• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 2011

Humans have and hold 100 trillion intestinal bacteria that are essential for health. For millions of years human-microorganisms interaction has co-evolved, and maintained close symbiotic relationship. Gut bacteria contributes to human health and metabolism, and humans provides the optimum nutrition-rich environment for bacteria. What is the mechanism of the host distinguishing the intestinal bacteria as its cohabiting partner and what kind of benefits does the gut microbiota provide the human are the fundamental questions to be asked and solved in order to make human life a higher quality. This review explains the physiological relationship and mutualism between the host and gut microorganism, and highlights the potential therapeutic approach for treating diseases, maintaining and improving health based on these correlations.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2007

Schizandrae Fruits has been used as a traditional Oriental medicine for treatment of many stress-induced diseases. In the present study, we investigated inhibitory activity of enzymatic hydrolysate of Schizandrae fructus (SC-EX) in growth of tested intestinal microorganism and activity of bowel inflammation related enzyme. SC-EX was added to the proteose peptone-yeast extract-fildes (PYF) media to investigation the effect on the growth of type culture of intestinal microorganism. The growth of lactic acid bacteria such as Bifidobacterium species and Lactobacillus species was accelerated by more than 3% concentration of SC-EX. But, growth of harmfulness bacteria such as E.coli, Clostridium sp. Staphylococcus sp. Streptococcus sp. was inhibited by more than 3% concentration of SC-EX. Also, SC-EX was exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity of the bowel inflammation related enzymes. The SC-EX was showed 76% and 92% inhibitory activity of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooygenase at 5% additional concentration respectively. Our results indicated that SC-EX may possess improvement effect on the intestinal flora and Anti-inflammatory effect on the bowel.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2001

The possibility of Chungpesagan-tang, which has been recommended on the stroke patients with constipation in Korean traditional clinic, and its ingredients as a novel antithrombotic agent was evaluated. Most of its ingredients except Puerariae Radix exhibited in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity. However, Puerariae Radix was significantly effective on ex vivo anti-platelet aggregation activity, whereas Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix, Raphani Semen and Angelicae Dahuricae Radix was not effective. Plasma recalcification was potently inhibited only by Puerariae Radix and Rhei Rhizoma treated with intestinal bacteria. Urokinase was also activated only by Chungpesagan-tang, Angelicae Tenuissimae Radix and Puerariae Radix treated with intestinal bacteria. Chungpesagan-tang exhibited the potent anti-thromboembolic activity activity in vitro. These results suggest that anti-thrombotic activity of Chungpesagan-tang should be activated by intestinal bacteria and may be important in the prevention of thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infraction stroke and arteriosclerosis.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.755-760
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• 2009

The growth-inhibiting activities of persimmon roots-derived materials against intestinal bacteria were evaluated and compared with that of 1,4-naphthoquinone as a positive control. The active constituent isolated from persimmon roots was characterized as 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone using various spectroscopic analyses. Treatment with 1,4-naphthoquinone at a dose of 1.0 mg/disc strongly inhibited the growth of 6 intestinal bacteria. Furthermore, when the structure-activity relationships of 1,4-naphthoquinone's derivatives were evaluated, 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone were found to strongly inhibit the growth of Clostridium difficile, Clostridium perfringens, and Escherichia coli without adversely affecting the growth of Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Additionally, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone strongly inhibited the growth of C. difficile and C. perfringens, but did not inhibit the growth of E. coli. Taken together, these results indicate that persimmon roots-derived materials and some of 1,4-naphthoquinone's derivatives could be useful preventive agents against diseases caused by harmful intestinal bacteria.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.249-257
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• 2019

Ulmus davidiana Nakai (UDN) has been traditionally used as a herbal medicine to treat inflammatory diseases in Korea. In the present study, we investigated the anti-ecotoxic potential of a 116 kDa glycoprotein isolated from UDN (UDN glycoprotein) in human intestinal epithelial INT-407 cells. We demonstrated that UDN glycoprotein ($20{\mu}g/mL$) could inhibit the production of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) induced by toluene, an ecotoxic substance. Additionally, we found that the toluene-induced intestinal cytotoxicity was mediated by the phosphorylation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) via the production of intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The UDN glycoprotein significantly decreased the levels of ROS production and p38 MAPK activation in toluene-stimulated INT-407 cells. Moreover, the UDN glycoprotein inhibits the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$), which is responsible for the production of LDH, in toluene-stimulated INT-407 cells. Collectively, our data indicate that UDN glycoprotein is a natural antioxidant and a modulator of ecotoxicity signaling pathways in human intestinal epithelial cells.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2019

Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ purpura (HSP) is a systemic vasculitis characterized by purpura, arthritis, abdominal pain, and nephritis. Gastrointestinal involvement can manifest as pain, intussusception, intestinal bleeding, and intestinal perforation. We report a case of fulminant HSP at an age of eight in 1994, with multiple complications of intra-thoracic bleeding, massive intestinal perforation, nephritis, and various skin rashes. The brisk bleeding findings of intestinal on Technetium-99m-labeled red blood cell scan ($^{99m}Tc$ RBC scan) were well matched to those of the emergency laparotomy and the resected intestine. The patient's abdominal conditions improved gradually but nodular skin eruptions developed newly apart from improving preexisting lower limb rashes and the urine findings continued abnormal, so skin and kidney biopsy were done for the diagnosis. After cyclosporine therapy, skin eruptions and urine findings returned to normal gradually. On a follow-up after 25 years in 2019, the patient is 33-year-old, healthy without any abnormality on blood chemistries and urine examination.

• The Korean Journal of Medicine
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• v.93 no.6
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• pp.525-531
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• 2018

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.371-371
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• 2022

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2001

The frequency and severity of intestinal tuberculosis are decreased due to socioeconomic development, pasteurization of milk and more effective anti-tuberculous chemotherapy. But in recent year, HIV-infected patients are known to be at high risk of developing tuberculosis. The pathogenesis of intestinal tuberculosis is dependent on a immune state and nutritional status of the patient, the tuberculosis amount of sputum and tuberculosis toxicity. The diagnosis of intestinal tuberculosis is usually difficult because of non-specific clinical features and radiological signs. Chronic diarrhea in intestinal tuberculosis is able to produce a malnutrition, marasmus, kwashiorkor or the combined form. The treatment is anti-tuberculous chemotherapy for 12~24 months, but operation should be considered to intestinal perforation, obstruction, fistula formation and massive bleeding. The study about kwashiorkor in intestinal tuberculosis is rare in recent years, we should remind that tuberculosis is still prevalent disease in Korea. We report a ten year-old boy with ileocecal tuberculosis who presented with kwashiorkor, severe malnutrition with review of literature.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1698-1710
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• 2022

Objective: Raw potato starch (RPS) is resistant to digestion, escapes absorption, and is metabolized by intestinal microflora in the large intestine and acts as their energy source. In this study, we compared the effect of different concentrations of RPS on the intestinal bacterial community of weaned piglets. Methods: Male weaned piglets (25-days-old, 7.03±0.49 kg) were either fed a corn/soybean-based control diet (CON, n = 6) or two treatment diets supplemented with 5% RPS (RPS5, n = 4) or 10% RPS (RPS10, n = 4) for 20 days and their fecal samples were collected. The day 0 and 20 samples were analyzed using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology, followed by total genomic DNA extraction, library construction, and high-throughput sequencing. After statistical analysis, five phyla and 45 genera accounting for over 0.5% of the reads in any of the three groups were further analyzed. Furthermore, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the day 20 fecal samples were analyzed using gas chromatography. Results: Significant changes were not observed in the bacterial composition at the phylum level even after 20 d post feeding (dpf); however, the abundance of Intestinimonas and Barnesiella decreased in both RPS treatment groups compared to the CON group. Consumption of 5% RPS increased the abundance of Roseburia (p<0.05) and decreased the abundance of Clostridium (p<0.01) and Mediterraneibacter (p< 0.05). In contrast, consumption of 10% RPS increased the abundance of Olsenella (p<0.05) and decreased the abundance of Campylobacter (p<0.05), Kineothrix (p<0.05), Paraprevotella (p<0.05), and Vallitalea (p<0.05). Additionally, acetate (p<0.01), butyrate (p<0.05), valerate (p = 0.01), and total SCFAs (p = 0.01) were upregulated in the RPS5 treatment group Conclusion: Feeding 5% RPS altered bacterial community composition and promoted gut health in weaned piglets. Thus, resistant starch as a feed additive may prevent diarrhea in piglets during weaning.