• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.626-638
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• 2021

This study is about a life history. Through investigating the life of retired teachers in preschool, elementary, and middle schools, authors wanted to explore the meaning of retirement and the process of adaptation to find out their personal and social needs in post-retirement life. Studies have shown that their experiences at childhood have greatly influenced the performance of one's profession, such as contributing to setting limits on behaviors of their students. In the period of interdependence, they have contributed to serving society and the nation beyond as a professional, and in the second half of his teaching career, they have learned that their painful experience was a resource and have realized that changing mind can make the world changed. Since teachers' behavior affects on many subjects unlike other jobs, rewards or satisfaction from the job was bigger than any other jobs. However, after retirement, they felt a sense of emptiness in life without any sense of belonging or accomplishment, while feeling happiness and infinite freedom in other hand. Thy still go forward for life challenging to new study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.476-487
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• 2022

International research cooperation is emerging as one of the strategies for improving research performance. Therefore, in this study, through the analysis of research reports on the theme of international research cooperation, the subject and issues of international research cooperation were identified and the characteristics of these studies were confirmed. To this end, related report data were constructed, statistical data analysis and big data analysis of the data were performed. Considering the current international research cooperation network, it is necessary to conduct international research cooperation centered on developing countries while paying attention to the increase in China's proportion of international research cooperation. Second, it is necessary to emphasize the importance of international research cooperation in various countries, including developing countries, in that the interdependence of research between countries increases and the citation index of actual joint research is higher. Third, it can be seen that the subject field in which international research cooperation can be activated may vary depending on the type of support project. Therefore, it suggests that in order for international research cooperation on more diverse topics to be carried out, projects supporting them must also be diversified.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.471-481
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• 2022

This study aimed at examining the mediation effects of depressive symptoms on the association between social activity participation and marital satisfaction among couples in later life. The study included 1,196 married couples aged 65 or above who participated in the 7th Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging in 2018. The study variables were husbands' and wives' social activity participation, marital satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Covariates were individual age, education level, subjective health, couples' household income, and number of children. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model (APIMeM) and bootstrapping techniques were used to test the significance of the mediating impacts of depressive symptoms based on the dyadic data structure. The results showed that for both husbands and wives, active participation in social activities had significant effects on increasing marital satisfaction through lowering depressive symptoms. However, only the participation of husbands in social activities was positively associated with their own marital satisfaction by reducing their own and their partner's depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that the active social participation of individuals salient for promoting the quality of marital relationships in later life, particularly for preventing their own and their spouse's depressive symptoms.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.285-294
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• 2023

The trade dispute between China and the U.S. began before Corona and is easing at this time by bringing new changes to the pendemic, and the development of the Chinese manufacturing industry has increased interdependence between the U.S. and China. However, the overall global trade should be less than before pendemic, and Korea's response strategy should be made serious at this time.However, new changes are taking place again these days. With the recent outbreak of COVID-19 in Shanghai, China, new changes are expected to occur in China's industrial chain. As the Chinese government strictly creates quarantine figures for COVID-19, many factories and companies among industries are forced to close for a while. As economic globalization and division of labor continue to deepen, multinationals choose suppliers and industrial chains within the world to form a global supply chain structure to pursue cost minimization and profit maximization. China is an indispensable part. Whether it is China, the U.S. or Korea, it can be a risk and an opportunity now.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.1089-1109
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• 2011

In an attempt to demonstrate in context of Nietzsche's "overman" (ubermensch) and Heidegger's "Being-in-the-World" (Dasein) the collective human efforts to overcome humanism in crisis, I will provide the ground for the poetics of overcoming, the ground which are based upon the double movements of transhumanism and transnationalism. For this purpose, I will turn to the theories of two distinctive poets who reveal and disreveal their truths about the subjecthood or the subjectivity in terms of overcoming: Christopher Dewdney for posthuman transhumanity and Dionisio D. Martinez for transnational cultural contamination Transhumanism represented by Christopher Dewdney manifests an interfusion of outside and inside, thereby collapsing the boundary between the mind and the world, and provides a breakthrough from the limitedly defined mind to the transhuman perspective of overcoming by using terminalogy and techniques from science and technology. The emerging transhumanism reflects the growing interdependence between humans and bio technologies, and suggests a potential improvement of human beings. The main argument of transhumanism is that we humans can and should continue to develop in all possible directions, by overcoming our human limitations by shedding the body and having the disembodied consciousness which will liberate our mind. Kwame Anthony Appiah's "cultural contamination" is another form of overcoming as well as a way to otherness, a counter-ideal of cultural purity which sustains authentic culture, reversing the traditional binary opposition between enriching authenticity and threatening hybridization. Dionisio Martinez's poetry sublimates the negative side of Appiah's concept of contamination, by redeeming the value of the Appiah's list of the ideal of contamination such as hybridity, impurity, intermingling, the transformation that comes of new and unexpected combinations of human beings, a bit of this and a bit of that is how newness enters the world. When a poetic subject is doubly exiled and doubly homeless away from his/her native homeland and home of native language, one has no more identification with the authentic culture of both home and away, but rather anticipates a new identity as a transnational subject to cross the bridge beyond cultural authenticity and to enter into the field of cultural contamination.

• Journal of Ethics
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• no.85
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• pp.167-186
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• 2012

This paper analyzes the meaning of sustainability in sustainable development in the ecological ethics, and suggests the importance of ecological sustainability. In the discussion of ecological sustainability the relation between sustainability and change should be regarded as not conflictual but interactive. The concept 'ecological' in this context means network, and the concept 'sustainability' means the relationship between changing being(or beings) which constitutes ecological system and its unchanging being(or whole relation). So there are two axes of human and ecological system, and three elements namely network which means mutual dependence of human and nature, sustainability which means the maintenance of ecological relations, and responsibility which humans should take for the sustainability, in the ecological sustainability. The maintenance between being and relations of beings, changing sustainability, the priority of being to non-being, mutual interdependence on the basis of solidarity of beings are important values in the ecological sustainability.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2023

This study explores the interrelationship between 'KRX Construction' and 'Business Survey Index'. KRX Construction is a leading economic indicator of construction industry, implying the potential interdependence with BSI Construction. Previous papers have investigated the relationship between the released stock price index and BSI. Using Granger causality tests, this study investigates how the BSI Construction is associated with the trend and noise-trading components of KRX Construction, respectively. The decomposition of KRX Construction of trend and noise-trading is based on the state-space model. The results document unilateral Granger causalities from released KRX Construction, trend component, noise-trading component to BSI Construction. In sum, this study demonstrates that construction company CEOs view stock price index as a leading economic indicator.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.118-129
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• 1993

In order to approach the nursing care of clients who are using oriental medicine and to understand the perception of the client who uses oriental medicine practices and the need to develop a model of nursing related to oriental medicine it is important to examine the major nursing concepts as they are found in oriental medicine and as they are differently defined according to the basic thought, theory and philosophical perspectives between East and West. Oriental medicine developed based on Sung Confucianism the teachings of Chut-zu, especially Tai-Chi-Tu Shuo and energy thought which are similar to traditional Korean Sasang Constitutional medicine. The basic theory on which oriental medicine is build is the theory of the five elements of Yin / Eum-Yang Theory(cosmic dual forces) and Meridian Theory. The most important attribute of Yin Yang is the concept of duality, confrontation and dependence, within Yin Yang but which do not exist separately. That is, the universe is a vast, indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Harmony is achieved only when the two primorial forces, Yin and Yang, are brought into perfect balance. Each is contained within the other and there is a continuing interchange between the two. This also applies to the human body including human health which is defined as balanced harmony. The most universal connection of Yin and Yang is found in the universe where the five elements of life, fire, water, earth, wood and metal can be explained as having either Yin or Yang and therefore being in a state of connectedness but systematically circulating between the two, that is essentalilly one (the control of the unified ) or as coexistant poles of individual wholes (the pluralism of Yin Yang Theory) so that it is all unified(balanced) in the Great Absoulte. Human beings also maintain a balance of Yin and Yang in the five elements and this relationship is very important in approaching ·oriental medicine, The meridians are the channels in the body through which the life force flow throughout the body. In oriental medicine the meridians are seen as the railroad, the acupuncture points on the meridians as the stations and energy as the train. In the normal healthy organism, all are maintained in balance and in a contiuous circulation of energy. illness is the result of the energy flow becoming disarranged. Although practitioners of oriental medicine approach the client differently than do practitioners of Western medicine and their method of examining the patient is different, the basic objectives of the examination are the same for practitioners of both types of medicine. Therefore if each could be used to supplement the defiencies in the other and achieve a harmonious cooperation between the two, a higher level of care which is culturally appropriate to korean culture could be achieved. The traditional korean concept of health is a naturalistic view which emphasizes being in harmony with nature. Any manifestation of disease is considered a sign that the body is in a state of disequilibrium and is thus no longer in harmony with the universe. The wholistic view of the world held by practitioners of oriental medicine can be used by nursing in the development of a world view of nursing in which the human being is seen within the macrocosm as part of the natural phenomenon of the universe and but also as a microcosm of the universe, a universe which is a vast and indivisible entity within which all things exist in harmonious interdependence and balance. Interaction between human beings and their environment and the relationship of this interaction to health are concepts that are also found in nursing. Nursing views human brings, not as an accumulation of separate cells and organs but, as unified wholes interacted in very close relationship nth their environment. Nursing also maintains a view of human beings in which emphasis is placed on the role of the mind in explaining the concepts of harmony and balance in health. Although there are differences between oriental medicine and nursing in approaches to clients, the basic point of view and philosophy have many fundamental similarites. An understanding of the basic thought and philosophy of oriental medicine if applied to nursing, would allow for the development, not only of nursing related to oriental medicine, but of a nursing theory appropriate to the korean context.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2010

The emergence of the field of organizational buying behavior in the mid-1960’s with the publication of Industrial Buying and Creative Marketing (1967) set the stage for a new paradigm of thinking about how business was conducted in markets other than those serving ultimate consumers. Whether it is "industrial marketing" or "business-to-business marketing" (B-to-B), organizational buying behavior remains the core differentiating characteristic of this domain of marketing. This paper explores the impact of several dynamic factors that have influenced how organizations relate to one another in a rapidly increasing interdependence, which in turn can impact organizational buying behavior. The paper also raises the question of whether or not the major conceptual models of organizational buying behavior in an interdependent world are still relevant to guide research and managerial thinking, in this dynamic business environment. The paper is structured to explore three questions related to organizational interdependencies: 1. What are the factors and trends driving the emergence of organizational interdependencies? 2. Will the major conceptual models of organizational buying behavior that have developed over the past half century be applicable in a world of interdependent organizations? 3. What are the implications of organizational interdependencies on the research and practice of organizational buying behavior? Consideration of the factors and trends driving organizational interdependencies revealed five critical drivers in the relationships among organizations that can impact their purchasing behavior: Accelerating Globalization, Flattening Networks of Organizations, Disrupting Value Chains, Intensifying Government Involvement, and Continuously Fragmenting Customer Needs. These five interlinked drivers of interdependency and their underlying technological advances can alter the relationships within and among organizations that buy products and services to remain competitive in their markets. Viewed in the context of a customer driven marketing strategy, these forces affect three levels of strategy development: (1) evolving customer needs, (2) the resulting product/service/solution offerings to meet these needs, and (3) the organization competencies and processes required to develop and implement the offerings to meet needs. The five drivers of interdependency among organizations do not necessarily operate independently in their impact on how organizations buy. They can interact with each other and become even more potent in their impact on organizational buying behavior. For example, accelerating globalization may influence the emergence of additional networks that further disrupt traditional value chain relationships, thereby changing how organizations purchase products and services. Increased government involvement in business operations in one country may increase costs of doing business and therefore drive firms to seek low cost sources in emerging markets in other countries. This can reduce employment opportunitiesn one country and increase them in another, further accelerating the pace of globalization. The second major question in the paper is what impact these drivers of interdependencies have had on the core conceptual models of organizational buying behavior. Consider the three enduring conceptual models developed in the Industrial Buying and Creative Marketing and Organizational Buying Behavior books: the organizational buying process, the buying center, and the buying situation. A review of these core models of organizational buying behavior, as originally conceptualized, shows they are still valid and not likely to change with the increasingly intense drivers of interdependency among organizations. What will change however is the way in which buyers and sellers interact under conditions of interdependency. For example, increased interdependencies can lead to increased opportunities for collaboration as well as conflict between buying and selling organizations, thereby changing aspects of the buying process. In addition, the importance of communication processes between and among organizations will increase as the role of trust becomes an important criterion for a successful buying relationship. The third question in the paper explored consequences and implications of these interdependencies on organizational buying behavior for practice and research. The following are considered in the paper: the need to increase understanding of network influences on organizational buying behavior, the need to increase understanding of the role of trust and value among organizational participants, the need to improve understanding of how to manage organizational buying in networked environments, the need to increase understanding of customer needs in the value network, and the need to increase understanding of the impact of emerging new business models on organizational buying behavior. In many ways, these needs deriving from increased organizational interdependencies are an extension of the conceptual tradition in organizational buying behavior. In 1977, Nicosia and Wind suggested a focus on inter-organizational over intra-organizational perspectives, a trend that has received considerable momentum since the 1990's. Likewise for managers to survive in an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to better understand the complexities of how organizations relate to one another. The transition from an inter-organizational to an interdependent perspective has begun, and must continue so as to develop an improved understanding of these important relationships. A shift to such an interdependent network perspective may require many academicians and practitioners to fundamentally challenge and change the mental models underlying their business and organizational buying behavior models. The focus can no longer be only on the dyadic relations of the buying organization and the selling organization but should involve all the related members of the network, including the network of customers, developers, and other suppliers and intermediaries. Consider for example the numerous partner networks initiated by SAP which involves over 9000 companies and over a million participants. This evolving, complex, and uncertain reality of interdependencies and dynamic networks requires reconsideration of how purchase decisions are made; as a result they should be the focus of the next phase of research and theory building among academics and the focus of practical models and experiments undertaken by practitioners. The hope is that such research will take place, not in the isolation of the ivory tower, nor in the confines of the business world, but rather, by increased collaboration of academics and practitioners. In conclusion, the consideration of increased interdependence among organizations revealed the continued relevance of the fundamental models of organizational buying behavior. However to increase the value of these models in an interdependent world, academics and practitioners should improve their understanding of (1) network influences, (2) how to better manage these influences, (3) the role of trust and value among organizational participants, (4) the evolution of customer needs in the value network, and (5) the impact of emerging new business models on organizational buying behavior. To accomplish this, greater collaboration between industry and academia is needed to advance our understanding of organizational buying behavior in an interdependent world.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.121-139
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• 2015

This study examine the overlapping concepts among the brand performance variables such as brand trust, consumer-brand relationship, and brand loyalty in study one after divided consumer-brand relationship into 4 different variables, brand congruity, interdependence, brand nostalgia, brand love. Contrary to expectation, conclusion of factor analysis shows that there exist 4 factors based on eigenvalue. The variables such as brand experience, consumer-relationship, and brand love are divided into several variables and verified the validity of these concepts. We can easily witness this kind of situation because researchers use different scales on same variables Second study suggest brand love is concept that harder to accomplish than brand loyalty. Because the several fit indices of first model that indicate the simple relationships among brand trust, consumer-brand relationship, and brand loyalty are very low to accept, this study propose 4 different models. Conclusion shows that model 3b(love is placed last) is most acceptable thing. And this means love brands like people might be hardest thing to achieve.