• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.330-336
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• 2006

Background : Aquaporins (AQPs) may play a role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and edema. This study investigated the role ofAQPs in acute lung injury following bleomycin inhalation in rats. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were treated via inhalation with 10 U/kg bleomycin hydrochloride dissolved in 5 ml of normal saline. The control rats were treated with 5 ml normal saline. The animals (n = 6-8 rats per group) were sacrificed at 4, 7, and 14 d. The changes in AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 expression levels over time were analyzed by Western blotting. The nitrate and nitrite concentrations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured using a modified Griess reaction. ELISA was used to check cytokines. Results : The respiration rates were significantly higher 4 and 7 days after the bleomycin treatment compared with those of the control rats. The tidal volume was lower in rats at 4 days after the bleomycin treatment, and the wet/dry weights of the lung were significantly higher than those of the control group. The nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the BALF from the rats at 4 days after exposure to bleomycin were greater than those from the saline-treated rats. Immunoblotting studies demonstrated that the AQP1 and AQP4 expression levels were lower in the rats at 4 days. However, the AQP4 expression level was higher at 7 days. The AQP5 expression level increased at 4, 7 and 14 days after the bleomycin treatment. Conclusion : This study demonstrates that AQPs are expressed differently in bleomycin-induced pulmonary edema.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.36-50
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• 2005

Background and Objectives: Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction characterized by sneezingm itchy nose, mouth and throat, congestion and/or nasal discharge. The offending allergenes are usually pollens, molds, dust mites and animal allergen. Recently, the incidence of infectious nasal diseases tend to decrease. However, allergic rhinitis has increased and treatment in most cases has only deat with the symptom. Tongkyu-tang was composed of sixteen crude drugs. The Oriental Medical References mention therapeutic effects of Tongkyu-tang on nasal obstruction, watery nasal discharg. And Tongkyu-tang has clinically been used for the treatment of common cold, headache, sternutation, rhinitis etc. Speacially Tongkyu-tang is one of the most frequently used medical treatment for the allergic rhinitis. Experimental studies were conducted to investigate for the effect of Tongkyu-tang on the changes of neutrophil segment, lymphocyte, total IgE and nassal tissue in allergic rhinitis of ovalbumin-inhalation rat. Meterial and Methods: Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three group: normal group, control group, experimental group. To induce the allergic rhinitis in control group and experimental group, rats were sentitized intraperitoneally with 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of I week. Then intranasal sensitization was performed by diffusing 0.1 % ovalbumin solution 3 times at intervals of 2 days. After that time, rat in the experimental group were oral administration treated by Tongkyu-tang for 28 days. We observed changes in nasal tissue; changes in the number of white blood cell, red blood cell and total Ig E; also changes in the segment of neutrophil and lymphocyte in blood. And we observed the changes of AST, ALT of three group. We used anova test statistically. Result: The number of leucocyte remained unchanged between three group. The number of erythrocyte was increased in experimental group and control group when compared with the normal group. The segment of neutrophil, in blood was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The promotion of lymphocyte in blood was significantly decreased in experimental group when compared with the Control group(p<0.05). Total IgE was decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group but, that was not significant statistically(p<0.05). The cilium be well preserved in experimental group: the nasal tissue in experimental group was similar to in the normal group. Congestion and expantion of grandular cell in nasal submucosa, hypertropy of epithelium in nasal mucosa, acid mucus in epithelium and neutral mucus in subepithelium were decreased in experimental group when compared with the control group. Effect of Tongkyu-tang on the liver function were also studies in rats. Treatment of Tongkyu-lang did not affected on AST and ALT. Conclusion: Considering the above experimental results, it is suggested that oral administration treatment using Tongkyu-lang, without worry about liver function injury, decreased response on an Animal model with Allergic Rhinitis.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2006

Cigarette smoke causes atypical structure of pulmonary and oxidative damage. Therefore, we carried out to determine if exposure to cigarette smoke alters pulmonary structure and anti-oxidant related enzyme in a animal model, when natural product extracts using by Nebulizer. The rat were divided into four groups: $H_2O-treated$ (Control), natural product (Camellia sinensis) extracts-treated (CS), natural product extracts-treated with cigarette smoke-exposed (CS+SM) and cigarette smoke-expose (SM). All groups are similar to Control group in weight, but SM group is lower than the other groups. Microscopic image of the pulmonary structure in SM group showed deleterious alterations in the morphology, but the other groups are maintained in normal structure. In anti-oxidant related enzymes, SOD (superoxide dismutase) and catalase, SM group represents the lowest enzyme activity among all groups. But G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and LPO (lipid peroxidation) is SM group represents the highest enzyme activity among all groups. These result indicate that the natural product extracts is an efficient tissue protective substance against smoke-induced lung injury.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2018

A 33-year-old woman visited the emergency department presenting with fever and dyspnea. She was pregnant with gestational age of 31 weeks and 6 days. She had dysuria for 7 days, and fever and dyspnea for 1 day. The vital signs were as follows: blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, heart rate 118 beats/minute, respiratory rate 28/minute, body temperature $38.7^{\circ}C$, and oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry 84% during inhalation of 5 liters of oxygen by nasal prongs. Crackles were heard over both lung fields. There were no signs of uterine contractions. Chest X-ray and chest computed tomography scan showed multiple consolidations and air bronchograms in both lungs. According to urinalysis, there was pyuria and microscopic hematuria. She was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infection (UTI) that progressed to severe sepsis and acute respiratory failure. We found extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in the blood culture and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the sputum culture. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit with administration of antibiotics and supplementation of high-flow oxygen. On hospital day 2, hypoxemia was aggravated. She underwent endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. After 3 hours, fetal distress was suspected. Under 100% fraction of inspired oxygen, her oxygen partial pressure was 87 mmHg in the arterial blood. She developed acute kidney injury and thrombocytopenia. We diagnosed her with multi-organ failure due to severe sepsis. After an emergent cesarean section, pneumonia, UTI, and other organ failures gradually recovered. The patient and baby were discharged soon thereafter.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2022

Background: No consensus exists regarding whether volatile anesthetics are superior to intravenous anesthetics for reducing postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients undergoing general anesthesia for surgery. Studies of this issue focused on anatomic pulmonary resection are lacking. This study compared the effects of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) versus volatile anesthesia on PPCs after anatomic pulmonary resection in patients with lung cancer. Methods: This retrospective study examined the medical records of patients with lung cancer who underwent lung resection at our center between January 2018 and October 2020. The primary outcome was the incidence of PPCs, which included prolonged air leak, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, empyema, atelectasis requiring bronchofiberscopy (BFS), acute lung injury (ALI), bronchopleural fistula (BPF), pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary edema. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance the 2 groups. In total, 579 anatomic pulmonary resection cases were included in the final analysis. Results: The analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the volatile anesthesia and TIVA groups in terms of PPCs, except for prolonged air leak. Neither of the groups showed atelectasis requiring BFS, ALI, BPF, pulmonary embolism, or pulmonary edema after PSM. However, the length of hospitalization, intensive care unit stay, and duration of chest tube indwelling were shorter in the TIVA group. Conclusion: Volatile anesthetics showed no superiority compared to TIVA in terms of PPCs after anatomical pulmonary resection in patients with lung cancer. Considering the advantages of each anesthetic modality, appropriate anesthetic modalities should be used in patients with different risk factors and situations.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.501-509
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• 2013

Formaldehyde (FA) is widely used in industries, and it is an indoor and outdoor pollutant. Exposure to FA may cause inflammation and respiratory oxidative stress. Studies have demonstrated that FA can cause cancer in animal models. During the regeneration process of injured starfish (Asterina pectinifera), several changes have been observed in the expression of cytokines. In particular, higher TGF-${\beta}1$ expression has been detected in arm cut starfish extract after eight days. The current study was designed to elucidate the in-vitro and the in-vivo pharmacological effects of starfish extract on FA exposure. We investigated the protective effects of intact starfish extract and arm cut starfish extract on an IMR-90 cell line and on mouse lung injury in response to FA exposure. In the presence of FA, inhalation of the arm cut starfish extract was associated with more promising cell proliferation, TNF-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$ decrement, and $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$ increment. In the experimental group, the pulmonary structure of the arm cut starfish extract-treated group in the presence of FA exposure was similar to the control group, whereas the FA exposure group showed damage to the pulmonary structure. Moreover, the arm cut starfish extracts was more effective than the intact starfish extracts in terms of the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$, NF-${\kappa}B$, $I{\kappa}-B{\alpha}$, and surfactant protein A. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that arm cut starfish extracts are more effective in protecting pulmonary structure and function against FA exposure than intact starfish extracts.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.2 s.75
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• pp.192-198
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• 2006

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and adverse cardiopulmonary effects. Despite the epidemiological proof, the pathogenesis of DEP-related pulmonary diseases remain poorly understood. So, comprehensive in vivo and in vitro researches are required to know the effects of DEP on diverse lung diseases. Alveolar macrophages (AM) and airway epithelial cells are known as important cellular targets in DEP-induced lung diseases. Other studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is involved in particle matter induced lung injury. The present study was undertaken to determine whether DEP has an synergistic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO formation and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with nitrotyrosilated-protein formation in cultured primary alveolar macrophages. The formation of NO was determined through the Griess reaction in the cultured medium and iNOS with nitrotyrosilated-proteins are analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and Western analysis. The results indicate that DEP exposure does not induce NO formation by itself, however DEP showed significant synergistic effects on LPS-induced NO formation. So, our results suggest that DEP inhalation could aggravate inflammatory lung disease through NO formation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.5
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• pp.368-372
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• 2011

Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia is a newly recognized pattern of acute lung injury. A 49-year-old female presented with a cough and worsening dyspnea on exertion. She had no history of smoking and no specific past medical history except exposure of home humidifier containing sterilizer. A chest computed tomography scan showed patchy consolidation with fibrosis in the right lower lobe and ill-defined centrilobular ground glass opacity in both lungs. The pathological findings were patchy areas of lung parenchyma with fibrin deposits in the alveolar ducts and alveoli, and fibrin balls with hemosiderin deposition in the alveolar spaces. The histological pattern of our case is differentiated from diffuse alveolar damage by the absence of hyaline membranes, and from eosinophilic pneumonia by the lack of eosinophils. In our case, the patient was treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy. However, the clinical course became aggravated and she died within two weeks.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.117-126
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• 2004

In general, the patients who transferred to the hospital by 119 rescue service at night go to the emergency room(ER) of general hospital rather than that of their nearby the 1st(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital. And the hospital is mainly selected not by 119 EMST but by patients or his/her conservators. Therefore we had studied retrospectively with emergency situation diary and medical chart for 697 patients of being transferred to one emergency medical center for 6 months since January 2004, and results are as follows. 1. The 280 patients(42.5%) of being transferred hospital at night by 119 rescue service were not emergency case and their average staying time in hospital was about $7.15{\pm}10.06$ minutes. 2. Transfer time was distributed in each time intervals of 1819, 2021, 2223, and 2401 and patients ratio in each intervals were 15.1%, 17.8%, 16.4%, and 15.2%. 3. In response of ambulance, the average time from the spot to the hospital was $14.53{\pm}9.27min$. and average distance of that was $7.95{\pm}9.21km$. 4. Diseases rather than traffic accidents or traumatic injury were main causes of ambulance calling and its value was 533(76.5%), and accidents were mainly occurred in patients' house and its value was 479(68.7%). 5. In time of transfer by 119 rescue service, hospital was mainly selected by patient/conservator and its value was 648(93.0%). In result. the hospital was selected not by EMST but by patient/conservator. 6. The case that the 1st grade EMT was rode in ambulance was 161(23.1%), and the case that 2nd EMT and emergency team member who educated for emergency were rode in ambulance were 504(72.3%). So the number of the 1st grade EMT was short in fire station of Kwangju metropolitan city than other city. 7. The first aids for patients before reaching hospital were limited to oxygen inhalation, airway control, and BLS for maintaining limbs and spine. So it seems to be a simple patients transfer. Consequently, to establish an efficient emergency medical system, it has been thought that it should be advanced a moderate education and public information about the appropriate use of emergency medical system toward citizen, and also need the hospital selection by the patients categorizing standards for 119 rescue service member, securing the 1st grade EMT, appropriate first-aids education, and securing professional human power in emergency room of the Ist(clinic) and 2nd(local hospital) hospital at night.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.1027-1035
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• 2008

Essentail oils and carrier oils are generally used for Aromatherapy. Therefore the toxicity, possibilities of irritations and sensitive reactions and injury of essential oils must be considered for clients and therapists. So that, in this studies a toxicity of jojoba and 4 species essential oils (fennel, mandarine, tea tree and cedarwood) were investigated by the measurement of MTT-assay and sirius red staining. Liver, kidney and brain tell were chosen for the cell viability assay and observation of morphological change. In the result, no cytotoxicity was observed on live., kidney and brain cell at concentration of 0.01 $\mu\el/m\el$ jojoba oil. And lysis and nucleus breaking were not observed at same concentration of jojoba oil on live., kidney and brain cell. fennel oil was showed 50% of cell viability and inhibited cell growth on liver, kidney and brain cell at relatively high concentration compared with the other oils. 50% of liver, kidney and brain cell viability and delayed cell growth of tea tree and mandarine oil were revealed at lower concentration than fennel oil. In cedarwood oil, 50% of liver cell viability at concentration of 0.00067 $\mu\el/m\el$ was showed, but cell viability and cell growth of kidney and beam cell were effected at the lowest concentration compared with other oils. So that, jojoba oil as using of carrier oil may be not harmful. And 3 essential oils from the fennel, tea tree and mamdarine may have very low toxicity, but cedarwood may be used carefully for inhalation. And over dosage of concentrated cedarwood oil should be not directly touched and exposured, and absolute essential oils must be diluted with carrier oils for topical and systematic massage.