• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.257-268
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique with the effect of the stand and intramuscular injection technique on the severity of discomfort and leasions at the injection site. The subjects of the study were 20 patients with only early tuber culosis excluding another abnormalities (a akin rash, allergy to topical use of alcohol, jaundice, edema, neurosensory abnormality, coagulation defects, obesity and thin). Data collection was done from Feb. 1 to March 15, 1988 by means of Korean Pain Measurement Tool, Visual Analogue Scale, and Objective measures of injection site lesions. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Hypothesis 1 ; “The severity of subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion injection technique.” was not sopported 2) Hypothesis 2 ; “The degress of severity subject discomfort is less following administration of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administra tion of the standard intramuscular injection technique.” was not supported. 3) Hypothesis 3 ; “The severity of injection site lesions is less following administra tion of the Z-track intramuscular injection technique than following administration of the standard intramuscular injection techniques.” was not supported. 4) The terms that were selected included factor II (mild-moderate pain) of Ratio Scale Measuring Pain using Korean Pain Terms. In conclusion ; it was found that there was not a difference from the severity of subject discomfort between two groups, but the degress of severity of subject discomfort about following administration of the Z-t-rack intramuscular injection was tended to be declined. Therefore further studies suggest that the Z-track intramuscular injection technique can decrease the severity of discomfort in persons receiving frequently intramuscular injections. First of all, it is necessery to be developed an effective tool of discomfort measurement for the intramuscular injection in Korean.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 1983

Estrus was induced and the therapeutic effect was examined with 25mg of PGF2$\alpha$ intramuscular injection and 3mg of PGF2$\alpha$ intraovarian injection to Holstein and Simmental cows which were raised in the large size stockfarms and the dairy farms, and were diagnosed to anestrus. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The estrus inducing effect observed in the cows treated by PGF2$\alpha$ was 83.3% with 25/30 heads in the intramuscular injection group, and 86.7% with 26/30 heads in the intraovarian injection group. 2. Average duration from PGF2$\alpha$ administration to the onest of estrus was 2.7 day in the intramuscular injection group, and 2.6 days in the intraovarian injection group. 3. In status of estrus in the cows treated by PGF2$\alpha$, vigorous estrus was 12.0%, normal estrus 60.0% and silent estrus was 28.0% in the intramuscular injection group, and vigorous estrus was 15.4%, normal estrus 61.5%, and silent estrus 23.1% in the intraovarian injection group. 4. Conception rate in the cows induced to estrus was 64.0% in the intramuscular injection group and 65.4% in the intraovarian injection group.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2017

Purpose: To determine the effects of neck and back touch on Ultrasonic Vocalization (UV) and the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) in rats touched by the human hand as an intervention for reducing pain and anxiety associated with intramuscular injections. Methods: This study was a randomized, controlled, pre-test/post-test design study. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either the experimental or control groups (n= 10 rats/group). The experimental group was touched in a manner similar to massaging the rat's neck and back twice a day for one week. The two groups received two intramuscular injections. The 22kHz and 50kHz UV and the RGS scores were measured before and after each intramuscular injection. Results: The 22kHz UV and RGS score were significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group when the first intramuscular injection was administered; whereas, no difference between the experimental and the control groups were observed when the second intramuscular injection was administered. There was no statistical difference in the 50kHz UV between the two groups when the first and second injections were administered. Conclusion: This study found that touching was an effective intervention method to reduce negative emotions and pain in rats receiving their first intramuscular injection.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1995

The local irritation studies of DA-3002, an authentic recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), were carried out in rabbits after the following treatment ; application into the conjunctival sac of the eye (single), single subcutaneous and intramuscular injection, 7-day repeated subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. The results obtained were as follows. In the result of ocular irritation test, 0.16% solution of DA-3002 could be considered as a non-irritating material. In single subcutaneous and intramuscular irritation test, the irritancy of 0.16% DA-3002 solution was not so much different from that of saline. The local irritation of DA-3002 by 7-day repeated injection was negligible and similar to that of saline by both subcutaneous and intramuscular routes. These results suggest that DA-3002 has no irritating activity when injected through subcutaneous or intramuscular route for clinical practice as 0.16% solution.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.249-252
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• 2012

Nicolau syndrome is a rare complication of intramuscular injection consisting of ischemic necrosis of skin, soft tissue, and muscular tissue that arises locoregionally. The characteristic pattern is pain around the injection site, developing into erythema, a livedoid dermatitis patch, and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous fat, and muscle tissue. Three patients were injected with drugs (diclofenac sodium, ketoprofen, meperidine) for pain relief. Three patients complained of pain, and a skin lesion was observed, after which necrosis developed on their buttocks. Each patient underwent debridement and coverage. The wound healed uneventfully. We report three cases of Nicolau syndrome in the buttocks following diclofenac intramuscular injection.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.86-96
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• 1999

Effectiveness of the videotaped-record learning method in teaching intramuscular injection skill was investigated using an experimental research methodology. Data was collected from 57 female students attending Fundamental nursing class from two depts. of nursing in Chung-ju and Seoul. The subjects were assigned to two groups, the experimental group of 30 and the control group of 27. The independent variable was videotaped-record learning method and the dependent variable were the degree of knowledge achivement, nursing skill achivement, competence on practicing intramuscular injection skill and satisfaction about the learning method. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient with SPSS-PC program. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. There was statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group in knowledge achievement about intramuscular injections (t=4.721, P=.000). 2. There was statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group in nursing skill achievement(t=3.542, P=.001). 3. There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group in competence on practicing intramuscular injection skill (t=.627, P=.533). 4. There was statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group in satisfaction about learning method(t=4.708, P=.000). 5. There was significant correlation between nursing skill achievement and knowledge achievement(r=.233, p<.05). In conclusion, this study suggests that videotaped-record learning method is an effective learning method for achieving intramuscular injection skill as a basic nursing skills. Therefore, further study with more developed research design and other fundamental nursing skill practice will be needed to investigate the effectiveness of videotaped-recored learning method.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.976-982
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the feeling state guided imagery(FSGI) and end state guided imagery(ESGI) on stress and performance of an intramuscular injection of nursing students. Method: The design was a time series with a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest study. Data was collected from the 23 rd to the 25th of Nov. 2004. The subjects of this study were 40 female sophomores (21 for the ESGI, 19 for the FSGI). The instruments used in this study were the Visual Analogue Scale for Stress and the Nursing Skill Performance Check-list on Intramuscular Injection developed by the researchers(10 items). Guided imagery was provided through audiotapes for 8 minutes. A pretest was given before applying the guided imagery, posttest 1 was performed after the intervention, posttest 2 was performed before the intramuscular injection and then evaluation of the performance of the intramuscular injection was done. Data was analyzed using t-test, and Repeated Measures ANOVA. Result: The level of stress for those who received the ESGI and FEGI was not significant and the level of the nursing skill performance for those who received the ESGI was significantly higher than that of students who received the FEGI. Conclusion: The use of ESGI has an effect on learning psychomotor nursing skills and further research is needed on stress.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 1997

The carp $\beta$-actin regulatory sequences and RSV/LTR promoter were tested whether they are functinal to express linked structure gene (chloramphenicol acetyltransferas, CAT) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by determining the patterns of gene expression following intramuscular in vivo direct injection. The injection experiments with various concentrations of both pRSVCAT and pFV4CAT clearly revealed the effectiveness of DNA dosage on expression of CAT. The increase of CAT activity was linear in both plasmids, and maximal CAT activity was obtained with 100 ug of pFV4CAT injection. The amounts of CAT expression with pFV4CAT-injected fist were higher than those with pRSVCAT-injected fish. CAT activity was readily detectable as early as one day after injection, slightly increased at day 2, and declined over time. Most amount of DNA intramuscularly injected into olive flounder muscles persisted extrachromosomally without showing any integrated or replicated form in vivo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.119-122
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• 2007

Paraquat poisoning is a fatal type of herbicide intoxication. It is characterized by multi-organ failure and pulmonary fibrosis with respiratory failure. Intravenous and intramuscular injection of paraquat is rarely described. However, We encountered two fatal cases of acute poisoning caused by paraquat injection. Two patients were admitted to our emergency unit after intravenous and intramuscular injection of 23.8% paraquat (about 476 mg of paraquat). A 37-year-old man diluted 2 ml of 23.8% paraquat solution with 1 ml of normal saline and injected it both intravenously into his left antecubital fossa and intramuscularly into his abdomen in a suicide attempt. He died 5 days later from respiratory failure and acute renal failure. A 92-year-old man was injected intravenously into his right antecubital fossa by his grandson with 2 ml of 23.8% paraquat solution diluted with 1 ml of normal saline. He died 2 days later from early circulatory collapse and multi-organ failure (metabolic acidosis, acute renal failure, coagulopathy). Intravenous and intramuscular injection with a small quantity of paraquat resulted in fatal toxicity in our patients.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.268-275
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• 2022

Objectives: This toxicological study was performed to assess for potential toxicity and to determine the approximate lethal dose of SU-Eohyeol pharmacopuncture (SUEP) following a single intramuscular injection of SUEP into male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: The groups in our experiment consisted of an experimental group treated with SUEP at a dose of 1.0 mL/animal and a control group injected with a normal saline solution, and five male and female rats were placed in each group. Each animal was administered a single intramuscular injection. We monitored all rats for clinical signs and body weight changes for 14 days after administration. At the end of the observation period, the rats were euthanized and autopsied, and localized tolerance examinations were conducted at the site of administration of the test substance. Results: There were no deaths in either sex in the SUEP-treated group. There was no significant difference between the SUEP-treated group and the control group in the clinical signs and weight changes among the rats. In addition, no significant SUEP-related changes were observed on autopsy findings or local tolerance examinations at the injection site by histopathological examination. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the approximate lethal dose of a single intramuscular administration of SUEP in female and male rats under the conditions of this study is greater than 1.0 mL/animal. To determine the safety of the use of SUEP in Korean medical clinical practice, additional toxicity studies will be needed.