• 제목/요약/키워드: International Dispute

검색결과 428건 처리시간 0.028초

Economic Integration and the Changes in Logistics Circumstances in Northeast Asia -Emphasizing the Strengthening of Competitive Power of Hub Ports-

  • Park, Byung-Hong
    • 한국항만경제학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.95-122
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    • 2004
  • This study focuses on analyzing the potentiality of economic integration and the changes in logistics circumstances in Northeast Asia. So far as the changes in logistics circumstances in it, it is emphasized a complex transport system by sea and by land, according to the connection with the Railroad of South-North in Korean Peninsula and the Railroad of the Continent of Siberia. It first considers the propriety of economic integration among Korea, China and Japan in Northeast Asia. The first stage of the economic integration in Northeast Asia means it is started from contracting of FTA(Free Trade Agreement) which just agreed at the Summit Conference among Korea, China and Japan in ASEAN+3(Korea China. Japan). At that time, the Summit Conference between the three countries have agreed to study on the propriety of FTA charging by own country's research organization. At first China has been hesitated to join with FTA in spite of high growth in his economy, because the time is not yet for it. After all, China also decided himself to participate to FTA together with Korea and Japan by reacted to the stimulus at the conference atmosphere between every country of ASEAN. The discussion on the changes in logistics circumstances also is needed to deal simultaneously with a situation in the economic integration in Northeast Asia. It is worthy to be paid our attention to the restoration of the Railroad of South-North in Korean Peninsula, which was disconnected for a long time from the dispute between South Korea and North Korea. Therefore, it needs to be investigated together with the movement of economic integration in Northeast Asia. The reaction on the restoration of the Railroad of South-North in Korean Peninsula is not only limited to the transport of trade cargo between South Korea and North Korea, but also it is reached to all of Northeast Asia, so far as to all of the area of Russia, Europe, and the other neighbor countries. Because this railroad is connected with the Railroad of the Continent of Siberia. The transport of trade cargo in Northeast Asia have been mostly depended upon the transport by sea until now. However, it would be divided into the transport by sea as well as by land from now. As its economic effect, the restoration of the Railroad of South-North in Korean Peninsula could be not only contributed to reduce the cost of logistics within South Korea and North Korea, but also within or without in Northeast Asia, Russia, and Europe. Consequently, it could be improved the power of international competitiveness of goods in Northeast Asia, according to the formation of a complex transport system together with the transport by sea and by land.

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연어의 정치생태학: 생태관광에서 나타나는 '자연'의 생산과 보존 (The Political Ecology of Salmon: Production and Conservation of 'Nature' in Ecotourism)

  • 장한별;지상현
    • 한국경제지리학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.139-155
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 양양연어축제를 통해 생태관광에서 '자연'이 '생산'되고 보존되며 이용되는 과정을 살펴보고 있다. 최근 관광지리 논의에서는 관광개발 과정에서 나타나는 자연의 신자유주의화와 이에 대한 정치생태학적 재해석이 이루어지고 있다. 한국에서는 양양군을 중심으로 연어보존이 이루어져왔고, 연어축제 역시 연어보존이 나타내는 자연의 복원이라는 상징성을 담고 있다. 그러나 연어축제는 연어의 상품화를 중심으로 이루어지고 있으며, 남대천은 연어의 생태계가 복원된 장소로 인식되기는 어려운 상황이다. 또한 연어회귀가 증가하지 않고, 축제의 외연적 확대가 어려워지면서 연어와 남대천 보존에 대한 지역의 관심은 예전과 같지 않다. 즉, 자연의 보존과 복원의 상징성을 강조하는 축제의 주장과는 달리 생태계를 위협하는 부정적인 요인들은 여전히 남아있다. 이로 인해 연어와 남대천의 보존과 관련한 행위자들 사이의 갈등이 발생하고 있으며, 이는 지역 주민들에서부터 지자체, 국가, 국제기구에 이르기까지 복잡하게 얽혀있다. 생태관광에서 이용되는 자연은 다양한 층위의 행위자들의 이해관계에 따라 선택적으로 정의되고, 이용되며, 강조된다. 이는 정치생태학 연구에서 강조되는 '생산되는 자연'의 개념이 본원적인 자연개념보다 축제의 주제로 전용되고 상품화되는 자연의 모습을 설명하는 데 유용하다는 점을 시사하고 있다.

환경 소송과 국제투자중재 - 쉐브론 사건을 중심으로 (Case Study on Treaty-Based Investor-State Arbitration and Environmental Litigations with Specific Reference to Chevron/Ecuador Litigation)

  • 강병근
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.3-23
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    • 2015
  • The Chevron saga including Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 34877(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron I") and Chevron/TexPet v. Ecuador, PCA Case No. 2009-23(hereinafter referred to as "Chevron II") started out of domestic litigations between TexPet and Ecuador in the early 1990s. In Chevron I, the Tribunal decided that Article 2(7) of the U.S.-Ecuador BIT on effective means of provision was breached because of undue delays in the seven legal proceedings TexPet had brought against Ecuador in respect to contractual obligations. In Chevron II, it was contended that through the actions and inactions of the judiciary and the executive, Ecuador breached her several obligations under the BIT. Ecuador objected to the jurisdiction of the Tribunal because TexPet's investment was terminated in 1992, and because Chevron is not a party to the 1995 Settlement Agreement and 1998 Final Release. In its Interim Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility, the Tribunal applied a prima facie standard to the facts alleged by the Claimants but denied by the Respondent, and decided that questions in respect of the Respondent's jurisdictional objections should be joined to the merits under Article 21(4) of the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules. In the merits phase of Chevron II, the Tribunal divided the merits of the Parties' dispute into two parts, entitled "Track 1" and "Track 2". In its Partial Award on Track 1, the Tribunal decided that Chevron is a "Releasee" under the 1995 Settlement Agreement. In a decision on "Track 1B", the Tribunal decided that the Lago Agrio complaint cannot be read as pleading "exclusively" or "only" diffuse claims, and that, to this extent, the Claimants' reliance on the 1995 Settlement Agreement as a complete bar to the Lago Agrio complaint must fail, as a matter of Ecuadorian law. The Tribunal maintained the position that the Parties' disputes on both merit and jurisdiction should be reserved for Track 2. It remains to be seen how the Tribunal addresses the Claimants' allegations of multiple denials of justice under international law against the judgments of the Respondent's Courts, together with the Respondent's jurisdictional objections in Track 2 of the arbitration.

델파이 조사 및 통계적 방법을 활용한 전통지식 우선순위 선정 (Selecting order of priority using Delphi and statistical method)

  • 최경호;김현;송미장
    • Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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    • 제25권6호
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    • pp.1161-1170
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    • 2014
  • 오늘날과 같은 글로벌 경쟁에서는 전통지식, 전통문화표현물, 유전자원 등과 같은 새로운 분야의 지식재산이 중요한 자산으로 인식되고 있다. 이와 함께 우리나라의 문화콘텐츠, 브랜드, 디자인 등 지식재산의 총체적 경쟁력 확보가 시급한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 2014년 이후 발효예정인 나고야의 정서에 의해 향후 다양하게 파생될 이익 공유 문제와 지적재산권 분쟁에 대비할 수 있도록 하기 위하여, 우리나라 중부지방 문헌 전통지식 2,047건과 구전 전통지식 931건을 대상으로 전처리 과정을 거쳐 200건의 전통지식을 선정하였다. 이들을 대상으로 양적 연구방법인 델파이 (Delphi) 조사를 활용하여 우선순위 상위 50건의 전통지식을 선정하였다. 선정된 50건 중 문헌 전통지식은 30건, 구전 전통지식은 20건으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 포커스그룹인터뷰 등과 같은 질적 조사연구의 기본 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 나아가 선정된 전통지식은 향후 유효 공표 (특허를 위한 선행성 확보)를 통하여 국제사회에서 인정받을 수 있는 우리나라 생물 전통지식의 자산 확보 등에 크게 기여할 수 있다는 점 등에 본 연구의 의의가 있다.

동북아지역의 안보균형을 위한 적정수준 국방비 분석에 관한 연구 (The appropriate amount of Defense budget for stabilizing National security in Northeast Asia)

  • 이월형;김형재
    • 국제지역연구
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.277-295
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    • 2016
  • 한반도의 안보환경은 매우 불안정하게 흘러가고 있다. 그 불안정의 요인에는 북한의 핵무기 개발과 실험, 특히 2016년 1월6일의 4차 핵실험과 연이은 2월7일의 장거리미사일(ICBM)발사 그리고 2월8일 NLL침범과 함께 개성공단의 폐쇄조치 등이다. 그리고 일본의 아베정권의 지나친 우경화와 영토권 분쟁, 드리고 중국의 남지나해에서 각국과의 섬 영토분쟁등과 같은 역내 갈등의 고조이다. 동북아 각국의 상호이해관계는 자국의 이익을 위하여 안전을 확보한 상태에서 대외교전과 경제전을 수행하는 것이다. 사실 우리의 입장에서 이것은 매우 중요한 국가의 이슈로 지금까지 진행해오는 중요한 문제이다. 하지만 어떠한 정책도 국민의 굶주림과 행복을 빼앗아가면서 시행하고 발전시켜서는 안된다. 그것은 민본에 어긋나는 행위이다. 국가이든 단체든 국가 이익의 최우선 목표가 국민행복, 국가안전이어야 한다. 그렇지 못하면 국가의 주권도 국가로서 존재가치도 상실하게 된다. 특히 주변국 상황을 볼 때 전례 없는 세계 경제위기에도 불구하고 주변국들은 국방비를 높은 수준으로 증액하고 있다. 이런 시기에 우리의 국방력이 현재수준에 머문다면 미래에는 군사력 격차가 더욱 심화될 것이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이러한 상황을 인식하여 동북아 안보환경의 급격한 변화 문제를 검토하고 향후 남북통일로 가기 위한 국가의 총역량 결집을 뒷받침해주는 국방비의 수준을 검토한 것이다.

투자협정중재에 의한 중재판정의 승인·집행에 대한 뉴욕협약 적용에 관한 고찰 (A Study on the Application of the New York Convention in the Recognition and Enforcement of ISDS Arbitral Awards)

  • 강수미
    • 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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    • 제29권1호
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    • pp.31-52
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    • 2019
  • As international transactions have grown more numerous, situations of disputes related to the transactions are getting more complicated and more diverse. Cost-effective remedies to settle the disputes through traditional methods such as adjudications of a court will be insufficient. There fore, nations are attempting to more efficiently solve investor-state disputes through arbitration under organizations such as the ICSID Convention, the ICSID Additionary Facility Rules, and the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules by including the provisions on investor-state dispute settlement at the conclusion of an investment agreement. In case of an arbitration under the ICSID Convention, ICSID directly exercises the supervisorial function on arbitral proceedings, and there is no room for the intervention of national courts. In time of the arbitration where the ICSID Convention does not apply, however, the courts have to facilitate the arbitral proceedings. When the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award under the ICSID Convention are guaranteed by the Convention, it should be considered that the New York Convention does not apply to them under the Convention Article 7 (1) fore-end. In exceptional cases in which an arbitral award under the ICSID Convention cannot be recognized or enforced by the Convention, the New York Convention applies to the recognition and enforcement because the award is not a domestic award of the country in which the recognition or enforcement is sought. It is up to an interpretation of the New York Convention whether the New York Convention applies to ISDS arbitral awards not based on the ICSID Convention or not. Although an act of the host country is about sovereign activities, a host country and the country an investor is in concurring to the investment agreement with the ISDS provisions is considered a surrender of sovereignty immunity, and it will not suffice to exclude the investment disputes from the scope of application of the New York Convention. If the party to the investment agreement has declared commercial reservation at its accession into the New York Convention, it should be viewed that the Convention applies to the recognition and enforcement of the ISDS awards to settle the disputes over an investitive act, inasmuch as the act will be considered as a commercial transaction. When the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award on investment disputes about a nation's sovereign act have been sought in Korea and Korea has been designated the place of the investment agreement arbitration as a third country, it should be reviewed whether the disputes receive arbitrability under the Korean Arbitration Act or not.

혼합결제방식에서 수입화물선취보증서 발행은행의 보증책임 범위 (The Range of Guarantee Responsibility by an Issuing Bank of Letter of Guarantee under Mixed Settlement Method)

  • 이정선;김철호
    • 무역학회지
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.231-250
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    • 2016
  • 본 연구는 선하증권이 발행된 국제무역거래에서 화물이 서류보다 일찍 도착하여 원본 선하증권 없이 화물을 인도 받기 위해 국제적으로 통용되고 있는 상관행인 수입화물선취보증서를 기존 연구와 다른 관점에서 고찰하고자 한다. 혼합결제방식 하에서 발행된 수입화물선취보증서의 보증책임 범위를 판례를 통해 분석하고 국제적인 상관행으로 자리잡고 있는 수입화물선취보증서의 원활한 활용을 위한 다음 두 개의 대안을 제언한다. 첫째, 혼합결제방식을 이용한 경우, 수출업자는 상업송장을 발행함에 있어 결제방식의 결제대금을 각각 분리해서 발급해야 수입화물선취보증서의 보증책임 한도에 대한 명확한 의사표시가 이루어질 수 있을 것이다. 둘째, 수입화물선취보증서의 발행은행은 보증서 발행의 보증책임 범위를 명확히 하기 위해 기존 양식에 책임한도를 제한한다는 취지의 문구를 추가한 새로운 수입화물선취보증서 양식의 구축이 필요하다.

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미얀마 카렌족(Karen)의 종족정체성에 관한 시론적 연구 (A Preliminary Study on the Ethnic Identities of the Karen People in Myanmar)

  • 김인아
    • 수완나부미
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    • 제2권2호
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    • pp.29-51
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    • 2010
  • The diversity of Southeast Asia can be also represented at the tremendous number of ethnic groups residing throughout its various regions even beyond national boundaries. What does it mean by the composite of numerous peoples? It has triggered a lot of problems in a nation or overall Southeast Asia. Among them, the most serious one seems to be ethnic conflicts having damaged national integration and caused political, economical, and social instability. In that respect, Karen people have been a minority group situated in the most chronic dispute in Myanmar. Since 1947 some of the Karen equipped with armed forces have been fighting against the military government currently ruling Myanmar. As the result, the refugees over 200,000 population had moved to the mountain camps located at neighboring Thailand, attracting a lot of attention throughout international societies. According to 1931 census by British colonial government, the Karen have the greatest numbers in population as minority and include 16 subgroups including Karenni(Kayah) and Pa-O seemingly excluded from its category in contemporary point of view. It means that Karen people should not be regarded as an ethnic group, and in fact do not show a homogeneous identity under the title of Karen. Given the situation, we need to reconsider the category of Karen. What does the Karen mean in a real sense? Previous studies on the Karen had been performed mainly by anthropologists or missionaries such as Marshall(1922), Hamilton (1976), Hanson Tadaw(1959), Smeaton(1920), Keyes(1979), Hayami (1992; 2004), etc. Most of them examined the Karen as a group and ignored the possibilities of representing the divergent identities vis-à-vis their subgroups. Therefore, they have focused on the myth to convert Karen people to Christianity, although the Christian Karens are less than 20% of total population. As a result, I argue that they would fail to define the real meaning of Karen. It has been caused us to recognize the Karen as a meaningless total entity to be accepted by all means. According to their arguments, the difference among Karen's subgroups is just dealt with the trivial matters that do not affect the ethnic boundary itself, still maintaining the ethnic identity as Karen. As we shall see on this thesis, this is never the case. My thesis aims at uncovering and scrutinizing the real meaning of the category of Karen. For the purpose of it, I will consider Karen people as a linguistic group from the beginning as shown in 1931 census. I argue that the Karen have been affected or exposed by various conditions or environments throughout the harsh history having happened on the areas of current Myanmar and Thailand, leading the vicissitudes of their ethnic identities.

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유영국(劉永國)의 초기 구성주의: <랩소디>(1937)에 나타난 유토피아니즘 (Yoo Young-kuk's Early Constructivism: Utopianism in (1937))

  • 유영아
    • 미술이론과 현장
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    • 제9호
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    • pp.93-121
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    • 2010
  • This study is about Yoo Young-kuk's early works which show constructivism, especially focus on his debut painting, for the 7th Dokuritsu Bijutsu Kyokai(獨立美術協會, the Independent Fine Arts Association) in Tokyo in 1937. The work was painted 2 years after he had started his study in Japan in 1935. It was the first painting that applied Constructivism. played an important role for Constructivism to be a leading art in his abstraction. After this picture, Yoo was soon devoted to the principles of Constructivism-- Faktura(material), Tektonika (tectonics), Tekhnika(technique), space, construction-- in his painterly reliefs. This article examined why Yoo concentrated on Constructivism for , what the characteristics were, and what influences were on other works from 1935 to 1949. In addition, I investigated in which period was painted and how Constructivism was spread in 1930s and early 1940s in chapter 2. I scrutinized Rhapsody in chapter 3. When Yoo created Japan was under the Fifteen Years War(1931-1945), and a major discourse was the Japanese Spirit at that time. It was connected with construction of an ideal nation which the Japanese ultra-national fascism pursued. This ideological pursuit was intended to unite the Japanese people for total war system and to restore a national dignity which had been fallen down due to Manchurian Incident(1931). Thus, on the hand, Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai(國際文化振興, The Society for International Cultural Relations) and the Nippon Kosaku Bunka Renmei(日本工作文化連盟, Japanese Werkbund) were supported financially by the Japanese government. On the other hand, the government enacted regulations to opposing parties which would distract Japanese people's unification. As for the Japanese art world, the merge of art groups was carried out through remodeling of Teikoku Bijutsuin(帝國美術院, The Imperial Fine Arts Academy) in 1935. This brought out continuous dispute and disorder. Young artists who felt difficulty of entering an entry of Imperial Fine Arts Exhibition repeatedly grouped and disbanded for small art groups to build their standing, which they pursued Surrealism and Abstract art. Among them Constructivism was considered as the latest trend and was popular in craft, design, architecture as well as fine arts. In the year before he painted , Avant-garde theatres including Constructivism theatre were introduced in a feature article of September, 1936 in Atelier, which was dealing with mainly avant-garde arts. Books related with Constructivism were translated into Japanese, and Gestaltung Education had become active since the publication of A Compendium of Gestaltung Education("構成敎育大系"(1934)), Salvador Dali(1904-1989) was also introduced, so Surrealism was drawn more attention by young artists. reflected popular trends. Yoo analyzed the Japanese avant-gardists' archaic taste in the Independent Art Association that he submitted his painting to. And then he entitled 'Rhapsody' which derives from Ancient Greek's epic poetry and deliberately set up images in a scene. In chapter 3, I examined a theme which was planned carefully by sorting favorite images from the Japanese Surrealism. was a result that Yoo Young-kuk observed objectively the phenomenon that young artists dreamt of Utopia or longed for Nostalgia passively and lethargically under wars. And then he otherized himself from that circumstance. First of all, for he used the typical icons of Japanese Surrealism such as the horizon, flowing clouds, and vast plain that were considered stereotypes of Arcadia. He, however distinguished himself form those Japanese Surrealists. He made his own vision about Utopia by referring Lyubov Popova(1889-1924)'s stage design. His objective point of view was expressed by positive and dynamic images of structure and human's actions. Constructivism which was attempted in had an effect on other early constructive works, and the principles of Constructivism were sought hard in reliefs, paintings, and photos.

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항공장애물관리규정 개선을 위한 연구 (A Study on the Model Regulation's Improvement for Control of Aeronautical Obstacles in Korea)

  • 이강석
    • 대한교통학회지
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    • 제23권3호
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    • pp.21-34
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    • 2005
  • 항공의 전 분야에 있어 항공안전은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지 않으며 항공안전에 주의를 기울이지 못하여 발생되는 항공기사고(aircraft accidents)는 항공기의 전 비행단계중 약 70%가 비행장주위의 이 착륙단계에서 일어나는 CFIT(Controlled Flight into Terrain) 사고라는 것은 주지의 사실이다. 이러한 점을 고려 할 때에 비행장주위의 장애물(obstacle)을 관리(control)하는 것은 항공기사고를 방지하고 비행장의 장기적인 존속을 보장한다는 측면에서 항공안전차원의 안전운항에 지대한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 안전운항이 보장되는 범위 내에서 비행장주위의 장애물에 대한 제한을 효율적으로 관리하고 비행장주위의 규제에 따른 사유재산권의 제한을 해소하며, 장애물을 관리하는데 소요되는 노력을 경감하기 위한 차폐이론(Shielding)의 적용 역시, 안전운항과 더불어 비행장주위 공역을 효율적으로 활용할 수 있다는 측면에서 중요하게 고려하여야 할 사항이다. 실제로 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)나 항공선진국들은 기존장애물의 영향이 미치는 음영면 이하의 장애물은 장애물로 간주하지 않는다는 차폐이론 적용하여 건축규제를 완화하거나 장애물 표시등의 의무를 면제하고 있다. 물론 이와 같은 차폐이론의 적용은 국제적으로 통일된 차폐기준에 따라 적용되는 것이 아니며 각 국가의 상황에 따라 또는 각 비행장의 환경에 따라 신규장애물의 차폐 여부를 확인하고 항공학적인 연구를 통하여 안전운항에 영향이 없다는 판단 하에 적용 관리하고 있다. 국내에서도 비행장주위에 장애물제한에 관하여 항공법에 규정하고 있고, 최근 개정안으로 제시되어진 동법 시행규칙에서는 국제민간항공기구의 차폐기준의 적용을 포함하는 신규 규정을 포함시켜 놓았다. 그러나 이러한 규정만으로는 비행장 주위의 항공장애물을 체계적으로 관리하기가 어려우며, 특히 국내 비행장 주위의 공역에서 차폐이론적용에 필요한 세부기준이 제시되어 있지 않다는 점에서 논란의 여지가 많다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 항공장애물과 관련된 국제민간항공기구(ICAO)의 규정 및 항공선진국들의 관련 규정을 검토 분석하고 국내의 현황과 비교 분석한 후 국제기준에 비추어 국내환경에서도 적용 가득한 비행장 공역에서의 항공장애물관리규정(안)의 방향을 제시하고자 한다. 특히 논란의 여지가 많은 차폐이론의 적용에 이어 명확한 기준방안을 제시하여 항공안전과 효율적인 공역운영을 위한 대안을 설정하는데 도움을 주고자 한다.