• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2009

Ongoing and extensive urbanisation, which is frequently accompanied with careless construction works, may threaten important archaeological structures that are still buried in the urban areas. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) methods are most promising alternatives for resolving buried archaeological structures in urban territories. In this work, three case studies are presented, each of which involves an integrated geophysical survey employing the surface three-dimensional (3D) ERT and GPR techniques, in order to archaeologically characterise the investigated areas. The test field sites are located at the historical centres of two of the most populated cities of the island of Crete, in Greece. The ERT and GPR data were collected along a dense network of parallel profiles. The subsurface resistivity structure was reconstructed by processing the apparent resistivity data with a 3D inversion algorithm. The GPR sections were processed with a systematic way, applying specific filters to the data in order to enhance their information content. Finally, horizontal depth slices representing the 3D variation of the physical properties were created. The GPR and ERT images significantly contributed in reconstructing the complex subsurface properties in these urban areas. Strong GPR reflections and highresistivity anomalies were correlated with possible archaeological structures. Subsequent excavations in specific places at both sites verified the geophysical results. The specific case studies demonstrated the applicability of ERT and GPR techniques during the design and construction stages of urban infrastructure works, indicating areas of archaeological significance and guiding archaeological excavations before construction work.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2009

In the present study, three types of teriyaki sauce were prepared using chicken bone and eel bone, which are commonly used as the primary ingredient of teriyaki sauce, as well as codfish bone, which has various functions. The and analyzed their quality characteristics of the different types of teriyaki sauce were then compared through physiochemical and sensory evaluation. The results of this study were as follows. The water content was lowest and the ash content was highest in teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. In addition, the Ca, K, Mg, Na and P content were highest in the teriyaki sauce that was prepared using chicken bone as the primary ingredient. The total free amino acid content was highest in teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone, followed by sauces prepared using codfish bone and eel bone. The levels of free amino acids evaluated in this study occurred in the following order for all teriyaki sauces: glutamic acid > aspartic acid > leucine. When the sensory evaluation was conducted, teriyaki sauce prepared using chicken bone as the main ingredient was found to be best, followed by sauce prepared using codfish bone in terms of palatability and viscosity among descriptive scales, and smell and general preference among hedonic scales. The results of this study suggest that teriyaki sauce could be produced using codfish bone instead of chicken bone, which would enable production of a high value-added product through the use of a common byproduct. This would result in the efficient use of unused resources, prevention of environmental pollution and supply of an inexpensive that could be widely used in the food processing and food service industries.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.183-221
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• 2013

While in the early stages of space activities only a few states engaged in the use of outer space, as is well known, commercial space activities have grown dramatically in recent years. Both states, state institutions, and international governmental organizations as well as many private enterprises are engaged in such commercial use of outer space by now. This development is not reflected in the present state of space law. The existing international instruments of space law were developed and finalized before this development and thus only provide very few and sometimes unfitting provisions for the commercial use of outer space and particularly the use by private enterprises. Law formulated in an era when the word "privatization" had not even been coined cannot contain potential problems caused by the increasing commercialization of outer space. For the promotion and further development of such commercial use of outer space it is necessary to clarify and establish the legal framework for such use, because participants will need this information for their future investments in this field. The purpose of this paper is to research and make an analysis of the contents and international regulation of international space commerce, which is rapidly proliferating and to review the process of improvement on national legislations relating to the commercialization of outer space in a few main space advanced countries to make the sustainable progress of commercial space activities project in international society. The legal implications of matters such as international commercial launch services, the liability aspects of such services, intellectual property rights, insurance, product liability insurance and materials processing could one day will be subject to regulated by international space law as well as domestic law. In fact, the question of commercialization is linked to the question of sharing benefits of space activities, and this currently is an agenda item in the Legal Subcommittee of UN COPUOS. Most of developed countries have enacted the national legislation for commercial space activities relating to the development of our space as follows : The National Aeronautic and Space Act of 1958 and the Commercial Space Act of 1998 in the United States, Outer Space Act of 1986 in England, Establishment Act of National Space Center of 1961 in France, Canadian Space Agency Act of 1990 in Canada, Space Basic Act of 2008 in Japan, and Law on Space Activity of 1993 in Russia. Becides there are currently three national legislations relating to space development and commercial space activities in Korea as follows : Aerospace Industry Development Promotion Act of 1987, Outer Space Development Promotion Act of 2005, Outer Space Damage Compensation Act of 2008. Commercial space great promise for the utilization and expansion of human outer space activities but aspring commercial actors must recognize that foreign policy, as well as obligations to the international community as a whole, ensure that commercial space activities will not operate in a legal and regulatory vacuum. As commercial space matures the law and accompanying regulation will most certainly evolve and choose to become participants in the inevitable evolution of law and regulation.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.202-209
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• 2004

Flat panel based digital radiography (DR) systems have recently become useful and important in the field of diagnostic radiology. For DRs with amorphous silicon photosensors, CsI(TI) is normally used as the scintillator, which produces visible light corresponding to the absorbed radiation energy. The visible light photons are converted into electric signal in the amorphous silicon photodiodes which constitute a two dimensional array. In order to produce good quality images, detailed behaviors of DR detectors to radiation must be studied. The relationship between air exposure and the DR outputs has been investigated in many studies. But this relationship was investigated under the condition of the fixed tube voltage. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the DR outputs and X-ray in terms of the absorbed energy in the detector rather than the air exposure using SPEC-l8, an X-ray energy spectrum model. Measured exposure was compared with calculated exposure for obtaining the inherent filtration that is a important input variable of SPEC-l8. The absorbed energy in the detector was calculated using algorithm of calculating the absorbed energy in the material and pixel values of real images under various conditions was obtained. The characteristic curve was obtained using the relationship of two parameter and the results were verified using phantoms made of water and aluminum. The pixel values of the phantom image were estimated and compared with the characteristic curve under various conditions. It was found that the relationship between the DR outputs and the absorbed energy in the detector was almost linear. In a experiment using the phantoms, the estimated pixel values agreed with the characteristic curve, although the effect of scattered photons introduced some errors. However, effect of a scattered X-ray must be studied because it was not included in the calculation algorithm. The result of this study can provide useful information about a pre-processing of digital radiography.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.82-88
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• 2010

Photopolymer is a material for recording three dimensional holograms containing photo information. Photopolymer has been found to be a proper material due to many advantages such as high DE value, easy processing, and low price. Compositions of PVA, monomer, initiater and photosensitizer were determined by previous experiments and the compositions of $SeO_2$ and $TiO_2$ were considered as variable to find out the effects of $TiO_2$ on DE. The DE values were constant for the varying compositions of $TiO_2$ (0.1 mg~1.0 mg). In other words, $TiO_2$ is not directly effective on the DE values. Composition change experiments from $SeO_2$ 0.1 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.9 mg to $SeO_2$ 0.9 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.1 showed a maximum DE value of 73.75% at a component of $SeO_2$ 0.8 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.2 mg. It seemed that regardless of the amount of $TiO_2$, increasing the amount of $SeO_2$ gently increases DE`s. If nano particles are heavily added, transparent films could not be made due to the separation of particles by the solubility decrease. Photopolymer films could be made with high DE values for an extensive angle range if $TiO_2$ additions were kept minimum and $SeO_2$ additions were kept maximum.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.1467-1475
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• 2010

Nutritional and functional components, and physicochemical characteristics of mulberry fruits from Morus alba L. cultivars, including Daejappong, Iksuppong, Daesungppong, Yongppong, Cheongilppong, Gwasang 1 and Gwasang 2, were investigated and compared. Among the 7 mulberry cultivars examined, Iksuppong, Cheongilppong and Gwasang 2 had higher contents of nitrogen free extract, total sugar and total reducing sugar, than other mulberry cultivars, while contents of protein, fat, and fiber were lowest. Gwasang 1 and Daesungppong had the highest content of total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total anthocyanin. Daesungppong, Gwasang 1 and Gwasang 2 had higher contents of C3G and C3R than other mulberry cultivars, although C3R content of Cheongilppong was the highest. Four flavonoid contents varied among of 7 mulberry cultivars. Contents of two major flavonoids, rutin and quercetin, were the highest in Gwasang 2, while Iksuppong and Cheongilppong were the lowest. Contents of piceid and 4-prenylmoracin were the highest in Daesungppong and Cheongilppong, respectively. Cheongilppong of mulberrys had the highest content of GABA. Iksuppong and Gwasang 2 with moderate weight and dark color had higher contents of total soluble solid than other mulberry cultivars, while contents of titratable acidity were lower. Our results provide useful information on nutritional and functional constituents of mulberry fruits according to cultivars, and their physicochemical and processing properties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.50-66
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• 2016

This study attempts to understand and explain how "Directed Attention Restorative Environment (DARE)" is managed and fostered in "Gang-Hak (講學)" and "Yu-Sik (遊息)" spaces both inside and outside of Oksan Seowon Confucian Academy, Gyeongju. Directed Attention is a pivotal element in human information processing so that its restoration is crucial for effective thinking and learning. According to Kaplan & Kaplan's Attention Restoration Theory, an environment, in order to be restorative, should have four elements: 'Being Away,' 'Extent,' 'Fascination,' and 'Compatibility.' We could confirm OkSan Seowon Confucian Academy has an inner logic that integrates two basically different spacial concepts of "Jangsu" and "Yusik" and thus fosters the Attention Restorative Environment. Particularly, the Four Mountains and Five Platforms (四山五臺) surrounding the premises provides an excellent learning environment, and is in itself educational in terms of the Neo-Confucian epistemology with "Attaining Knowledge by way of Positioning Things (格物致知)" as its principle precept, and of its aesthetics with "Connectedness with Nature" as its central tenet. This study attempts to recapture the value of Korea's cultural heritage concerning the Human/Nature relationship; and it may provide useful insights and practical guidelines/grounds in designing today's schools and campuses, where the young people's needs for the Directed Attention- and Attention Restorative- Servicescapes seem to be greater than ever.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 2012

A simulation methodology and corresponding program based on it is to be discussed for analyzing the effects of the networking operation of existing DHC system in connection with CHP system on-site. The practical simulation for arbitrary areas with various building compositions is carried out for the analysis of operational features in both systems, and the various aspects of thermal energy grids with connecting operation are highlighted through the detailed assessment of predicted results. The intrinsic operational features of CHP prime movers, gas engine, gas turbine etc., are effectively implemented by realizing the performance data, i.e. actual operation efficiency in the full and part loads range. For the sake of simplicity, a simple mathematical correlation model is proposed for simulating various aspects of change effectively on the existing DHC system side due to the connecting operation, instead of performing cycle simulations separately. The empirical correlations are developed using the hourly based annual operation data for a branch of the Korean District Heating Corporation (KDHC) and are implicit in relation between main operation parameters such as fuel consumption by use, heat and power production. In the simulation, a variety of system configurations are able to be considered according to any combination of the probable CHP prime-movers, absorption or turbo type cooling chillers of every kind and capacity. From the analysis of the thermal network operation simulations, it is found that the newly proposed methodology of mathematical correlation for modelling of the existing DHC system functions effectively in reflecting the operational variations due to thermal energy grids with connecting operation. The effects of intrinsic features of CHP prime-movers, e.g. the different ratio of heat and power production, various combinations of different types of chillers (i.e. absorption and turbo types) on the overall system operation are discussed in detail with the consideration of operation schemes and corresponding simulation algorithms.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.4 no.11
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• pp.509-520
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• 2015

College Scholastic Ability Test(CSAT) is a primary test to evaluate the study achievement of high-school students and used by most universities for admission decision in South Korea. Because its level of difficulty is a significant issue to both students and universities, the government makes a huge effort to have a consistent difficulty level every year. However, the actual levels of difficulty have significantly fluctuated, which causes many problems with university admission. In this paper, we build two types of data-driven prediction models to predict correct answer rate and to identify significant factors for CSAT English test through accumulated test data of CSAT, unlike traditional methods depending on experts' judgments. Initially, we derive candidate question-specific factors that can influence the correct answer rate, such as the position, EBS-relation, readability, from the annual CSAT practices and CSAT for 10 years. In addition, we drive context-specific factors by employing topic modeling which identify the underlying topics over the text. Then, the correct answer rate is predicted by multiple linear regression and level of difficulty is predicted by classification tree. The experimental results show that 90% of accuracy can be achieved by the level of difficulty (difficult/easy) classification model, whereas the error rate for correct answer rate is below 16%. Points and problem category are found to be critical to predict the correct answer rate. In addition, the correct answer rate is also influenced by some of the topics discovered by topic modeling. Based on our study, it will be possible to predict the range of expected correct answer rate for both question-level and entire test-level, which will help CSAT examiners to control the level of difficulties.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.155-164
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• 2018

Many malicious programs have been compressed or encrypted using various commercial packers to prevent reverse engineering, So malicious code analysts must decompress or decrypt them first. The OEP (Original Entry Point) is the address of the first instruction executed after returning the encrypted or compressed executable file back to the original binary state. Several unpackers, including PinDemonium, execute the packed file and keep tracks of the addresses until the OEP appears and find the OEP among the addresses. However, instead of finding exact one OEP, unpackers provide a relatively large set of OEP candidates and sometimes OEP is missing among candidates. In other words, existing unpackers have difficulty in finding the correct OEP. We have developed new tool which provides fewer OEP candidate sets by adding two methods based on the property of the OEP. In this paper, we propose two methods to provide fewer OEP candidate sets by using the property that the function call sequence and parameters are same between packed program and original program. First way is based on a function call. Programs written in the C/C++ language are compiled to translate languages into binary code. Compiler-specific system functions are added to the compiled program. After examining these functions, we have added a method that we suggest to PinDemonium to detect the unpacking work by matching the patterns of system functions that are called in packed programs and unpacked programs. Second way is based on parameters. The parameters include not only the user-entered inputs, but also the system inputs. We have added a method that we suggest to PinDemonium to find the OEP using the system parameters of a particular function in stack memory. OEP detection experiments were performed on sample programs packed by 16 commercial packers. We can reduce the OEP candidate by more than 40% on average compared to PinDemonium except 2 commercial packers which are can not be executed due to the anti-debugging technique.