• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.40.1-40.24
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• 2022

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive alternatives to conventional anti-asthmatic drugs for severe asthma. Mechanisms underlying the anti-asthmatic effects of MSCs have not yet been elucidated. This study evaluated the anti-asthmatic effects of intravenously administered MSCs, focusing on macrophages and monocytes. Seven-week-old transgenic (Tg) mice with lung-specific overexpression of IL-13 were used to simulate chronic asthma. MSCs were intravenously administered four days before sampling. We examined changes in immune cell subpopulations, gene expression, and histological phenotypes. IL-13 Tg mice exhibited diverse features of chronic asthma, including severe type 2 inflammation, airway fibrosis, and mucus metaplasia. Intravenous administration of MSCs attenuated these asthmatic features just four days after a single treatment. MSC treatment significantly reduced SiglecF^-CD11c^-CD11b⁺ monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMs) and inhibited the polarization of MoMs into M2 macrophages, especially M2a and M2c. Furthermore, MSCs downregulated the excessive accumulation of Ly6c^- monocytes in the lungs. While an intravenous adoptive transfer of Ly6c^- monocytes promoted the infiltration of MoM and Th2 inflammation, that of MSC-exposed Ly6c^- monocytes did not. Ex vivo Ly6c^- MoMs upregulated M2-related genes, which were reduced by MSC treatment. Molecules secreted by Ly6c^- MoMs from IL-13 Tg mice lungs upregulated the expression of fibrosis-related genes in fibroblasts, which were also suppressed by MSC treatment. In conclusion, intravenously administered MSCs attenuate asthma phenotypes of chronic asthma by modulating macrophages. Identifying M2 macrophage subtypes revealed that exposure to MSCs transforms the phenotype and function of macrophages. We suggest that Ly6c^- monocytes could be a therapeutic target for asthma management.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제67권4호
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• pp.411-417
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• 2024

Objective : To confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy during the clipping of a low riding posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysm through cadaver dissection. Methods : Anatomic measurements of 12 adult cadaveric heads (24 sides total) were performed to compare the microsurgical exposure of the PCoA and internal carotid artery (ICA) before and after clinoidectomy. A standard pterional craniotomy and transsylvian approach were performed in all cadavers. The distance from the ICA bifurcation to the origin of PCoA (D1), pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to tentorium (D2), post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the ICA bifurcation to tentorium (D3), pre-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of PCoA (D4) and post-anterior clinoidectomy distance from the tentorium to the origin of PCoA (D5) and the distance of the ICA obtained after anterior clinoidectomy (D6) were measured. We measured the precise thickness of the blade for the Yasargil clip with a digital precision ruler to confirm the usefulness of the extradural anterior clinoidectomy. Results : Twenty-four sites were dissected from 12 cadavers. The age of the cadavers was 79.83±6.25 years. The number of males was the same as the females. The space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the preclinoid-tentorium (D4) was 1.45±1.08 mm (max, 4.01; min, 0.56). After the clinoidectomy, the space from the proximal origin of the PCoA to the postclinoid-tentorium (D5) was 3.612±1.15 mm (max, 6.14; min, 1.83). The length (D6) of the exposed proximal ICA after the extradural clinoididectomy was 2.17±1.04 mm on the lateral side and 2.16±0.89 mm on the medial side. The thickness of the Yasargil clip blade used during the clipping surgery was 1.35 mm measured with a digital precision ruler. Conclusion : The proximal length obtained by performing an external anterior clinoidectomy is about 2 mm, sufficient for proximal control during PCoA aneurysm surgery, considering the thickness of the aneurysm clips. In a subarachnoid hemorrhage, performing an extradural anterior clinoidectomy could prevent a devastating situation during PCoA aneurysm clipping.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제81권5호
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• pp.1260-1265
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• 2020

카포시 육종은 후천성 면역 결핍 증후군(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; 이하 AIDS)와 연관되어, 피부, 점막과 여러 장기를 침범하는 다발성의 혈관성 결절로 나타나는 신생물을 일컫는다. AIDS와 연관되어 생기는 위장관 카포시 육종은 내장에 파종성 질환으로 가장 흔하게 발생한다. 우리는 다양한 장기를 침범하여 복통과 함께 장관 내 출혈을 유발한 드문 카포시 육종의 영상 소견에 대해 보고한다. 회장 대장내시경을 통해 말단 회장, S자 결장, 직장 내 다양한 병변이 발견되었으며 소장 투시검사로 공장과 회장의 병변을 확인할 수 있었다. 복부 골반 전산화단층촬영에서 회장 내 조영증강된 다양한 납작한 병변과 복강 내 크기가 커진 림프절을 발견하였다. 조직병리학 검사에서 카포시 육종으로 최종 진단이 된 환자는 항레트로바이러스제로 치료를 시행 받았다. 최근 AIDS 환자의 수가 늘고 있는 상황에서, AIDS와 연관된 Kaposi's sarcoma의 영상학적 소견을 숙지하는 것은 영상의학과 의사를 비롯한 임상의사들에게 빠른 진단과 치료뿐만이 아니라 예상치 못한 AIDS의 감염 위험에 노출될 수 있는 의료진의 안전을 위해서도 필수적이다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.681-689
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• 2023

Objective: Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3D-RA) is increasingly used for the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms (IAs); however, radiation exposure to the lens is a concern. We investigated the effect of head off-centering by adjusting table height on the lens dose during 3D-RA and its feasibility in patient examination. Materials and Methods: The effect of head off-centering during 3D-RA on the lens radiation dose at various table heights was investigated using a RANDO head phantom (Alderson Research Labs). We prospectively enrolled 20 patients (58.0 ± 9.4 years) with IAs who were scheduled to undergo bilateral 3D-RA. In all patients' 3D-RA, the lens dose-reduction protocol involving elevation of the examination table was applied to one internal carotid artery, and the conventional protocol was applied to the other. The lens dose was measured using photoluminescent glass dosimeters (GD-352M, AGC Techno Glass Co., LTD), and radiation dose metrics were compared between the two protocols. Image quality was quantitatively analyzed using source images for image noise, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast-to-noise ratio. Additionally, three reviewers qualitatively assessed the image quality using a five-point Likert scale. Results: The phantom study showed that the lens dose was reduced by an average of 38% per 1 cm increase in table height. In the patient study, the dose-reduction protocol (elevating the table height by an average of 2.3 cm) led to an 83% reduction in the median dose from 4.65 mGy to 0.79 mGy (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between dose-reduction and conventional protocols in the kerma area product (7.34 vs. 7.40 Gy·cm², P = 0.892), air kerma (75.7 vs. 75.1 mGy, P = 0.872), and image quality. Conclusion: The lens radiation dose was significantly affected by table height adjustment during 3D-RA. Intentional head off-centering by elevation of the table is a simple and effective way to reduce the lens dose in clinical practice.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2024

Background : Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health issue worldwide, particularly among healthcare workers (HCWs) at high risk of exposure. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a state where individuals are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis but do not show clinical symptoms. Early detection and treatment of LTBI are crucial to prevent progression to active TB. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of LTBI among Korean Medicine (KM) workers in Seoul, South Korea. Methods : This study analyzed 368 adults aged 19 and over working in Korean medicine institutions in Seoul by September 2023. Participants underwent a tuberculin skin test (TST) and completed a survey collecting demographic information, occupation, work duration, smoking status, BCG vaccination, TB history, and comorbidities. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results : The average age of participants was 43.1 years, with an LTBI prevalence rate of 3.5%. Significant risk factors included age and history of TB, Older age and a history of TB were associated with higher LTBI positivity. Conclusion : The study identified the prevalence and risk factors of LTBI among Korean medicine workers in Seoul. The findings highlight the need for targeted LTBI screening and preventive measures, especially for older workers and those with a history of TB. While the prevalence was lower than in other healthcare settings, the results emphasize the importance of regular LTBI testing and prevention education for KM workers. Future large-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings and further understand the relationship between various risk factors and LTBI in KM settings.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2006

난지형 잔디인 한국 안양잔디에서 달라스팟의 병원균인 Sclerotinia honoeocarpa의 isolate, Scz1이 최근 새롭게 동정되었다. Scz1은 한지형 잔디인 크리핑 벤트그래스에서 분리된 표준 균주인 Scb1과는 다른 균사의 색상, 균사간의 친밀도 그리고 병 기주 특이성을 가지는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구에서는, Scz1, Scz2(난지형 잔디에서 분리한 또 다른 달라스팟 병원균) 그리고 Scb1을 분자생물학적인 연구, internal transcribed spacer(ITS) 와 random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD) assays를 이용하여 동정 및 유전자적 차이를 알아보았다. ITS 실험의 결과, 3개의 isolates가 ITS 부분적 염기 서열 비교 BLAST에 등록되어 있는 S. homoeocarpa의 ITS 염기 서열과 $94{\sim}97%$의 동일성을 지니는 것으로 밝혀졌다. RAPD 실험 결과로는, Scz1과 Scb1의 similarity matrix 범위는 0.167이였고, Scz2와 Scb1은 0.139 그리고, Scz1과 Scz2은 0.713이였다. 계통수(系統樹) 결과는 Scb1과는 달리 Scz1과 Scz2는 유전적으로 높은 동일성을 지니고 있어, 같은 분류에 속한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 달라스팟 병원균 억제에 효과적인 농약인 프로피코나졸에 대한 $EC_{50}$은 Scz1은 0.012 ${\mu}g/ml$, Scz2은 0.003 ${\mu}g/ml$ 그리고 Scb1은 0.030 ${\mu}g/ml$이었다. 상기 결과로, 동일 병원 기주성과 유사한 유전적 친밀성을 보인 Scz1과 Scz2는 S. homoeocarpa의 동일 그룹에 속하였으나 농약 민감도에서는 차이점을 보였다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 향후, 보다 더 많은 한지형과 난지형 잔디에서 분리된 병원균들을 이용하여 유전적 다양성을 밝히는 연구가 진행되어야 할 것이다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.409-427
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• 1998

Insamjungchuntang has been used in Korea for many centuries as a treatment for respiratory disease. The effect of Insamjungchuntang on tracheal smooth muscle is not known. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Insamjungchuntang on histamine and acetylcholine induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction in rats and guinea pigs. Guinea pig (500 g, male) and Sprague Dawley rats (200 g, male) were killed by $CO_2$ exposure and a segment (8-10 mm) of the thoracic trachea from each rat and guinea pig was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 0.5 g loading tension. The dose of histamine (His) and acetylcholine (Ach) which evoked 50% of maximal response $(ED_{50})$ was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for histamine and acetylcholine$(10^{-7}{\sim}10^{-4}\;M)$. Contractions evoked by His ($ED_{50}$) and Ach $(ED_{50})$ were inhibited significantly by Insamjungchuntang. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was $38.58\(p<0.05)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang, $90.75\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$. Insamjungchuntang and $133.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of acetylcholine induced contraction was $10.0\(p<0.05)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang, $80.71\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}/ml$ Insamjungchuntang and $118.29\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. Also, in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $45.5\(p<0.01)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ lnsamjungchuntang, and $93.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$. lnsamjungchuntang $134.50\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. In rat tracheal smooth muscle, the mean percent inhibition of histamine induced contraction was $37.83\(p<0.01)\;after\;10{\mu}l/ml$ lnsamjungchuntang, $90.5\(p<0.01)\;after\;30{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang and $135.17\(p<0.01)\;after\;100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang. Propranolol $(10^{-7}\;M)$ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Insamjungchuntang. Following treatment with propranolol, the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$. Insamjungchuntang fell to 46.42% in guinea pig induced by acetylcholine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 5.43% (p<0.05) in rat induced by acetylcholine contraction and the mean percent inhibition caused by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 49.0% in guinea pig induced by histamine contraction and by $100{\mu}l/ml$ Insamjungchuntang fell to 48.6% (p<0.05) in rat induced by histamine contraction. Indomethacin and methylene blue $(10^{-7}\;M)$ did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of lnsamjungchuntang. Also, I could find the effects of lnsamjungchuntang and Insamjungchuntanggamorphine on the tracheal smooth muscle in guinea pig and rat did not change significantly. These results indicate that Insamjungchuntang can relax histamine and acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea pig and rat tracheal smooth muscle, and that this inhibition involves sympathetic effects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.530-534
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• 2002

배경: 대동맥 수술에서 왼쪽 팔머리정맥의 분리는 대동맥궁 및 대동맥궁의 가지현관들을 노출시키는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다. 그러나 이것의 분리에 대한 안정성과 대동맥수술후 다시 왼쪽 팔머리정맥을 문합해 주어야 하는가에 대해서는 논쟁의 여지가 있다. 왼쪽 팔머리정맥 분리의 안전성과 왼쪽 팔머리정맥을 분리한 후 정맥환류에 대해 연구하였다. 방법: 1998년 11월부터 2000년 1월까지 10명의 환자에서 흉골 정중 절개 후 국소적인 해부학과 원위부 대동맥문합을 고려하여 왼쪽 팔머리정맥의 분리 및 결찰을 왼쪽 팔머리정맥의 중앙부에서 시행하였다. 상지의 부종과 신경학적증상에 대해 평가하였고, 우심방압력과 왼속목정맥의 압력을 측정하였으며 수술 후 정맥조영술을 시행하였다. 결과: 10명의 환자에서 상행대동맥이나 대동맥궁의 수술시 대동맥의 노출에 향상이 있었으며, 환자들의 연령은 24∼72세로 평균 62세였다. 평균추적기간은 3주에서 13개월이었고, 한명의 환자가 메치실린 저항성 황색포도상구균에 의한 종격동염으로 사망하였다. 모든 환자에서 수술 직후 좌측상지에 부종을 보였으나, 술후 4일째 호전되었다. 추적관찰기간동안 좌측상지에 부종이나 운동장애를 보인 환자는 없었다. 술후 뇌경색에 이환된 환자는 없었다. 우심방과 좌내경정맥 사이의 압력차는 수술직후 최고치를 보였고(평균 최고 압력차=25mmHg), 점점 감소하여 술후 4일째 일정한 압력차를 유지하였다. 모든 환자에서 시행한 정맥조영술을 통하여 왼쇄골밑정맥의 정맥환류는 아래갑상선정맥얼기를 통하여 중앙부를 가로질러 우측 심장계로 유입됨을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 왼쪽 팔머리정맥의 분리는 안전하며 우측 정맥계의 주된 교량역활을 하는 아래갑상선정맥을 보존한다면 왼쪽 팔머리정맥을 다시 연결할 필요는 없다고 할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.130-134
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• 2006

Objectives : Oxidative DNA damage is a known risk factor of lung cancer. The glutathione peroxidase (GPX) antioxidant enzyme that reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides plays a significant role in protecting cells from the oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate effects of oxidative stress and genetic polymorphisms of the GPX1 genes and the interaction between them in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer. Methods : Two hundreds patients with lung cancer and 200 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Every subject was asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their smoking habits and their environmental exposure to PAHs. The genotypes of the GPX1 and 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) genes were examined and the concentrations of urinary hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), 2-naphthol and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) were measured. Results : Cigarette smoking was a significant risk factor for lung cancer. The levels of urinary 8-OH-dG were higher in the patients (p<0.001), whereas the urinary 1-OHP and 2-naphthol levels were higher in the controls. The GPX1 codon 198 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. Individuals carrying the Pro/Leu or Leu/Leu genotype of GPX1 were at a higher risk for lung cancer (adjusted OR=2.29). In addition, these individuals were shown to have high urinary 8-OH-dG concentrations compared to the individuals with the GPX1 Pro/Pro genotype. On the other hand, the polymorphism of the hOGG1 gene did not affect the lung cancer risk and the oxidative DNA damage. Conclusions : These results lead to a conclusion that individuals with the GPX1 Pro/Leu or Leu/Leu genotype would be more susceptible to the lung cancer induced by oxidative stress than those individuals with the Pro/Pro genotype.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.236-249
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• 1993

연구배경 : 정상 폐상피세포에서는 항상 생성되고 있는 활성산소(oxygen radical)에 의한 유해작용에 노출되어 있고, 이들 유해 산소들은 폐기종과 같은 폐질환의 원인 기전으로 생각되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 방법을 이용하여 만든 폐상피세포 단일막에서 전기생리학적인 관점에서 물질의 이동지표인 short-circuit current(Isc)와 조직저항(R)에 대한 활성산소의 하나인 $H_2O_2$(hydrogen peroxide)가 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 연구함으로서 세포생리학적 기전을 구명하고자 한다. 방법 : Tissue culture-treated polycarbonant membrane filter 에서 배양시킨 쥐 제 2 형 폐상피세포 배양 단일막에서 $H_2O_2$의 능동적 이온 이동 (Isc) 과 수동적 용질이동에 대한 조직저항(R)에 미치는 효과를 관찰하였다. 배양 제 3 일과 제 4 일째 단일막을 수정된 Ussing chamber에 설치하고 막 양측에 HEPES-buffered Ringer 용액으로 incubation 하였다. 외부에서 0~100 mM 농도의 $H_2O_2$를 apical 또는 basolateral side에 작용시켜 Isc와 R의 변화를 관찰하였다. 폐상피세포 장벽이 외부의 $H_2O_2$에 대하여 방어작용을 가지는 세포내 catalase 활성도를 측정하고, catalase 억제제인 aminotriazol(ATAZ) 20 mM의 효과도 함께 관찰하였다. 결과 : 이 단일막은 형태학적으로 보아서 in vivo 에서의 포유류 제 1 형 폐상피세포 장벽의 특성을 나타내고 세포들 사이는 tight junction을 이루며(조직저항 R: 2,000 ohm-$cm^2$ 이상) sodium ion의 능동적 이동 (Isc: 5 ${\mu}A/cm^2$)을 보였다. $H_2O_2$는 dose-dependent 양식으로 Isc와 R 모두 감소시켰다. Apical side에 작용하는 $H_2O_2$에 있어서는 60분에 50% 억제하는 농도인 $ED_{50}$는 Isc와 R은 약 4mM 이었으나 basolateral side의 경우는 약 0.04mM 로서 그 작용 강도는 apical에 비하여 약 100배 정도 더 컸다. ATAZ 존재시 apical side의 $ED_{50}$는 0.4mM로 감소하였으나 basolateral side의 경우 변화가 없었다. $H_2O_2$의 제거율은 apical 또는 basolateral side 어느 쪽에 존재하든 같았으며, 세포내 catalase 활성도는세포배양기간이 길어짐에 따라 증가함을 보였다. 결론 : 이상의 실험결과는 basolateral side에 작용하는 $H_2O_2$는 세포내 막구성성분 중 basolateral 측에 존재하는 곳에(예, $Na^+,\;K^+$-APTase) 직접 장애를 미칠 것으로 생각된다. 한편 apical side에 작용하는 $H_2O_2$는 막성분에 도달하기 전에 세포내에 존재하는 catalase에 의하여 대부분 그 작용을 잃게 된다. 결론적으로 Isc와 R로 측정된 폐상피세포 장벽의 특성은 $H_2O_2$에 의하여 손상을 받고 apical side 보다는 basolateral side 측정이 더 손상을 잘 받게 된다.