• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1649-1657
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• 2006

In order to find an alternative source of inoculum to caecal content for studying the fermentation activity of rabbit hindgut, caecal content and faeces of 25 hybrid Hyla rabbits were used as inocula for an in vitro gas production trial. About 1 g of three substrates (dehydrated alfalfa meal, dehydrated beet pulp, barley) was weighed, in quadruplicate per inoculum, in 120 ml bottles; 75 ml of anaerobic medium and 4 ml of reducing solution were added and bottles were placed at $39^{\circ}C$. Caecal content and faeces were diluted respectively 1:2 (CI) and 1:8 (FI) with anaerobic medium and were introduced in the respective bottles (10 ml). Gas production was recorded 20 times at 2-24 h intervals throughout fermentation (96 h). The fermentation characteristics (i.e. degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; fermentation rate, Rmax; time at which it is reached, Tmax; pH, volatile fatty acid, VFA) were studied by inoculum and feedstuffs. The feedstuffs, according to their chemical composition, showed very different fermentation characteristics. In particular, OMd, A and Rmax allowed feedstuff classification as follows: barley>beet pulp>alfalfa. The inocula differ (p<0.05) in Tmax, were higher for CI (15.53 vs. 11.96 h) and in VFA production. In particular, CI produced higher levels of acetate (38.9 vs. 33.4 mM/g OM incubated, p<0.01) and isobutyrate (0.72 vs. 0.42, p<0.01) but less propionate (7.1 vs. 10.3, p<0.01) and butyrate (11.3 vs. 14.0, p<0.01). However, the trend of gas production, similar for the inocula according to the fermented substrate, and the good regression equation to estimate some caecal fermentation parameters from faeces suggest that, after standardisation, the faeces could be used as an alternative inoculum for gas tests in rabbit.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.177-181
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• 1985

Aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 with two different levels of inoculum sizes ($10^2$ and $10^6$ spores) was studied on such varieties of soybeans produced in Korea as Bongeui, Hwang Keum, Jangbaek, Danyeop, Jangyeop and Namcheon. With the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores/10 g of soybeans, there were statistically difference (p<0.05) on the production of aflatoxins in the varieties of soybeans. The variety of Namcheon produced 7 times higher amount of aflatoxin $B_1$ than that of Bongeui. The variety of Jangyeop produced the highest level of aflatoxin $G_1$ among the varieties employed. Namcheon and Jangyeop were the varieties which supported high amounts of aflatoxins. Much higher levels of aflatoxins were obtained on the soybeans than on rice in general with the inoculum size of $10^2$ spores. With the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores/10 g of soybeans, significantly lower levels of aflatoxins were synthesized by the mold than those with $10^2$ spores. The variety of Namcheon resulted in the lowest production of aflatoxin $B_1$ while Hwangkeum was the variety that produced highest amount of aflatoxin $B_1$. There were no significant differences within the varieties on the production of aflatoxin $G_1$ by the mold except the variety of Hwangkeum. Lower quantities of aflatoxin $B_1$ were produced by the mold en the soybeans than on rice with the inoculum size of $10^6$ spores.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.557-562
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• 2022

In this study we evaluated biohydrogen production potential as operational parameters (substrate, salt concentration, and temperature) using eight inoculum sources. While the volumetric biohydrogen production rate was significantly affected by temperature and inoculum sources, substrate and salt concentration did not have a significant effect on the biohydrogen production. Mesophilic temperature (37℃) was also found more appropriate for the hydrogen production than thermophilic temperature (50℃). Rate, while the eight inoculum sources, anaerobic digestion sludge exhibited the fastest biohydrogen production. The maximum production rate from anaerobic digestion sludge was 2,729 and 1,385 ml-H₂·l^-1·d^-1 at mesophilic and thermophilic temperature, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.442-447
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• 2004

Cell growth and gomisin J production by suspension cultures of Schisandra chinensis Baillon were investigated under various culture media, initial sucrose concentrations, shaking speeds, and inoculum sizes. Callus was induced from in vitro cultivated leaf segments on MS medium supplemented with $1\;mg/{\ell}$ NAA. The maximum dry cell weight of 2.23 g was obtained at inoculum size of 0.5 g fresh cell weight and in MB5 medium supplemented with $1\;mg/{\ell}$ NAA, 3% sucrose after 8 weeks. The production of gomisin J in suspension cell cultures was maximized in WPM medium containing 5% sucrose. The shaking speed for maintaining maximal cell dry weight was 100 rpm while the best shaking speed for gomisin J accumulation was 140 rpm.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.219-255
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• 1996

사과 겹무늬썩음병의 주 전염원은 가지 병반에서 형성되는 자낭포자 및 병포자이므로, 가지에서의 포자형성 또는 포자의 분산을 화학적 또는 물리적 방법으로 저해할 수만 있다면 효과적으로 병을 방제할 수 있을 것으로 생각했다. 전염원을 줄이기 위한 첫 번째 시도로 1992년 이른봄 가지에 형성된 사마귀를 호미로 제거한 결과, 병포자의 분산과 과실발병 억제효과에 있어서 무처리와 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 두 번째 시도로 포자의 분산을 막기 위해 1993년 이른봄에 겹무늬썩음병에 걸린 가지를 비닐필름으로 감고 5월부터 9월까지 20일 간격으로 살균제를 살포한 결과, 통계적으로 유의성이 인정되는 병 방제효과가 있었고, 나무의 생육에 있어서도 콜크층이 이상 비대하는 것 이외에 별다른 이상이 없었다. 이 개념을 더욱 발전시켜 1994년 이른봄에는 병든 가지를 수용성 고분자 물질인 polyvinyl alcohol로 도포하고 수배 분산 포자의 수를 조사한 결과, 포자의 분산량이 크게 줄어져 실용화의 가능성이 시사되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.207-214
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• 1990

Growth properties of carrot hairy roots transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes were compared in flask and bioreactor. Oxygen transfer coefficient KLa was measured during the cultivation in bioreactor. In flask cultures, initially sucrose 30g/l was nearly exhausted after 20days. pH was dropped from initially 5.8 to 4.79 after 4 days, but it is stable after that time. Finally, after 28 days, hairy roots were grown about twelve times. In view of the results studied optimum conditions, hairy roots were maintained high growth rates in sucrose 50g/l, pH 5.8, total nitrogen 60mM. Also in bioreactor cultures, fixed stainless sieve in bottom and aerated 0.31 vvm, the results of cultivation by the use of sucrose 50g/l had grown about twenty-eight times and pH variations were liked in flask. As a results, growth rate of 1.756g fresh weight/day/g inoculum in bioreactor were higher about three times than 0.57g fresh weight/day/g inoculum in flask culture. KLa values were showed a tendency to decrease from 0.209 min-1 to 0.068 min-1.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 1993

Growth responses of some intestinal bacteria such as bifidobacteria and Clostridium perfringens to the extracts of certain foodstuffs were investigated in vitro. Among edible mountain herbs, the extracts of several chui-na-muls (Aster tataricus, Ligularia fischeri and Aster scaber) had an inhibitory activity against C. perfringens on the agar plate and the water extract of Aster scaber worked selectively on it among intestinal bacteria. The water extract showed growth-promoting effect toward bifidobacteria such as B. adolescentis, B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. infantis and B. thermophilum in the broth culture. When the faecal inoculum was incubated in the culture with the extract, the population of C. perfringens decreased, whereas that of bifidobacteria increased by $10^3$ scale.$\beta$-glucuronidase activity in the culture with the water extract of Aster scaber digested with pepsin and pancreatin was lower than that in the control culture.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1519-1522
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• 2009

This study reports the use of different inducing agents (olive, soybean, and used frying oils) and culture mediums [synthetic medium (SM), whey protein, and corn steep liqueur (SL)] to optimize the production of lipase by Fusarium oxysporum. A relationship among the inoculum size, presence of a fat source, fungal growth, and lipase production was evident during the fermentation. The best results were achieved when the inoculum was grown in SM or SL and the fermentation was developed in SM with frying oil as the inducing agent. The maximum activity (about 15 U/mL) was obtained after a 72 hr cultivation.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2002

To maximize and sustain the productivity of Monascus pigments, various environmental and nutritional parameters, such as the initial moisture content, pH, inoculum size, sample size, and nutrient supplement, that influence pigment production were evaluated in solid-state cultures as follows: initial moisture content, $50\%;$ pH, 6.0; inoculum size $1\;\times\;10^4$ spore cells $(grams\;of\;dry\;solid\;substrate)^{-1};$ sample size, 300 g. All supplementary nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, and mineral sources) added has inhibitory effects on the cell growth and red pigment production. In open tray culture the maximum biomass yield and specific productivity of red pigments were 223 mg DCW $(grams\;of\;initial\;dry\;substrate)^{-1}$ and, $47.6\;OD_{500}\;(DCW\;grams)^{-1}h^h{-1}$ respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.115-118
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• 2000

To determine the degree of variability among the host plant species in their abilities to become colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), the inoculum for AMF was collected from the various sites in Korea and was inoculated to the three horticultural plants; Tagetes patula, Torenia fournieri, and Salvia splendens. After 4-month growth under greenhouse, mycorrhizal root colonization rates and spore density were measured. The roots of T. patula showed higher colonization rate than both plants of T. fournieri and Salvia splendens. The mycorrhizal root colonization was influenced by both of the AM fungal inoculum and the host species or their interactions. The combination of the host and fungal species was suggested to be important for the application of AMF to horticultural crops.