• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2002

A rapid, selective and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of terazocin in human plasma. Terazocin plus the internal standard, prazocin hydrochloride, were extracted from alkalified plasma with tert-butylmethyl ether, back-extracted into 0.05% phosphoric acid. Fifty ${\mu}l-portions$ of extract were injected onto a octadecylsilane column and eluted with a mixture of acetonitrile, water and triethylamine (30 : 70 : 0.1 v/v, adjusted to pH 5.0 with dilute phosphoric acid) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The fluorescence intensity of column eluents was monitored at excitation wavelength of 250 nm and emission wavelength of 370 nm. No interference peaks were observed. The practical limit of quantitation was 5 ng/ml for terazocin. The average intraday and interday coefficients of variation were 4.15 and 3.54%, respectively. Also intraday and interday precisions over the range $5{\sim}60\;ng/ml$ were $0.49{\sim}2.92\;and\;0.38{\sim}5.12%$, respectively. The bioequivalence of two terazosin tablets, the $Hytrine^{\circledR}$ (Il Yang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the $Teratonin^{\circledR}$ (Sam-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Sixteen healthy male volunteers $(24.6{\pm}2.0\;years\;old)$ were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After one tablet containing 2 mg of terazosin was orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of terazosin in plasma was determined with a HPLC method using spectrofluorometric detector. AUC was calculated by the linear trapezoidal method. $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between the two preparations were 0.21 %, 5.53% and 8.82%, respectively. The powers $(1-{\beta})\;for\;AUC_t,\;C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were >99%, 97.49%, and 33.26%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta},\;%)\;at\;{\alpha}=0.1\;and\;1-{\beta}=0.8$ and the 90% confidence intervals were all less than ${\pm}20%$ except for $T_{max}.\;AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ met the criteria of KDFA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Teratonin^{circledR}$ tablets are bioequivalent to $Hytrine^{circledR}$ tablets.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 1988

Dopamine when given icv induces antidiuresis along with transient natriuretic tendency, and it has been suggested that both subtypes of central dopamine receptors may influence renal function differentially. This study was undertaken to delineate the role of central $D_2$ receptors employing domperidone (DOM), a selective $D_2$ antagonist. DOM icv elicited antidiuresis and antinatriuresis in doses ranging from 15 to $135{\mu}g/kg$. GFR and RPF as well as sodium excretion decreased. Systemic blood pressure increased slightly. Intravenous DOM did not elicit significant changes in sodium excretion. Denervation of the kidney abolished the hemodynamic change induced by icv DOM, but sodium excretion decreased on both innervated and denervated kidneys. No diuretic tendency was uncovered by the denervation. Dopamine, $150{\mu}g/kg$ icv, produced antidiuresis along with decreases in hemodynamics. These effects were not affected by DOM-pretreatment, and no natriuretic tendency was unveiled. Bromocriptine, a $D_2$ receptor agonist, $200{\mu}g/kg$ icv, elicited marked diuresis and natriuresis, which were completely abolished by DOM-pretreatment. Apomorphine, another prototype of $D_2$ agonist, $150{\mu}g/kg$ icv, produced diuresis and natrituresis with increases in renal hemdoynamics, followed by decreases in all parameters. DOM-pretreatment did not affect the renal hemodynamic effects, wherease the increases in urine flow and sodium excretion were markedly reduced by DOM, Present study suggests that central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors mediate natriuretic and diuretic influence to the kidney, possibly through mediation of natriuretic humoral factor, and provide further evidence supporting the hypothesis that central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors mediate antidiuretic influence via nerve pathway, whereas natriuresis are brought about through mediation of central $200{\mu}g/kg$ receptors.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.468-491
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• 2015

The major objective of this research is to suggest the proactive strategy and management of public R&D for the active transfer of technology based on the influential factor analysis of technology transfer. This study identified influential factors which make the greatest impact on the success of public technology transfer and commercialization through three points of view-technology supplier's view, technology adopter's view and view of commercialization-which contribute to successful technology transfer and commercialization. The core influential variables for blocking technology transfer are identified such as additional technological development, search for technology adopter followed by mass production technology and testing of confidence. Technology adopter is to create new markets or expand existing markets through the superiority (innovation) of licensing technology, increasing the internal innovation capabilities and maximizing the impacts of technology. This research suggests two effective strategies for improving technology transfer such as technology planning and marketing in the view of technology license. The strategy of technology planning should be established and executed to meet both technology trends and adopter's needs. And strong patents should be secured in terms of licensing of technology. Also the technological performance should be evaluated at mid-term appraisal, confirming the needs of adopter and competitive advantage of technology and patent. In addition to this, the customized technology marketing strategy for different fields of applications is also required in order to improve the likelihood of technology transfer. If the performance of R&D organization could be evaluated by global technological competitiveness and spillover effects of commercialization rather than quantitative output, the flow of technology transfer and commercialization would be accelerated.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.786-793
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• 2000

Objectives : A clinical analysis was performed to provide management strategy and to improve management outcome of elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm. Patients and Methods : We reviewed medical records of 746 consecutive patients with intracranial aneurysm who were admitted from July 1991 to December 1996. They were divided into two age groups : elderly(120 patients aged 65 years or older) and non-elderly(626 patients aged 64 years or younger). We investigated the differences between the two groups in clinical characteristics, management outcome and surgical results. Results : Female(80.0%), internal carotid artery aneurysm(48.9%), poor clinical grade(Hunt and Hess Grade IV, V : 39.8%), postoperative subdural fluid collection(38.2%), and postoperative hydrocephalus(39.7%) were more frequent in the elderly patients. There were no significant differences in the incidence of hypertension, multiple aneurysm, unruptured aneurysm, rebleeding, delayed ischemic neurological deficits, postoperative hemorrhage, and low density on the postoperative brain CT scan. In some cases, surgical clipping of ruptured aneurysm could not be performed due to moribund state or refusal of surgery by the elderly patient's family. Both management outcome and surgical results in elderly aneurysm patients at 3 months after rupture were worse than those of the non-elderly group. The most common reason of unfavorable outcome was poor clinical grade in both groups, while serious medical illness causing unfavorable outcome was more common in the elderly group. Conclusion : Surgical treatment of a ruptured aneurysm should not be avoided in elderly patient solely on the basis of advanced age. If the patients are in good clinical grade, early aneurysm surgery followed by early ambulation should be recommended. Further improvements in outcome may be achieved by thorough knowledge of poor resilience of brain, CSF flow dynamics, and diminished cardiopulmonary reserve in elderly patients with intracranial aneurysm.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.266-277
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• 2003

Every conceptual temporal rat relationship can be described using one of seven relations (before, meets, overlaps, during, starts, finishes, and equals ). The conceptual representation provides an efficient means for our multimedia authoring system to automatically fill in the necessary timing details. We developed a multimedia Presentation authoring system that supports a mechanism for conceptually representing the temporal relations of different media. Among the many editors that make up our system, the temporal relation editor provides users with an intuitive mechanism for representing the conceptual flow of a presentation by simple and direct graphical manipulations. Our system is based on the SMIL(Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language). The conceptual temporal relation editor and other editors of our system exchange their information in real-time and automatically generate SMIL codes through the SMIL Object Manager. Our system uses TRN(Temporal Relation Network) as its internal multimedia presentation representation. The TRN corresponds exactly to the structure seen in the graphical representation of the presentation. A parallel relationship found in a TRN can be collapsed into a single synchronization block. This facilitates the determination of the playing time of each component and can be the basic unit for reusability of already prepared blocks of presentation code.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• no.4
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• pp.249-267
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• 1998

"The Waste Land" is Eliot's best known poem. It was first published in 1922 and became a famous poem in modem poetry by the 1940's. The poem is a statement of his personal experience with spiritual crisis, this simple outline is complicated and universalized by being set within the structure of 'the Fisher King legend'. The fisher King legend was studied by Miss Weston in From Ritual to Romance and Sir James Frazer in The Goldon Bough which traced the vegetation myths. It explained the cycle of the seasons in relation to the death and rebirth of a god. The god died in the winter with the death of the vegetation and was reborn in the spring with the rebirth of the vegetation. Sir James Frazer reaced these ancient rituals within the Christian world. He indicated that the death and rebirth of Christ falls within the pattern of this ancient ritual. Also Miss Weston transformed that ancient ritual into Christian terms, and connected it with the Quest for the Holy Grail. Eliot used not only the title, but the plan and a good of the important symbolism of the poem from these two books. "The Waste Land" is a difficult one because of the numerous interruptions in the narrative. On the superficial level, the story covers a 12-hour period in a day. It is also in "the stream of consciousness." It might be called the internal monologue; that is, "the free association of ideas in the mind of the narrator," Eliot experiments with both the idea of time and with the stream of consciousness, He employs a number of quotations and allusion from the Classic literature. So, his technique in "The Waste Land" consists of the juxtaposition of the present with mythcism and religious symbolism derived from the past. The structure of the poem is built out of the contrasts in time. The poem illustrates his conception of the past as an active part of the present. "The Waste Land" has "a symphonic structure" composed of five parts, which are linked by the repeated themes. The theme is the death and salvation of the Waste Land. It is drawn from the Fisher King myths. Moreover, he has absorbed into the structure of this poem the language, phrases, and associations of other writers. It gave the poem the universality both of theme and of pattern. Also, his intricate and fine techniques added the universality to the poet's personal material. At last, the verse pattern of the poem follow the same basic structure as the thematic patterns. Again in symphonic style, the verse varies from section to section. The interruption of real time is associated with the flow of consciousness. Though the poem is a complex structure, there are the interweavings of a great deal of ideas into a simple, brief statement. By these poetic techniques the poem manages to have good harmony and unity between the thematic pattern and narrative structure. "The Waste Land" therefore, became the greatest poem in the 20th century modern world.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 1993

The pathophysiology and neural mechanism involved in Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder are highly controversial. In order to investigate the functional abnormalities of brain. In Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder, 42 children with Tourette's and chronic motor disorder underwent single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) using Tc-99m-HM-PAO. The results are summarized as follows : 1) 31.0% (13/42) of this series revealed perfusion defect in cerebral cortex. 2) 4.8% (2/42) revealed perfusion defect in basal ganglia. 3) 4.8(2/42) revealed perfusion defect in thalamus. 4) 16.7%(7/42) showed perfusion defect in cerebellum. 5) The frequency of abnormal perfusion showed no significant difference between tic with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 6) The frequency of abnormal perfusion showed no significant difference between Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder. These findings support the hypothesis of a possible involvement of brain dysfunction in the production of Tourette's and chronic motor tic disorder, and quantification of blood flow and co-registration with magnetic resonance imaging will increase the validity of this study.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.218-225
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• 1995

Background: Airway resistance(Raw) is measured with the body plethysmograph by displaying the relationship between airflow and alveolar pressure($V/P_A$). If the resistance curve on $V/P_A$ tracing is curved or looped, the estimation of Raw is difficult. This study was designed to examine wheather there is any correlation between the shape of resistance curve and the clinical status and the pulmonary function of patients. Methods: The 146 pulmonary disease patients with increased Raw were included in this study. The shapes of resistance curves on $V/P_A$ tracing with body plethysmograph during quiet breathing were analyzed and compared with pulmonary function. Results: The results were as follows ; 1) The shapes of resistance curves were summarized in 5 categories; type 1: linear, type 2: ovoid, type 3: sigmoid, type 4: scoop, type 5: paisley. The type 3 except 1 case, type 4 and type 5 were found to have loop mainly in expiratory phase. 2) Although the shapes of resistance curves were not typical for specific disease, the resistance curves of acute disease tended to belong to type 1 or 2 and those of chronic airflow obstruction tended to belong to type 3, 4 or 5. But resistance curves of bronchial asthma and destructive lung with tuberculosis showed all types in proportion to degree of airflow obstruction or destruction of parenchyme. 3) In the cases of resistance curves going to type 5 rather than type 1 and those with looping, airflow obstuction tended to be severe and airway resistance and residual volume tended to increase. Conclusions: Analysis of resistance curve on $V/P_A$ tracing measuring airway resistance is helpful for judging degree of airflow obstruction and air trapping. Although the shape of resistance curve is not typical for specific disease, there is a close association between looping and airway obstruction.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.135-141
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• 2020

The first case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) was reported in Korea in 2015, after a Korean man from Bahrain tested positive for the infection. After first eruption, there were numbers of secondary infectees and whole country were frightened. At the time, isolated ambulances were available but few, and there was no specific way to prevent contamination during transfer. Therefore, Seoul National University Hospital and the University of Seoul developed isolation units and air filters. Four years after the MERS outbreak, this study measured the differential pressure inside and outside the small isolation units based on the differential pressure and air flow derived from simulation and testing, and proposed minimum values for virus leakage and internal sealing. A performance evaluation and testing method for the transfer equipment is proposed. The critical function of the small isolated transport equipment was defined and selected as an evaluation item; performance evaluation was carried out by simulating a real-world case. The results provide the proper pressure configuration of positive and negative pressure inside the segregation feeder; the clear criteria for the HEPA filter; and the performance criteria for the segregation feeder and air purifier.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.113-130
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• 2015

This study considers the relation between firms' earnings management and credit rating. Unlike preceding papers only focusing earnings management by accrual(thereafter, AM), this paper examines the effect of accrual earnings management(AMs) and real earning management(thereafter, RM) on credit rating. RMs have more negative effects on firms' forward cash flow generation abilities and long term operating performances than AMs. So, RMs are more negative signals for credit analysts than AMs. But credit analysts have much difficulty in seeing through RM, because if credit analysts want to find out RMs, they have to understand firms' internal operating activities, cost structures, receivables collection practices, and review whether profit distortions are due to abnormal change of them. Sample of this study consists of 2,150firm-year data listed companies from 2002 to 2010. Empirical evidence shows that AMs and RMs are negatively related to credit rating. This result implies that credit analysts see through AMs and RMs in interpreting financial informations, that is to say, they discount credit rating in considering level of earnings management that consist of real activity and accrual earning management. This paper also finds that RMs are more negatively related to credit ratings than AMs. This result suggests that credit analysts don't take RMs into account in credit rating process as much as AMs.