Food Science and Industry (식품과학과 산업)

Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (한국식품과학회)
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The past, present and future of silkworm as a natural health food

천연 건강식품인 누에의 과거, 현재 그리고 미래

  • Kim, Kee-Young (Department of Industrial Insect and Sericulture, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences) ;
  • Koh, Young Ho (Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University)
  • 김기영 (국립농업과학원 곤충양잠산업과) ;
  • 고영호 (한림대학교 일송생명과학연구소)
  • Received : 2022.04.11
  • Accepted : 2022.06.07
  • Published : 2022.06.30
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Abstract

Humans have been breeding the mulberry silkworm for the long period of time to obtain silk fabric and nutrient-rich pupae. Currently, silkworm larvae, pupae, and silk-Fibroin hydrolysates are registered as food raw materials, while silkworm feces and Bombyx batryticatus are registered as Korean traditional medicines. Among sericulture products, individually recognized health functional food ingredients include silk-protein acid-hydrolysates for immunity enhancement, Fibroin-hydrolysates for memory improvement, and freeze-dried 5th instar and 3rd-day-silkworm powder for lowering-blood sugar. Recently, HongJam produced by steaming and freeze-drying mature silkworms were reported to have various health-promoting effects such as preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, enhancing gastro-intestinal functions, improving skin-whitening and hair growth, and extending healthspan. By consuming silkworm products with various health-promoting effects, it is possible to increase the healthspan of human beings, thereby reducing personal and national medical expenses, resulting in increasing the individual's happiness.

인간이 최소 8,500년 이상 이용하고 섭취를 해온 누에는 화학물질과 공해에 매우 민감하다. 뽕나무 밭이나 누에를 키우는 잠실 근처의 농작물 재배용 밭이나 과수원에서 병해충 방제를 위해 살포한 농약이 비산 되면, 매우 적은 양의 농약이 누에의 먹이가 되는 뽕나무 잎을 오염시키거나, 잠실로 침투해도 누에 유충은 섭식을 더 이상 하지 않아서 성장을 멈추고 죽는 특징이 있다(양잠보급과, 2022). 그리고, 누에 유충은 가축 배설물에서 나는 냄새와 차량통행에서 나오는 공해 물질과 먼지에도 매우 민감하므로(양잠보급과, 2022), 정상적으로 성장한 누에는 천연식품으로 간주할 수 있다. 누에제품들에 대한 성분분석결과를 보면 5령3일 동결건조 누에 분말(권해용 등, 2019)과 홍잠 분말(Ji 등, 2016, 2017, 2019)에서는 중금속이 전혀 검출되지 않는다. 그러므로, 누에를 이용하여 제조된 제품들의 안전성은 다른 곤충식품이나 육류에 비하여 매우 높다. 하지만, 누에는 오로지 뽕 나뭇잎 만을 섭취하고, 5령 동안 전 생애 섭취하는 뽕 나뭇잎의 80% 이상을 섭취하기 때문에 단 기간 고강도의 노동이 필요하므로, 제품의 단가가 높은 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 누에 사육에 자동화 시스템을 도입해서, 노동력 투입을 줄이면서 품질이 일정한 제품을 생산할 수 있어야 한다. 현재 선진국들은 의생명과학의 발전과 개인 위생의 증진으로 기대수명이 빠르게 늘어나고 있다. 대한민국을 포함한 많은 여러 선진국은 2030년에 기대수명이 90세를 초과할 것이라고 예측되고 있다(Kontis 등, 2017). 하지만, 65세 이상의 노인은 하나 이상의 만성질환으로 고통을 받고 있어서 기대수명(또는 기대여명)과 질병없이 건강하게 살아가는 건강수명과는 9년 내외의 차이가 나고 있다(Garmany 등, 2021). 2021년 현재 노인인구의 비율은 16.5%이지만(통계청, 2021), 노인이 사용하는 건강보험 진료비 비율은 2020년에 이미 총 진료비에서 43.4%에 도달하였다(건강보험심사평가원, 2021). 그러므로, 향후 개인과 국가의 의료비용을 절감하기 위해서는 건강수명을 늘려야 한다. 누에의 산물들은 다양한 건강증진 효과가 있고(표1과 2), 인류가 이미 8500년 이상 섭취를 하여온 대부분의 사람들에게는 부작용이 없는 식품이다. 그리고 누에 산물 중 홍잠의 경우는 동물 모델의 건강수명을 증진시켜 줌이 알려져 있으므로(Choi 등, 2017b; Mai 등, 2022; Nguyen 등, 2016; Park 등, 2022), 향후 홍잠을 이용한 새로운 제품을 개발하고 판매하여 대중화되면, 국민들의 건강수명이 증대됨으로서 의료비용의 감소를 가져오고 개인의 행복이 증진될 것이다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 농촌진흥청의 공동연구사업(과제번호: PJ01702401)의 지원에 의해 이루어진 것임.

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