• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.51-86
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate on-line comprehension processing in pronoun resolution. The two important constraints investigated in this study were the gender cue of pronoun and the antecedent case. Using antecedent probe recognition task. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of gender cues and antecedent cases on probe recognition time. There were on signigicant effects of employed variable. This result suggest the possibilty of immediate antecedent assignment depending on the degree of syntactic constraints satisfaction. In Experiment 2. using antecedent probe recognition task. the primed activation level differences between antecedents and non-antecedents over time-course intervals from 0 to 250msec were measured. The effect of gender cues was obtained over 0-250msec time-course condition. This indicates that the gender cues can determine the assignment of proper antecedent for a pronoun. In Experiment 3, subect-case pronouns were used only:Unambiguous gender cues were given and the time-course intervals of 250 and 750msec were employed. A signigicant interaction effect of antecedent cases with probe conditions was obtained. All the results of this research suggest that gender cues are powerful constraints for pronoun resolution.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.720-725
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• 2004

A number of signaling molecules contain small pleckstrin homology (PH) domains capable of binding phosphoinositides or proteins. Phospholipase C (PLC)-${\gamma}1$ has two putative PH domains, an $NH_2$-terminal (PH1) and a split PH domain ($nPH_2$ and $cPH_2$). We previously reported that the split PH domain of PLC-${\gamma}1$ binds to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI(4)P) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)$P_2$) (Chang et al., 2002). To identify the amino acid residues responsible for binding with PI(4)P and PI(4,5)$P_2$, we used site-directed mutagenesis to replace each amino acid in the variable loop-1 (VL-1) region of the PLC-${\gamma}1$ $nPH_2$ domain with alanine (a neutral amino acid). The phosphoinositide-binding affinity of these mutant molecules was analyzed by Dot-blot assay followed by ECL detection. We found that two PLC-${\gamma}1$ nPH2 domain mutants, P500A and H503A, showed reduced affinities for phosphoinositide binding. Furthermore, these mutant PLC-${\gamma}1$ molecules showed reduced PI(4,5)$P_2$ hydrolysis. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein system, we showed that both $PH_1$ and $nPH_2$ domains are responsible for membrane-targeted translocation of PLC-${\gamma}1$ upon serum stimulation. Together, our data reveal that the amino acid residues $Pro^{500}$ and $His^{503}$ are critical for binding of PLC-${\gamma}1$ to one of its substrates, PI(4,5)$P_2$ in the membrane.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2000.11b
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• pp.146-153
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• 2000

The rubber crawler system for farm machine is composed of driving units such as track rollers, driving sprockets and rubber crawlers. Vibration characteristics of the rubber crawler system varies by driving speed, center of gravity, mass□moment of inertial□location arrangement of track rollers and dynamic parameters such as dynamic spring constant (k) and viscous damping coefficient (c) of a rubber crawler. In general, vibration of the rubber crawler system occurs by reason for mechanical interaction between the rubber crawler and track rollers. Because the dynamic spring constant and viscous damping coefficient vary periodically by mechanical characteristics(deformation characteristics) of the rubber crawler when track rollers drive on the between lugs of the rubber crawler. Therefore, both dynamic parameters k and c were expressed as Fourier series by authors through the shaking test of the rubber crawler and further, vibration characteristics of the rubber crawler system could be simulated analytically. However, actual values of dynamic parameters k and c are different from those obtained by the shaking test because dynamic characteristics of the rubber crawler vary by the effect of variable tension and driving resistance of track rollers. So, actual values of k and c should be identified in the condition of actual driving test. In this study, dynamic parameters such as k and c of the rubber crawler system, which are expressed as Fourier series, were identified using the Gauss-Newton Method. Therefore, validity of identified parameters k and c was discussed through the simulation using experimental data of actual driving test. As a result, in the Fourier series of dynamic parameters of spring constant k and viscous damping coefficient c, excellent parameter convergence and simulation were observed using the Fourier series' zero order and first term of the dynamic model. Furthermore, it was clarified that identification for model parameters which are fitted to actual dynamic motion (vibration) wave of the crawler system was possible by using the time series data observed in vertical and pitching motion of the crawler system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1-11
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of different group incentive type on performance under two types of interdependence in a task structure. One hundred twenty college and graduate students were recruited and asked to perform group typing task. Each typing groups organized three members. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: equally-distributed incentive and differentially-distributed under two different task interdependence. In this study, the dependent variable was the number of correctly typed characters. We found the significant interaction effects between group incentive type and task interdependence. Specifically, under interdependent task, the work performance of participants in equally-distributed group incentive condition was higher than the performance in differentially-distributed group incentive condition.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.5 no.2 s.16
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• pp.15-24
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• 2003

The performance of waterproofing system (WPS) is known to be a function of many complex interaction of material factors, design details, and the quality of construction, but it is mainly determined by the bond strength, which is measured by tensile adhesive strength (TAS) test. to the concrete bridge deck. In this research, eight waterproofing membranes were selected from commercial market and the tensile adhesive characteristics of the WPS on concrete bridge deck were investigated in view of various factor in asphalt pavement. The factors include type of asphalt mixture, pavement thickness, paving temperature and influence of wheel loading. TAS test of different asphalt pavement types showed that TAS of WPS under SMA (Stone Mastic Asphalt) pavement was greater than that under dense asphalt pavement. TAS of sheet membranes was improved as the compaction temperature of asphalt concrete increase, but TAS of liquid membranes were not. The influence of thickness of pavement val minimal with given laboratory test condition. TAS of sheet membranes after wheel tracking test were in the order of the sites under wheel path (UWP), before wheel tracking (BWT) and nearby wheel path (NWP). Since TAS of the same WPS of UWP was higher than TAS of BWT, wheel loading had function of pressing WPS resulting in higher adhesive strength. But liquid membranes were variable on types. The feature of detached interface after TAS test showed that sheet types were all detached in between deck concrete and WPS, and liquid types were detached in between asphalt pavement and WPS.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.25
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• pp.83-150
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• 1993

Traditionally, the emphasis of the information services had been placed on the information provider's knowledge of information sources or information systems. However, in view of the increasing complexity of the information environment. and changes taking place in information professions the evaluation of the information services has callded for further research in interpersonal communication aspects of the librarian user interface especially that which links to user satisfaction. This experimental study was carried out for the purpose of exploring the implications of nonverbal behaviors in measuring user satisfaction in the light of the fact that the meaning of nonverbal clues includes more than verbal communication especially in dealing with variable barriers even though they operate at low levels of awareness. In this sense, among the wide range of nonverbal communication areas in particular kinesics, artifacts and the proximics were examined to suggest alternative model which can be applied effectively in our specific set of information work environment. Two major university libraries and two research libraries in Korea were chosen and visited for the anlysis and per each refernce/information interview the librarian's nonverbal behaviors were checked on the observer's checklist and the qustionnaires completed by the user at a time. On the basis of these data firstly, the relation of user satisfaction concerned with the librarian's nonverbal communication to user satisfaction with information services was analyzed and the possible communication barriers were investigated. In addition, the effect of training the information librarian with positive nonverbal communication skills on the user's satisfaction was analyzed in a SAS computer program in the area of kinesics. On the other hand, the effect of other nonverbal behaviors such as proximics and artifacts known very important clues to improving a complex human interaction was discussed along with their experimental results. In conclusion, it was found that most of users were not sensitive to the importance of nonverbal behaviors exposed by the information librarian, but it was proved that the ultimate user satisfaction and the satisfaction of the librarian's nonverbal behaviors are correlated positively, Moreover, nonverbal behaviors displayed by the trained librarian toward the user had a considerable effect on the user's evalution of information services compared with those by the untrained. These findings imply that in order to control the librarian's nonverbal behaviors and to help the user overcome his barriers the information librarian as a specialist needs to assure and modify willilingly his communication behavior. Without making effective use of such nonverbal communication, information librarian could not expect to meet the user's information needs either. However, when these positive nonverbal behaviors are applied it would be highly desirable to be aware of cultural and contextual differences. With regard to increasing information services success the applicable nonverbal communication model for library management and education can be suggested as below.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2010

Resistance to Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici Leonian) of commercial cultivars of Capsicum pepper in Korea were evaluated from 2008 to 2010. In 2008 and 2009, the cultivars were tested for resistance to the Pc003 isolate collected in Youngyang, Gyeongbuk province. In 2010, the selected cultivars in the previous years were tested by inoculating with 3 isolates obtained from the pepper plants in Miryang in Gyeongnam province, Youngyang in Gyeongbuk province, and Goesan in Chungbuk province. A continuous variation in resistance from highly resistant to susceptible was observed among the commercial pepper cultivars. It was also noted that some cultivars, although their names were initiating with 'Yeokgang' or 'PR' meaning Phytophthora resistance, were very low in resistance or susceptible. When the resistant cultivars selected in 2008 and 2009 experiment were inoculated with the 3 isolates, all the commercial cultivars except a rootstock, 'Tantan', succumbed to the exceptionally virulent Pc005 (Miryang) isolate. Pc002 (Goesan) was a little more virulent than Pc003 (Youngyang). A few cultivars resistant to Pc003 (Youngyang) were severely infected by Pc002 (Goesan). Significant interaction in analysis of variance suggested the differential interactions between cultivars and pathogen isolates. Strategies to breed cultivars having high level of resistance to the highly variable pathogenic fungus, Phytophthora capsici, were discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2018

As high-rise buildings came in, the landscape of rural areas and natural landscapes often got damaged. Therefore, this study aims to prevent this, grasp the extent of the influence of the surrounding landscape, to grasp the range of height that can be permitted and present the direction of landscape management of agriculture and natural landscape. This study tried to grasp the range of height by using price sensitivity analysis method for two apartment and apartment complex which entered DangJin city and SeoSan city. First, in the case of a two apartment, the range of the height allowable section was from the 6th floor to the 11th floor in close range view, and it was a section from the 7th floor to the 12th floor in medium range view. In the case of the apartment complex, the range of the height allowable range was from the 10th floor to the 17th floor in close range view, the 9th floor to the 16th floor in medium range view. The stress index was found to be positive in a two apartment in close range view, and in the apartment complex case. therefore it was better to set it to a lower in the Range of Acceptable Height(RAH). Second, it showed no difference in the sensitivity of landscape to gender. Thirdly, the results of the landscape sensitivity analysis of major and non-major showed the difference in the medium range view picture of the apartment complex. Majors are lower than the point of minimum height(PMinH) than non-Majors. In the case of major, the stress index was 1.4. it turned out that it was better to make a decision closer to point of minimum height (PMinH). In the case of non-major, the stress index was -1.3. it was also able to accept decision close to the point of maximum height (PMaxH). Since the results of the above research gave changes only in the variable of the height of the landscape, we can not grasp the point of interaction with other variables, and future research is considered necessary.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.307-316
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• 2019

In the agricultural sector, greenhouse gas emissions vary depending on the interaction of all ecosystem changes such as soil environment, weather environment, crop growth, and anthropogenic farming activities. Agricultural sector greenhouse gas emissions resulting from many of these interactions are highly variable. Uncertainty-based evaluation that defines the interval with confidence level of greenhouse gas emission and absorption is necessary to take account of the variance characteristics of individual emissions, but research on uncertainty evaluation method is insufficient. This study aims to decide on the effect of reducing N₂O emissions from upland soils using an uncertainty-based approach. An uncertainty-based approach confirmed whether there was a difference between confidence intervals in the 5 different fertilizer treatment groups to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Unlike the statistically significant test with three repetition averages, the uncertainty-based approach method estimated in this study is able to estimate the confidence interval considering the distribution characteristics of the emissions, such as the dispersion characteristics of individual emissions. Therefore, it is considered that the reliability of emissions can be improved by statistically testing the variance characteristics of emissions such as the uncertainty-based approach. It is hoped that the direction of the uncertainty-based approach for the effect of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture will be helpful in the future development of agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction technology, adaptation to climate change, and further development of sustainable eco-social system.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2009

Previous research has mainly investigated the characteristics of expertise by using typical and routine tasks. This research to overcome these limitations included non-routine task situations and observed expert and novice pilots' situation awareness (SA) performance in routine and non-routine situations. Additionally, whether the ability to aware or perceive the environmental information in limited time varies with the level of expertise was tested. To this end, $2^*2^*2$ mixed factorial design was employed, including expertise (novice/expert) as a between-subjects variable and normality of fight situation (routine/non-routine) and stimulus display time (long/short) as within-subjects variables. As results, there was no performance difference in routine situations between experts and novices, while experts significantly outperformed novices in non-routine situations. When the display time became shorter, overall SA accuracy was decreased for both experts and novices, whereas experts' performance remained significantly higher than novices in short and long conditions. When we examined the interaction between the normality of fight situation and stimulus display time, there was no difference between experts and novices in routine situations for both short and long conditions. In non-routine situations, however, experts' SA accuracy was significantly higher than novices both in short and long conditions. Overall, non-routineness of flight situation does not have any impact on SA performance of experts, while it has a critical impact on SA performance of novices.