• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1731-1736
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• 2009

최근의 연구에서 생쥐에 장기간 서구식 사료를 급여했을 때 내인성 SHP 단백질의 수준이 증가함을 보고하였다. 또한 HepG2 세포배양을 통한 실험에서, CDCA 처리가 내인성 SHP 단백질의 수준을 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라 외인성으로 발현된 flag-SHP의 분해율을 감소시켰다. 그리고 HepG2 세포를 ad-flag-SHP로 유전자 형질전환 시켰을 때, 담즙산에 의해 유도되어진 소장 FGF-19이 외인성으로 발현된 flag-SHP 단백질의 반감기를 증가시켰다. 그러나 cholic acid와 FGF-19에 의한 내인성 SHP 단백질의 발현수준과 분해율은 생쥐 또는 배양된 간암세포주에서 아직 명확히 이해되고 있지 않다. 이 연구는 cholic acid의 처리가 생쥐에서 내인성 SHP 단백질의 수준에 미치는 영향과, FGF-19이 HepG2 세포주에서 내인성 SHP 단백질의 분해율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 정상적인 사료를 급여한 대조군 생쥐에서의 내인성 SHP 단백질 수준과 비교하여, 0.5%의 cholic acid를 첨가한 사료를 급여한 생쥐에서는 12시간과 24시간의 처리기간 동안에 내인성 SHP 단백질의 수준이 증가하였다. 배양된 인간 간암세포주인 HepG2에서 CDCA의 처리는 CDCA를 처리하지 않은 대조군 세포주와 비교하여 내인성 SHP 단백질의 분해율을 유의성 있게 변화시키지 않았다. 한편 외인성 ad-flag-SHP 단백질에 대한 이전의 연구와 일치하게, HepG2 세포에 cyclohexamide를 처리하였을 때 FGF-19는 내인성 SHP 단백질의 분해율을 현저히 감소시켰다. 이러한 결과는 담즙산과 FGF-19 모두 생쥐의 간과 HepG2 세포주에서 내인성 SHP 단백질의 수준을 증가시킴을 제시한다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 매생이 열수추출물의 항암 및 면역 활성을 알아보기 위하여 적정 추출 및 정제조건, 당 조성, 암세포독성, sarcoma-180 성장저지 효과, 백혈구수 변화, 보체계 활성, 장관 면역 활성, 경구독성 등을 검토하였다. 매생이 보체계 활성물질은 $100^{\circ}C$의 물로 3시간 동안 추출하여 4배량의 주정으로 24시간 침전시킨 다음 투석 및 한외여과하여 분자량 300kDa 이상의 고분자 물질을 분리정제 하였으며 당 조성은 xylose 19.01%, fucose 15.29%, mannose 4.23%, galactose 7.92%로 나타났다. In vitro에서 매생이 보체계 활성물질의 인체 암세포에 대한 독성은 고농도($10-30{\mu}g/ml$)에서만 경미하게 나타났으며, in vivo시험에서는 매생이 추출물의 투여로 마우스 고형암의 성장이 대조군에 비하여 40.13-59.42%가 저해되었다. 그러나 수명 연장율은 실험군간에 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 정제한 매생이 추출물을 마우스의 복강에 투여한 결과, 혈중 백혈구수가 대조군에 비하여 20mg/kg 투여군 39%, 50mg/kg 투여군 70%, 100mg/kg 투여군 83%가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 면역과 관련이 있는 간장, 비장, 흉선의 중량이 증가하였다. 매생이 추출물을 마우스에 경구투여하고 분변으로 배출되는 IgA 항체의 양을 측정한 결과, 대조군이 $2,092{\pm}123.0{\mu}g/mg$인 데에 비하여 매생이 추출물 투여군은 $2,454{\pm}113.8-2,670{\pm}133.1{\mu}g/mg$로 높게 나타났다. 매생이로부터 추출한 면역증강물질은 마우스에 대한 급성독성을 측정한 결과, 체중 1kg당 2,000mg 투여 시 까지도 독성을 나타내지 않아 인체에도 무해할 것으로 사료되었다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.25-30
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• 1997

참굴큰입흡충(GMmophQHoidesseoi)은 새로운 인체 기생 장흡충으로서 최근 우리 나라에서 인체 감염의 유행이 보고된 바 있다. 이 연구는 참굴큰입흡충의 피낭유충을 시험관내에서 배양하여 성충으로 발육시킬 수 있는지 알아보고자 시행하였다. 피낭유충은 자연산 감염 굴에서 회수하였고. NCTC 109 배지에 우태아 혈청(FBS) 20%와 항생제-항진균제(Gibco) 1%를 첨가하여 사용하되 $37^{\circ}C$/5%{\;}CO_2,{\;}41^{\circ}C/8%{\;}CO_2{\;}및{\;}41^{\circ}C/5%{\;}CO_2$의 3가지 배양조건 하에서 배양하였다 배양 2일에서 5일까지 각 조건 하에서 얻은 충체를 실험 감염 C3H 마우스에서 회수한 충체와 발육 및 성숙도를 비교하였다. 배양군의 충체 크기는 길이 $200-300{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$로서 피낭유충과 비교할 때 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나. 마우스로부터 회수한 충체는 $300-400{\;}\mu\textrm{m}$에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 마우스 체내, $41^{\circ}C/5%{\;}CO_2{\;}및{\;}41^{\circ}C/8%{\;}CO_2$ 조건 하에서는 모두 2일째에 충란이 형성되기 시작하였으나, $37^{\circ}C/5%{\;}CO_2$ 하에서는 배앙 5일까지도 충란이 형성되지 않았다 배양군 중에서는 $41^{\circ}C/5%{\;}CO_2$ 조건이 충체 성숙 및 충란 생산에 가장 적합하였으나 마우스 체내에서 자란 충체에 비해 자궁내 충란 수가 약 1/2에 불과하였다. 결론적으로 참굴큰입흡충의 시험관내 배양은 $41^{\circ}C/5%{\;}CO_2$ 또는 $41^{\circ}C/8%{\;}CO_2$ 조건에서 부분적으로 성공적임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2011

Colibacillosis in pigs remain a major swine industry bruden worldwide. Although some progress has been made in treating collibacillosis in pigs by using biosecurity and antimicrobials, it still remain a considerable problem. The use of host-specific bateriophages as a biocontrol is one possible alternative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bacteriophage against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 infection in piglets. Twenty-eight piglets were randomly divided into four groups and each group was allocated with 7 pigs. Group B, C and D were inoculated with 5 ml of ETEC K88 ($1{\times}10^8$ CFU/ml) per head of piglet via oral. Group C and D were fed with bacteriophages (Group C, $1.0{\times}10^6$ PFU/g; Group D, $1.0{\times}10^8$ PFU/g; CJ CheilJedang Corp., Korea) orally as treatment. In piglets administrated bacteriophages and challenged with ETEC K88 (Group C and D), Clinical signs and the growth performance were improved and antibody titers were maintained low level compared with piglets challenged with ETEC K88 (Group B, P<0.05). Group B were shown high pH in the alimentary tracts compared with other piglets (P<0.05). In quantitative analysis by real-time PCR, the results of Group C and D were lower than those Group B in faecal and intestinal samples (P<0.05). Severe villus atrophy and crypt hyperplasia were observed in Group B consequently V/C ratio increased, compared with other piglets. These results indicate that feeding with bacteriophage has effect to prevent ETEC K88 infection in piglets and suggest that use of bacteriophage can be considered a valid antibiotic alternative.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.92-99
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• 2001

Purpose: E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule essential for tight connection between cells, forming the cadherin/catenin complex. Truncated $\beta$-catenin disrupts the interaction between E-cadherin and $\alpha$-catenin, leading to the loss of intercellular adhesion. Met protein, the hepatocyte growth factor receptor, plays important roles in signal transduction. We investigated the relationships between the expressions of E-cadherin, $\beta$-catenin, and c-met protein and the clinicopathological and prognostic parameters in gastric adenocarcinomas. Materials and Methods: The patterns of E-cadherin, $\beta$-catenin, and c-met protein expression were studied using immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues from 76 surgically resected gastric adenocarcinomas. Results: Increased expressions of E-cadherin, $\beta$-catenin, and c-met were more significantly correlated in early gastric cancers (EGC) than in advanced gastric cancers (AGC) (P=0.002, P=0.003 and P=0.026). The positive immunoreactivities of all three markers were markedly lower in signet ring-cell type and poorly differentiated type lesions than in intestinal-type lesions. Decreased expression of the $\beta$-catenin protein correlated well with increased tumor invasion depth (P=0.039), and increased lymph node metastasis correlated well with reduced expression of c-met (P=0.046). Conclusion: In gastric cancers, reduced expressions of the E-cadherin, $\beta$-catenin, and c-met proteins may play some role in poorer tumor differentiation, deeper tumor invasion, and increased lymph node metastasis. Also, the c-met gene is thought to play a specific role in the mechanism of the yet unknown catenin action.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.139-153
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• 2012

Objectives : NK cells are spontaneously cytotoxic lymphocytes. These are not only important parts in the first line of defence against bacterial and viral infections of outside, but they may also play a critical role in chronic viral diseases. NK cells kill their targets spontaneously, without the need for prior sensitization and class I MHC restriction by the regulation of cytolytic functions and secretion of a variety of cytokines, such as interleukin-12(IL-12), MCP-1, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IFN-${\gamma}$. In addition, macrophage and NK cells cooperate through the production of cell mediates. These cooperation and modulation are one of major factors to prevent for evading immune surveillance of cancer. Hence, it could be assumed that if any candidate to enhance activities of macrophage and NK cell, it is considered as a potentially useful agents against cancer. Methods : In our study, to investigate effect of fermented soybean extracts by Lactic acid bacteria (SFE, soybean fermented extracts) work on intestinal immune cell to maintain general immune modulating and anti-cancer activity. We analyzed NK cytotoxicity assay and gene expressions of cytokine related with macrophage and NK cell activity. Results : In vitro experiment, SFE was verified as safety material for cell toxicicty to tumor cell strain without any toxicity of tumor growth inhibition and various cell strain. Effects of macrophage activity stimulating directly by SFE measured induced cytokine. The studies showed that IL-12 production by stimulation of SFE depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 0.63mg/mL with non toxicity to cell, and it was the best activity at 0.63mg/mL. Besides, the effective concentration of SFE producing TNF-${\alpha}$ is similar to IL-12, but it was the best activity at 1.25mg/mL. The level of MCP-1, IL-6 and IFN-${\gamma}$ depended on concentration from 0.16mg/mL to 10mg/mL, IFN-${\gamma}$ showed the best activity at the effective concentration of 0.63mg/mL. With the result of NK cell activity measurement, the spleen cell of mouse injected SFE had 1.5 times higher killing effect than non injected cell. Conclusions : The result of this studies is that Soybean fermetated extracts(SFE) has possibility to immune aided material for the function not only inhibition of microbial infection to macrophage but also activity of adaption immune and cellular immune system.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1644-1655
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• 2019

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) have been employed to improve the intestinal development of weaned animals. The goal of this study was to determine whether either exogenous S. cerevisiae or GLP-2 elicits major effects on fecal microbiotas and cytokine responses in weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets weaned at 26 days were assigned to one of four groups: 1) Basal diet (Control), 2) empty vector-harboring S. cerevisiae (EV-SC), 3) GLP-2-expressing S. cerevisiae (GLP2-SC), and 4) recombinant human GLP-2 (rh-GLP2). At the start of the post-weaning period (day 0), and at day 28, fecal samples were collected to assess the bacterial communities via sequencing the V1-V2 region of the 16S-rRNA gene, and piglets' blood was also sampled to measure cytokine responses (i.e., IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$). This study revealed that, on the one hand, although S. cerevisiae supplementation did not significantly alter the growth of weaned piglets, it induced increases in the relative abundances of two core genera (Ruminococcaceae_norank and Erysipelotrichaceae_norank) and decreases in the relative abundances of two other core genera (Lachnospiraceae_norank and Clostridiale_norank) and cytokine levels (IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$) (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). On the other hand, GLP-2 supplementation had no significant influence on fecal bacterial communities and cytokine levels, but it produced better body weight and average daily gain (p < 0.05, Control vs EV-SC; p < 0.05, rh-GLP2 vs GLP2-SC). Therefore, altered fecal microbiotas and cytokine response effects in weaned piglets were due to S. cerevisiae rather than GLP-2.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1202-1209
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• 2021

Objective: The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in host physiology, metabolism, immunity, and behavior. And host genetics could influence the gut microbiota of hybrid animals. The three-way cross model is commonly utilized in commercial pig production; however, the use of this model to analyse the gut microbial composition is rarely reported. Methods: Two three-way hybrid pigs were selected, with Saba pigs as the starting maternal pig: Duroc× (Berkshire×Saba) (DBS) pig, Berkshire×(Duroc×Saba) (BDS) pig. One hundred pigs of each model were reared from 35 days (d) to 210 d. The body weight or feed consumption of all pigs were recorded and their feed/gain (F/G) ratio was calculated. On day 210, 10 pigs from each three-way cross were selected for slaughter, and cecal chyme samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain (ADG) of DBS pigs were significantly higher than those of BDS pigs (p<0.05), while the F/G ratios of DBS pigs were significantly lower than those of BDS pigs (p<0.05). The dominant phyla in DBS and BDS pigs were Bacteroidetes (55.23% vs 59%, respectively) and Firmicutes (36.65% vs 34.86%, respectively) (p>0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Prevotella, Roseburia, and Anaerovibrio in DBS pigs was significantly lower than in BDS pigs (p<0.01). The abundance of Eubacterium, Clostridium XI, Bacteroides, Methanomassiliicoccus, and Parabacteroides in DBS pigs was significantly higher than in BDS pigs (p<0.05). The FBWs and ADGs were positively correlated with Bacteroides, ClostridiumXI, and Parabacteroides but negatively correlated with the Prevotella, Prevotella/Bacteroides (P/B) ratio, Roseburia, and Anaerovibrio. Conclusion: These results indicated that host genetics affect the cecal microbiota composition and the porcine gut microbiota is associated with growth performance, thereby suggesting that gut microbiota composition may be a useful biomarker in porcine genetics and breeding.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.154-165
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• 2022

인간이 최소 8,500년 이상 이용하고 섭취를 해온 누에는 화학물질과 공해에 매우 민감하다. 뽕나무 밭이나 누에를 키우는 잠실 근처의 농작물 재배용 밭이나 과수원에서 병해충 방제를 위해 살포한 농약이 비산 되면, 매우 적은 양의 농약이 누에의 먹이가 되는 뽕나무 잎을 오염시키거나, 잠실로 침투해도 누에 유충은 섭식을 더 이상 하지 않아서 성장을 멈추고 죽는 특징이 있다(양잠보급과, 2022). 그리고, 누에 유충은 가축 배설물에서 나는 냄새와 차량통행에서 나오는 공해 물질과 먼지에도 매우 민감하므로(양잠보급과, 2022), 정상적으로 성장한 누에는 천연식품으로 간주할 수 있다. 누에제품들에 대한 성분분석결과를 보면 5령3일 동결건조 누에 분말(권해용 등, 2019)과 홍잠 분말(Ji 등, 2016, 2017, 2019)에서는 중금속이 전혀 검출되지 않는다. 그러므로, 누에를 이용하여 제조된 제품들의 안전성은 다른 곤충식품이나 육류에 비하여 매우 높다. 하지만, 누에는 오로지 뽕 나뭇잎 만을 섭취하고, 5령 동안 전 생애 섭취하는 뽕 나뭇잎의 80% 이상을 섭취하기 때문에 단 기간 고강도의 노동이 필요하므로, 제품의 단가가 높은 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 누에 사육에 자동화 시스템을 도입해서, 노동력 투입을 줄이면서 품질이 일정한 제품을 생산할 수 있어야 한다. 현재 선진국들은 의생명과학의 발전과 개인 위생의 증진으로 기대수명이 빠르게 늘어나고 있다. 대한민국을 포함한 많은 여러 선진국은 2030년에 기대수명이 90세를 초과할 것이라고 예측되고 있다(Kontis 등, 2017). 하지만, 65세 이상의 노인은 하나 이상의 만성질환으로 고통을 받고 있어서 기대수명(또는 기대여명)과 질병없이 건강하게 살아가는 건강수명과는 9년 내외의 차이가 나고 있다(Garmany 등, 2021). 2021년 현재 노인인구의 비율은 16.5%이지만(통계청, 2021), 노인이 사용하는 건강보험 진료비 비율은 2020년에 이미 총 진료비에서 43.4%에 도달하였다(건강보험심사평가원, 2021). 그러므로, 향후 개인과 국가의 의료비용을 절감하기 위해서는 건강수명을 늘려야 한다. 누에의 산물들은 다양한 건강증진 효과가 있고(표1과 2), 인류가 이미 8500년 이상 섭취를 하여온 대부분의 사람들에게는 부작용이 없는 식품이다. 그리고 누에 산물 중 홍잠의 경우는 동물 모델의 건강수명을 증진시켜 줌이 알려져 있으므로(Choi 등, 2017b; Mai 등, 2022; Nguyen 등, 2016; Park 등, 2022), 향후 홍잠을 이용한 새로운 제품을 개발하고 판매하여 대중화되면, 국민들의 건강수명이 증대됨으로서 의료비용의 감소를 가져오고 개인의 행복이 증진될 것이다.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제35권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary multi-strain probiotic (MSP) (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 + Bacillus subtillis UBBS14 + Saccharomyces boulardii Unique 28) on performance, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter related genes in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 256 (4×8×8) day-old CARIBRO Vishal commercial broiler chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments with 8 replicates each and having eight chicks in each replicate. Four dietary treatments were T₁ (negative control-basal diet), T₂ (positive control-antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate at 20 mg/kg diet), T₃ (MSP at 10⁷ colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed), and T₄ (MSP at 10⁸ CFU/g feed). Results: During 3 to 6 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks, the body weight gain increased significantly (p<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ groups. The feed intake significantly (p<0.05) reduced from T₁ to T₃ during 0 to 3 weeks and the feed conversion ratio also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄ during 0 to 6 weeks. The humoral and cell mediated immune response and the weight of immune organs were also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄. However, significant (p<0.05) dietary effects were observed on intestinal histo-morphometry of ileum in T₃ followed by T₄ and T₂. At 14 d post hatch, the relative gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT₁) and peptide transporter (PepT₁) showed a significant (p<0.05) up-regulating pattern in T₂, T₃, and T₄. Whereas, at 21 d post hatch, the gene expression of SGLT₁ and PepT₁ was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in MSP supplemented treatments T₃ and T₄. Conclusion: The supplementation of MSP at 10⁷ CFU/g diet showed significant effects with improved performance, immune response, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter genes. Thus, the MSP could be a suitable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in chicken diets.