• CELLMED
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1.1-1.4
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• 2021

Background: Amavata is a disease that occurs as a result of the error of metabolism. Poor dietary habits and faulty Dincharya (daily regimen) and ritucharya (seasonal regimen) leading to deranged metabolism and Agni (metabolic fire) which results in the formation of Ama(undigested product of metabolism). When Amaconceals with Vata(subtle energy associated with movement) and circulates in the body under the influence of Vyana Vayu (omnipresent air)it clogs the srotasas (microchannels) and initiates the inflammatory cascade. Amavata is commonly correlated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) while other forms of auto-immune disorders can also be included in Amavata.Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota (GM) has been connected to the onset of diverse autoimmune diseases. In this study, it was hypothesized that Panchakarma (bio-purificatory methods) based intervention such as Virechana Karma (therapeutic purgation) may influence microbiota. Materials and Methods: Various Ayurvedic literature were reviewed for the etiopathogenesis of Amavata. Different databases were searched with research papers related to Gut Dysbiosis and autoimmunity and management of RA. A connecting link between Intestinal Dysbiosis with the autoimmune mechanisms was established and it was also found that the bowel cleansing introduced a change to the GM. Conclusion: It was concluded that Virechana karma is effective in gut flora Dysbiosis. This study aims to correlate the ancient Ayurvedic principles related to Agni Bala(metabolic energy) and biopurificatory treatment modalities like Virechana karma (therapeutic purgation)with the modern concept of gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. The article creates an understanding about principles of Ayurveda and its rationality in today's scientific world and thereby opens newer vistas of research in therapeutics from Ayurveda, which may be helpful in the management of various immune-mediated Diseases through Ayurveda.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.199-209
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore objective indicators(outcomes) which are used to evaluate clinical efficacy and figure out the mechanisms of herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS). We searched randomized controlled trials(RCTs) that mediated with herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for IBS and used objective indicators for outcome from November 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020. The RCTs that were published in Korean, English and Chinese were included in this study. The selected literatures were analyzed about methods of result measurement and assessed by Cochrane's risk of bias(RoB). Total 18 RCTs were included in this study. There were lots of objective indicators for result measurement; the concentration of hormones in blood and neurotransmitters, the sensitivity of rectum, the functional assessment of central nerve and autonomic nerve system, the change of intestinal flora, the concentration of serum cytokines. Various objective indicators can be used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of with herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for IBS, but due to the limitations of the quality of the included studies, systematic review and meta-analysis will be needed.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 1989

Ceftizoxime sodium is a new synthetic ${\beta}$-lactam antibiotic combining potent antibacterial activity with high stability to a wide range of bacterial ${\beta}$-lactamase. This experiment was achieved to evaluate the antibacterial activities of ceftizoxime sodium againist Gram negative enteric bacteria isolated from in outpatient visiting Yeungnam university hospital and to study the emergence of drug induced bacterial varients which resist to ceftizoxime in vitro. The antibacterial activity of the ceftizoxime was compared with that of antibiotics and its effect on population of normal intestinal flora in mice was observed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Highly effective antibacterial activity of ceftizoxime against Gram negative enteric bacilli was demonstrated and this antibacterial activity was superior to that of ampicillin. 2. Several test strains shows multiple antibiotic resistence. Among 15 strains of Escherichia coli, 1 strain was resistent to ampicillin, cefadroxyl, gentamicin, tetracycline, and 2 strains were resistent to ampicillin, cefadroxyl, tetracycline, five strains of Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae was resistent to amplicillin, tetracycline and Shigella dysenteria was resistent to ampicillin, gentamicin, tetracycline. 3. The frequency of in vitro emergence of resistent varients among ceftizoxime sensitive bacteria in the presence of increasing concentrations of the compound was found to be low. 4. Plasmid was isolated in 6 of 9 strains (6 strains of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterobacter cloaceae and Salmonella typhi) That showed different antibiotic resistance. They were 5 strains of Escherichia coli and 1 strain of Shigella dysenteriae. However, plasmid could not be considered as a hallmark for antibiotic resistance by this. Further studies with curing experiment are to be accomplished for this purpose. 5. Changes in the bacterial count of normal intestinal flora following 25mg/kg/day administration of ceftizoxime over S consecutive days were not significant. In conclusion, ceftizoxime appeared to be a drug of choice in the treatment of Gram negative enteric bacilli infection.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2002

A broiler experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementing yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris) on the growth performance, small intestinal microflora and immune response in broiler chickens. One thousand hatched broiler chickens(Ross$^{(R)}$) were assigned to 6 treatments: control (basal diet), CTC; chlorotetracycline 100ppm, YC-SC; yeast culture(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) 0.3%, YC-PP; yeast culture(Pichia pastoris) 0.3%, RPPC-0.1; refined Pichia pastoris culture 0.1%, RPPC-0.3; refined Pichia pastoris culture 0.3%. There were no significant differences in growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and mortality among the treatments. However, chickens fed diets with yeast cultures showed numerically higher weight gain than those fed the control diets. Supplementation of yeast cultures and CTC improved feed efficiency and decreased mortality compared to control. Nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the dietary treatments. Total number of Lactobacilli in small intestine was higher while that of Cl. perfringens was lower with yeast culture treatments than control. Small intestine E. coli population of RPPC-0.3 treatment was significantly lower than that of the control. The serum IgG concentration tended to be higher in broilers fed yeast cultures than those fed the control and CTC diet. In conclusion, the supplementation of yeast culture products showed, although not significant but, numerical advantages in productivity and profile of microbial flora and serum IgG compared to the control and CTC supplementation.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.271-276
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• 2013

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of feedstuff of Chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) to replace of antibiotic in the diets of broiler chickens. A total of 720 1-d-old straight run broiler chicks (Ross ${\times}$ Ross) was randomly assigned into six treatments with four replicate pens (30 birds/replicate pen) for 5-wk. A corn-soy bean meal basal diet was formulated, the treatment groups were negative group (NC, antibiotic-free diet) and 0.1% virginiamycin in as antibiotic growth promoters (PC), 1.0% fresh liquid Chlorella (T1), 1.0% dried Chlorella powder (T2), 1.0% commercial Chlorella product and 1.0% (T3) and commercial Chlorella product 0.5% (T4) were added to the basal diet to form six dietary treatments. No significant differences were found among the treatments for feed intake and feed conversion of broiler chickens during the whole experimental period, but the BW gain was significantly higher (P<0.05) in commercial Chlorella product supplemental groups than the control group (NC and PC groups). Dietary supplementation of Chlorella significantly (P<0.05) increased the plasma IgA, IgM and IgG concentration of chicks compared to NC and PC groups. Supplemental AGPs and commercial chlorella product did not affect the E. coli and Salmonella concentration in the intestinal microflora of broiler chicks; however, the population of Lactobacillus was significantly increased (P<0.05) when birds were fed commercial Chlorella product groups. It is concluded that commercial Chlorella product supplementation could be used as an alternative of antibiotics to promote growth and immune response by increasing the production of lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.81-102
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• 2018

Objectives : I analysed daehwangmokdan-tang's compatibility principle by the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy and investigated pharmacological activities by categorizing with chemical components, molecular level, cellular level, animal level and human level based on Korean and Chinese studies for this formula. Methods : Daehwangmokdan-tang's compatibiltity principle was examined by the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy. I looked into studies that presented in Korea from 1956 to 2016 about daehwangmokdan-tang through KOREA INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL MEDICINE, Korean medicine information system (OASIS) and in Chinese for 20 years about daehwangmokdan-tang through China National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI. Then classify into chemical components, molecular level, cellular level, animal level and human level to analyse. Results : According to the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy, chief herb is Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Moutan Cortex, deputy herb is Natrii Sulfas and Persicae Semen, assistant and envoy herbs are Trichosanthis Semen. The amount of extraction of paeonol, total anthraquinone, and conjugated anthraquinone from daehwangmokdan-tang with the formulation of the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy was the highest, and in the formulation of chief herb and deputy herb, the extraction amount of paeonol and conjugated anthraquinone was the lowest. With other formulations, the amount of extraction of total anthraquinone and conjugated anthraquinone was improved, although the degree was different. In particular, when it is blended with Persicae Semen as a deputy herb, the extraction amount of total anthraquinone and conjugated anthraquinone of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma as a chief herb is greatly increased, and the extraction amount of paeonol is rather different, but it is lowered. It was found that the amount of Mg Ca K Na in daehwangmokdan-tang was the highest. Pharmacological activities can be detected in inflammatory mediators and enzymes for molecular level. For cellular level, it can be determined in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. In mouse and rats for animal level and human level, in inflammatory diseases (acute appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute cholecystitis, acute abdominal disease, ect.), pharmacological activities was caught. Conclusions : From the above results, daehwangmokdan-tang is composed in line with the system of chief, deputy, assistant, and envoy, suggesting that there is certain rationality and scientific. Pharmacological activities of daehwangmokdan-tang are effective to anti-inflammation, improvement of sepsis, analgesic, muscle relaxation, and improvement of intestinal flora and its metabolites. Daehwangmokdan-tang is consistent with the action of diuresis and anti-inflammation in terms of the content of elements, suggesting that there is action of purging fire and removing blood stasis, defecation detoxification, cooling blood and clearing heat and activating blood and dispersing stasis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.491-500
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• 2020

Lactic acid bacteria are widely known to prevent and treat intestinal health conditions, heart disease, depression, and obesity. In Korea, such bacteria are commonly consumed through various fermented foods, although most are isolated from kimchi, and research on the lactic acid bacteria in fermented seafood is insufficient. This study was therefore conducted to observe changes in bacterial flora according to the culture date of lactic acid bacteria in the fermentation of traditional Korean Gajami Sikhae produced in Pohang and to isolate the bacteria of probiotic value. The bacteria were periodically isolated and identified from date of preparation to 50 days after preparation to investigate which Lactobacillus are involved in Gajami Sikhae. As fermentation progressed, it was confirmed that Pediococcus sp. and Lactobacillus sp. participate predominantly in the early and later periods of fermentation, respectively. During the entire fermentation period, 170 isolates were screened, and the following five species were found to be involved: Pediococcus pentosaceus, Pediococcus inopinatus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum. Five strains of these species were selected through acid and bile tolerance tests, and their coaggregation, autoaggregation, hydrophobicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities were then evaluated. As a result, it is thought that L. brevis GS1022, which has excellent digestive fluid resistance, and P. inopinatus GS316, which has excellent cohesiveness, may be useful as probiotic strains.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.391-397
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• 2005

Escherichia coli is a common inhabitant of the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. The intestines of animals also represent an ideal environment for the selection and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the resistance of E. coli isolated from chicken fecal samples to fluoroquinolones and to analyze the characterization of mutations in its gyrA and parC gene related resistance. One hundred and twenty-eight E. coil isolates showed a high resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP; $60.2\%$), enrofloxacin (ENO; $73.4\%$) and norfloxacin (NOR; $60.2\%$). Missense mutation in gyrA was only found in the amino acid codons of Ser-83 or Asp-87. A high percentage of isolates ($60.2\%$) showed mutations at both amino acid codons. Missense mutation in parC was found in the amino acid codon of Ser-80 or Glu-84, and seven isolates showed mutations at both amino acid codons. Isolates with a single mutation in gyrA showed minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for CIP (${\le}0.5\;to\;0.75{\mu}g/ml$), ENO (1 to $4{\mu}g/ml$) and NOR (0.75 to $4{\mu}g/ml$). These MIC were level compared to isolates with two mutations, one in gyrA and one in parC, and three mutations, one in gyrA and two in parC (CIP, ${\le}0.5\;to\;3{\mu}g/ml;\;ENO,\;2\;to\;32<{\mu}g/ml;\;NOR,\;1.5\;to\;6\;{\mu}g/ml$). However, the isolates with two mutation in gyrA regardless of whether there was a mutation in parC showed high MIC for the three fluoroquinolones (CIP, 0.75 to $32{\le}{\mu}g/ml;\;ENO,\;3\;to\;32{\le}{\mu}g/ml;\;NOR,\;3\;to\;32{\le}{\mu}g/ml$). Interestingly, although the E. coil used in this study was isolated from normal flora of chicken, not clinical specimens, a high percentage of isolates showed resistance to fluoroquinolones and possessed mutations at gyrA and parC associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2004

A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of multiple probiotics (EM) on growth performance, blood cholesterol, intestinal micro flora, and fecal gas emission in broiler chicks. A total of 450 one day old male broiler chicks (Ross $\times$ Ross) were divided into six treatments with five replications in each treatment for five weeks. Treatments were factorially designed with two levels of diet containing probiotics (DW; 0, $0.2\%$) and three levels of drinking water containing probiotics (DW; 0, 0.01, $0.1\%$). Basal diets contained $21.5\%$ CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME for starting and $19\%$ CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME for finishing period. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversions of birds fed with probiotics were not significantly different between Ds. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in birds fed with DW $0.01\%$ or $0.1\%$ compared with no probiotics group, but there was no significant difference between D treatments. The number of E. coli, Salmonella and Lactobacillus in the ileum and cecum of the birds fed multiple probiotics were not significantly different from those of no probiotic groups. There were no significant differences in the $CO_2$ gas emissions of fecal between birds fed with Ds or among birds fed with DW. However, $NH_3$ gas emissions of DW $0.1\%$ were significantly lower (P<0.05) than DW $0\%$. In the results of this study, supplementation of probiotics tended to decrease the serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to those of control groups and reduction of fecal $NH_3$ gas emission.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.92-98
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• 1976

The present studies were carried out to observe the nutritional effects of three kinds of locally produced dried infantile formula milk (DFM) and one fermented milk (FM). A feeding trial with 60 male growing albino rats weighing $60{\sim}70$ grams was conducted during 6 weeks to compare the nutritive values and protein qualities of three DFM and a FM. The diet treatments consisted of 100% control diet, 70% control diet plus 30% DFM-A, 70% control diet plus 30% DFM-B, 70% control diet plus 30% DFM-C, 100% control diet with FM and 70% control diet plus 30% DFM-B with FM. The items investigated were body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio (FER), various organ weights, protein efficiency ratio (PER), digestibility of nutrients, biological value, utilizability of protein and intestinal microbial changes of albino rats. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Although there was no statistical significance, rats fed diets containing DFMs and FM gained faster than the rats fed control diet. The best growth rate was obtained with the DFM-A and DFM-C groups. In spite of the lower protein contents of the three DFM diets than the control diet, the growth rate of albino rats fed the DFM diets was somewhat improved than rats fed control diet. 2. No statistical significance was found in feed consumption but the trend was that the feed intake of control group was higher than those of the DFM diet group. 3. Feed efficiency was inproved significantly (p<0.01) by feeding DFMs as compared with control diet. DFM-A group showed the best FER, although no statistical significance was found. 4. Rats fed the DFM diets showed significantly (p<0.01) higher PER as compared with those of the control group. But no difference was found anions DFM groups. The significant improvement (p<0.01) of PER due also to the feeding of FM was seemed to be brought about by the beneficial effect of FM. 5. The present data revealed that feeding DFM and FM didn't affect the weights of various organs of rats. 6. The protein digestibility of experimental diets was similar to each other. Although no statistical significance was found among treatments, the DFMs and FM surely tended to improve the biological value and utilizability of protein. 7. Microbial study indicated that among intestinal flora FM fed group, there were more Lactic acid bacteria than E. coli. From the experimental results described above, it may be concluded that the nutritive effects of three kinds of locally produced DFMs are much alike and the growth rate of growing albino rats can be improved by feeding either DFM or FM due to their beneficial effects on the feed efficiency and protein utilization.