라를 이용하여 영상을 획득하는 방법으로 기본적으로 양측상하영상, 내외사방향영상을 얻으며 추가로 액와 림프절 검사를 시행 할 수 있다. 액와 림프절 전이 여부가 중요한 인자임에도 불구하고 아직까지 BSGI의 액와부 검사는 잘 시행되지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2011년 5월부터 2012년 3월까지 본원에서 유방특이감마영상검사를 시행한 총 343명의 환자를 대상으로 액와 림프절 검사 결과를 분석하고 올바른 검사를 위한 기술적 사항을 연구하였다. 방사성의약품 주입 시 일어날 수 있는 혈관 포획, 혈관 외 유출현상이 영상에 영향을 끼치는 경우가 많았으며, 이를 방지하는 방법과 영상의 획득 방법을 규정하였다. 혈관 외 유출과 혈관의 포획현상을 최소화하기 위하여 $^{99m}Tc$-sestamibi를 주입 후, 10 cc의 생리 식염수를 주입한다. 주사 후 팔을 귀 위로 올리고 공을 이용하여 약 1분간 운동한다. 감마카메라의 납 차폐체를 제거하고 검출기에 기울기를 주어 최대한 검출기에 액와부를 밀착시키고, 납 앞치마를 이용하여 촬영하려는 측의 어깨 부분을 가려주어 배후 방사능을 최소화 한다. 액와부 영상은 2-3분 획득한다. BSGI 검사 시, 기존에 시행되던 양측 상하방향, 내외사방향영상만을 얻는 방식에서 액와 림프절 영상을 함께 획득 한다면 유방암의 치료성적 향상에 도움이 되며, 본 연구에서 얻은 기술적 사항을 검사에 적용한다면 유방암 환자들의 액와 림프절 영상의 효과를 더욱 극대화 시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.92-98
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• 2017

Background: Nebulized colistimethate is increasingly used, because there are problems such as renal dysfunction and low distribution within the lungs when colistimethate is administered intravenously. This study was designed to compare and analyze the changes in renal function by of nebulized colistimethate treatment for its safe administration. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of adult patients above 19 years old, receiving only the nebulized colistimethate at least 4 days in Yonsei university health system from Nov 2014 to Aug 2015. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was determined by using the RIFLE criteria (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage renal disease) according to serum creatinine (SCr) levels before and after use of nebulized colistimethate. Results: 48 patients were included our study and their SCr increased significantly after nebulized colistimethate treatment ($SCr_0$ vs. $SCr_1$; $0.85{\pm}0.80$ vs. $1.00{\pm}0.82mg/dL$, n=48, p<0.001), but the changes were in normal range according to the standards at Yonsei university health $system^a$. Among 48 patients, 38 patients were in the non-AKI group (79.2%), and 10 patients developed AKI (20.8%). Within the AKI group, 2 patients were in the Injury group (20%) and the other 8 in the Risk group (80%). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in age, dosage and duration of treatment between AKI group and non-AKI group (p>0.05). The study has a significance in that it reviewed the safety of nebulized colistimethate only treatment to national patients, analyzing its nephrotoxicity. It has confirmed that nebulized colistimethate is a safer method than intravenous injection, and requires to establish a guideline for the use of nebulized colistimethate in further studies with broader patient groups. $^a$ : SCr Male 0.68-1.19 mg/dL, Female 0.49-0.91 mg/dL.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate of dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation in Beagle dogs. Forty adults Beagle dogs (28 male and 12 female) were used in this study. The dogs weighed 9.5 kg and were in good oral and systemic health as determined by physical examination, and all dogs had full and normal dentition. The dogs were given a commercial pellet feed during 2 years period. For all examination procedures, the dogs were premedicated with a subcutaneous injection of atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced and maintained by intravenous administration of ketamine (8 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg). Dental plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation were assessed by Logan and Boyce clinical plaque index. Calculi covering the maxillary carnassial and first molar teeth were extensive and were accompanied by severe gingival inflammation and pocket formation. Calculi, accompanied by gingival inflammation, were clearly evident on buccal surfaces of other teeth. Calculi didn't showed on the lingual surfaces, but linguogingival inflammation formed in premolar teeth. Although the general pattern was clear, there was considerable variation among dogs in the rate of deposition of calculus and extend of gingival inflammation. This investigation suggest that feeding of the commercial dry food without dental hygiene increase plaque accumulation and may be a contributing factor in calculi formation and periodontal disease.