• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.111-114
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• 2010

Purpose: There has been recent interest in the radioactivity uptake and image acquisition of radioactivity concentration. The degree of uptake is strongly affected by many factors containing $^{18}F$-FDG injection volume, tumor size and the density of blood glucose. Therefore, we investigated how radioactivity uptake in target influences 2D or 3D image analysis and elucidate radioactivity concentration that mediate this effect. This study will show the relationship between the radioactivity uptake and 2D,3D image acquisition on radioactivity concentration. Materials and Methods: We got image with 2D and 3D using 1994 NEMA PET phantom and GE Discovery(GE, U.S.A) STe 16 PET/CT setting the ratio of background and hot sphere's radioactivity concentration as being a standard of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:30 respectively. And we set 10 minutes for CT attenuation correction and acquisition time. For the reconstruction method, we applied iteration method with twice of the iterative and twenty times subset to both 2D and 3D respectively. For analyzing the images, We set the same ROI at the center of hot sphere and the background radioactivity. We measured the radioactivity count of each part of hot sphere and background, and it was comparative analyzed. Results: The ratio of hot sphere's radioactivity density and the background radioactivity with setting ROI was 1:1.93, 1:3.86, 1:7.79, 1:8.04, 1:18.72, and 1:26.90 in 2D, and 1:1.95, 1:3.71, 1:7.10, 1:7.49, 1:15.10, and 1:23.24 in 3D. The differences of percentage were 3.50%, 3.47%, 8.12%, 8.02%, 10.58%, and 11.06% in 2D, the minimum differentiation was 3.47%, and the maximum one was 11.06%. In 3D, the difference of percentage was 3.66%, 4.80%, 8.38%, 23.92%, 23.86%, and 22.69%. Conclusion: The difference of accumulated concentrations is significantly increased following enhancement of radioactivity concentration. The change of radioactivity density in 2D image is affected by less than 3D. For those reasons, when patient is examined as follow up scan with changing the acquisition mode, scan should be conducted considering those things may affect to the quantitative analysis result and take into account these differences at reading.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.101-104
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• 2010

Purpose: Raynaud scan is divided to flow, blood pool and local-delay image. Usually, we evaluate comparison through blood pool and local-delay image. We will evaluate about usability when comparative observe blood image and local-delay image in Raynaud scan that used $^{201}Tl$ as making flow image to one sheet of images. Materials and Methods: We have selected 29 Raynaud phenomenon patients aged 14~68 years who visited department of vascular surgery between Feb. 2008 and Aug. 2009. An intravenous injection $^{201}Tl$ of 111 MBq (3 mCi) to opposite side diagonal line limbs above an internal auditing department. Equipment used Philips gamma camera forte A-Z, and collimator used LEHR. Matrix size set up to each $64{\times}64$, $128{\times}128$, $256{\times}256$ and zoom factor used to full field. Protocol of dynamic is 2 second to 155 frames. Blood pool and delay count to 300 second. We set up ROI by a foundation to data acquired in PEGASYS processing program. Each results were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 statistical software. Results: Each averages of count ratio (Rt / Lt) to have been given at composite image, a blood pool image, delay images analyzed at Raynaud phenomenon patients is $1.25{\pm}0.39$, $1.20{\pm}0.33$, $1.11{\pm}0.17$. The sample analysis results of blood pool image and delay image contented itself with p<0.029. Also, there don't have been each difference, and blood pool image, delay image regarding composite image was able to know. Conclusion: We were able to give help for comparison to evaluate a blood pool image and a local delay image at the Raynaud scan which used $^{201}Tl$ while making a flow image to one sheet image. Identification to be visual too was possible. If you are proceeded a researcher that there was further depth, you are more appropriate for, and you may get useful information.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.548-555
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was conducted to investigate whether asparagine (Asn) could improve liver energy status in weaning pigs when challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Methods: Forty-eight weaned pigs ($Duroc{\times}Large\;White{\times}Landrace$, $8.12{\pm}0.56kg$) were assigned to four treatments: i) CTRL, piglets received a control diet and injected with sterile 0.9% NaCl solution; ii) lipopolysaccharide challenged control (LPSCC), piglets received the same control diet and injected with Escherichia coli LPS; iii) lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+0.5% Asn, piglets received a 0.5% Asn diet and injected with LPS; and iv) LPS+1.0% Asn, piglets received a 1.0% Asn diet and injected with LPS. All piglets were fed the experimental diets for 19 d. On d 20, the pigs were injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli LPS at $100{\mu}g/kg$ body weights or the same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution based on the assigned treatments. Then the pigs were slaughtered at 4 h and 24 h after LPS or saline injection, and the liver samples were collected. Results: At 24 h after LPS challenge, dietary supplementation with 0.5% Asn increased ATP concentration (quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase adenylate energy charges and reduce AMP/ATP ratio (quadratic, p<0.1) in liver. In addition, Asn increased the liver mRNA expression of pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase ${\beta}$ (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05), and had a tendency to increase the mRNA expression of hexokinase 2 (linear, p<0.1). Moreover, Asn increased liver phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK)/total AMP-activated protein kinase (tAMPK) ratio (linear, p<0.05; quadratic, p<0.05). However, at 4 h after LPS challenge, Asn supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Conclusion: The present study indicated that Asn could improve the energy metabolism in injured liver at the late stage of LPS challenge.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) caused by the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has an important economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. This study examined the adjuvant effects of a plasmid encoding chicken interleukin-6 (pcDNA-ChIL-6) and levamisole (LMS) on in ovo prime-boost vaccination using a genetic vaccine (pcDNA-VP243) to prime in chicken followed by a killed-vaccine boost. A pcDNA-VP243 was injected into the amniotic sac alone or in combination with a pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS at embryonation day 18, followed by an intramuscular injection of killed IBD vaccine at 1 week of age. The chicken were orally challenged with very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) strain at 3 weeks of age and observed for 10 days. No mortality was observed in the groups that received the pcDNA-VP243 alone and pcDNA-VP243 plus pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS compared to 100% mortality in unvaccinated challenge control group. However, as determined by bursal damage (the presence of IBDV RNA, B/B ratio, and lesion score), a pcDNA-VP243 alone group was superior to pcDNA-VP243 plus pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS groups in the protection against post-challenge. These findings suggest that in ovo priming with genetic vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine is an effective strategy for protecting chicken against vvIBDV and the addition of pcDNA-ChIL-6 or LMS did not enhance protective immunity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.88-100
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• 1998

Since fractures may serve as major conduits of groundwater flow in crystalline rocks, characterization of conductive fractures is especially important for interpretation of flow system. In this study, characterization of fractures to investigate hydraulically conductive fractures in gneisses at an abandoned mine area was performed. The orientation, width, length, movement sense, infilling materials, spacing, aperture, roughness of both joints and faults and intersection and connectivity to other joints were measured on outcrops. In addition, characteristics of subsurface fractures were examined by core logging in five boreholes, of which the orientations were acquired by acoustic televiewer logging from three boreholes. The dominant fracture sets were grouped from outcrops; GSet 1: N50-82$^{\circ}$E/55-90$^{\circ}$SE, GSet 2: N2-8$^{\circ}$E/56-86$^{\circ}$SE, GSet 3: N46-72$^{\circ}$W/60-85$^{\circ}$NE, GSet 4:Nl2-38$^{\circ}$W/15-40$^{\circ}$SW and from subsurface; HSet 1: N50-90$^{\circ}$E/55-90$^{\circ}$SE, HSet 2: N10-30$^{\circ}$E/50-70$^{\circ}$SE, HSet 3: N20-60$^{\circ}$W/50-80$^{\circ}$NE, HSet 4: N10-50$^{\circ}$E/$\leq$40$^{\circ}$NW. Among them, GSet 1, GSet 3 and HSet 1, HSet 3 are the most intensely developed fracture sets in the study area. The mean fracture spacings of HSet 1 are 30-47cm and code 1 fractures, such as faults and open fractures, comprise 21.0-42.9 percent of the whole fractures in each borehole. HSet 3 shows the mean fracture spacings of 55-57cm and the ratio of code 1 fractures is 15.4-26.9 percent. In spite of the mean fracture spacing of 239cm, code 1 fractures of HSet 4 have the highest ratio of 54.5 percent. From the fact that faults or open fractures have high hydraulic conductivity, it can be inferred that the three fracture sets of N55-85$^{\circ}$E/50-80$^{\circ}$SE, N20-60$^{\circ}$W/50-75$^{\circ}$NE and N10-30$^{\circ}$E/$\leq$30$^{\circ}$NW from a fracture system of relatively high conductivity. It is indirectly verified with geophysical loggings and constant injection tests performed in the boreholes.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.374-381
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• 1998

Purpose: I-131 labeled (2'-deoxy-2'-iodo-${\beta}$-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (IAD) may be involved in DNA synthesis during active proliferation of tumor cells. We conducted this study to find out the biodistribution of IAD and it's feasibility for scintigraphic tumor imaging. Materials and Methods: Tosyl acetyl-adenosine was dissolved in acetonitrile, and I-131-NaI was added and heated to synthesize IAD. Female Fisher 344 rats innoculated with breast tumor cells were injected with 0.27 MBq of IAD. Rats were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24h and the % of injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) was determined. For scintigraphy, rats bearing breast cancer were administered with 1.11 MBq of IAD and imaging was performed after 2 and 24h. Then, rat body was fixed and microtomized slice was placed on radiographic film for autoradiography. Results: %ID/g of tumor was 0.74 (0.5h),0.73 (1h), 0.55 (2h), 0.38 (4h), and 0.05 (24h), respectively. At 1h after injection, %ID/g of tumor was higher than that of heart (0.34), liver (0.42), spleen (0.47), kidney (0.69), muscle (0.14), bone (0.33) and intestine (0.51). However, %ID/g of tumor was lower than blood (1.06), lung (0.77), and thyroid (177.71). At 4h, %ID/g of tumor in comparison with other tissue did not change. Tumor contrast expressed by tumor to blood ratio was 0.69 and tumor to muscle ratio was 5.11 at 1h. However, these ratios did not improve through 24h. On autoradiogram and scintigraphy at 2 and 24 hour, the tumor was well visualized. Conclusion: This results suggest that IAD may have a potential for tumor scintigraphy. However, further work is needed to improve localization in tumor tissue.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.306-312
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of N fertigation on the growth, yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiencies during tomato cultivation, seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam soil under plastic film house condition. 0, 88, 132, 176, $220\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N rates, which correspond to 0 (NF0), 40 (NF40), 60 (NF60), 80 (NF80), 100% (NF100) N level of soil test-based N fertilization, were injected weekly through drip irrigation system for 15 weeks in N fertigation system, and the control (conventional N treatment) was installed for comparison. Herein, nitrogen was applied by top-dressing with 60% as a basal and 40% as additional fertilizer. There was little different in stem diameter growth among N fertigation treatments, but plant height and dry matter increased with increasing N fertigation rates as well as in N conventional treatment. Tomato yield was increased with increasing the number of marketable fruits in N fertigation treatments, and the fruit yield was maximized in NF 80 treatment ($176\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N supply or $96.6\;mg\;L^{-1}$ N injection). Dry matter productivity and nitrogen uptake amount were significantly increased with increasing N fertigation rates. The ratio of fruits to the dry weight of whole plant was decreased with increasing N fertigation rates, but this ratio was $2.6{\sim}5.3%$ higher in N fertigation treatments than in the control. In addition, the ratios of nitrogen distributed toward fruits in N fertigation treatments were $3.7{\sim}21.7%$ higher than that of control. The apparent N recovery percentages showed significantly higher values as $71.8{\sim}102.3%$ in N fertigation treatments, compared to 45% in N conventional treatment. Water use efficiency was significantly increased by fertigation system with the maximum $361\;kg/ha\;cm^{-1}$ in NF 80, which is comparable to $324\;kg/ha\;cm^{-1}$ of the conventional treatment. Conclusively, N fertigation system was effective on increasing tomato productivity and nutrient efficiency as well as 20% reduction of N fertilization level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.710-716
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary oligosaccharide on the blood glucose and serum lipid composition in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 150$\pm$10g were randomly assigned to one normal and four STZ-induced diabetic groups. Diabetic groups were classified to basal diet(DM group) 10% xylooligosaccharide diet(DM-XO group) 10% isomaltooligosaccharide(DM-IMO group) and 10% fructooligosaccharide (DM-FO). Diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 50 mg/kg of body weight of STZ in citrate buffer (pH 4.3) after feeding of experimental diets for 4 weeks. The rats were fed with experimental diet for further 4 weeks in diabetic state. The oligosaccharide diets were not effected on the body weight food intakes and food efficiency ratio. The oligosaccharide diets were also not effected on the body weight food intakes and food efficiency ratio. The oligosaccharide diets were also not effected on the weights of liver kidney and small intestine but the weight of cecum was significantly increased on the groups of xylooligosaccharide and isomaltooligosaccharide diet. The levels of oral glucose tolerance test was more effectively improved by DM-XO group. The levels of blood glucose were markedly lower in oligosaccharide supplemented groups than that of DM group. The levels of blood glucose were markedly lower in oligosaccharide supplemented groups than that of DM group. Activities of two intestinal enzymes such as lactase and sucrase in DM-XO and DM-FO groups were lower than that of DM group while activity of maltase was lower only in DM-XO in DM-FO groups than that of DM-group respectively. The levels of serum triglyceride in DM-XO group were lower than that of DM-group respectively. The levels of serum triglyceride in DM-XO groups were lower than that of DM group however was no significant differences among the oligosaccharide groups. These results suggest that dietary oligosaccharide may act as functional food to be capable of improving carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate coracohumeral distance (CHD) in patients with or without subcoracoid impingement with hypothesis that patients with subcoracoid impingement would have narrower CHD. Materials and Methods: One hundred twenty-four patients with subacromial impingement were evaluated. The subjects with subcoracoid impingement which was affirmed clinically and confirmed by ultrasound guided subcoracoid injection (n=28) was compared with patients with subacromial impingement only (n=96). Patients with stiffness and rotator cuff tear were excluded. Absolute CHD was measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) axial images and on ultrasound with the humerus in neutral position and internal rotation. Also relative ratio of distance difference (RRDD) defined as the difference of CHD in neutral position and internal rotation compared with absolute CHD in neutral on ultrasound was also measured. Results: The distance measured in neutral position was similar between US imaging and MRI (p>0.05) and both measurements did not have significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). On ultrasound, the difference in CHD in internal rotation between the two groups nearly met the level of significance (p=0.07). No significant difference of CHD difference in two humeral positions was seen between the two groups. However, RRDD value was significantly greater in subcoracoid impingement group (p<0.05). Conclusion: No significant difference of CHD was seen between the subcoracoid impingement group and the control group. RRDD value was greater in subcoracoid impingement group suggesting that individualized coracohumeral distance in internal rotation should be taken into account when assessing patients with subcoracoid impingement.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.42-48
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to image metastaic lung melanoma model with optimal pre-conditions for animal handling by using $[^{18}F]FDG$ small animal PET and clinical CT. Materials and Methods: The pre-conditions for lung region tumor imaging were 16-22 h fasting and warming temperature at $30^{\circ}C$. Small animal PET image was obtained at 60 min postinjection of 7.4 MBq $[^{18}F]FDG$ and compared pattern of $[^{18}F]FDG$ uptake and glucose standard uptake value (SUVG) of lung region between Ketamine/Xylazine (Ke/Xy) and Isoflurane (Iso) anesthetized group in normal mice. Metastasis tumor mouse model to lung was established by intravenous injection of B16-F10 cells in C57BL/6 mice. In lung metastasis tumor model, $[^{18}F]FDG$ image was obtained and fused with anatomical clinical CT image. Results: Average blood glucose concentration in normal mice were $128.0{\pm}23.87$ and $86.0{\pm}21.65\;mg/dL$ in Ke/Xy group and Iso group, respectively. Ke/Xy group showed 1.5 fold higher blood glucose concentration than Iso group. Lung to Background ratio (L/B) in SUVG image was $8.6{\pm}0.48$ and $12.1{\pm}0.63$ in Ke/Xy group and Iso group, respectively. In tumor detection in lung region, $[^{18}F]FDG$ image of Iso group was better than that of Ke/Xy group, because of high L/B ratio. Metastatic tumor location in $[^{18}F]FDG$ small animal PET image was confirmed by fusion image using clinical CT. Conclusion: Tumor imaging in small animal lung region with $[^{18}F]FDG$ small animal PET should be considered pre-conditions which fasting, warming and an anesthesia during $[^{18}F]FDG$ uptake. Fused imaging with small animal PET and CT image could be useful for the detection of metastatic tumor in lung region.