• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.216-234
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• 2024

Background: Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, is designated as an emergency medical vulnerable area, facing significant challenges in transporting and treating emergency patients. A detailed analysis of the regional emergency medical system is required to identify effective solutions. Methods: This study employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from the National Emergency Medical Information System and emergency activity logs with qualitative data from focus group interviews involving 24 stakeholders, including medical staff, paramedics, civil servants, and local residents. Results: Quantitative findings indicated an aging population in Hapcheon-gun, with a growing number of elderly emergency room users. Despite the utilization of local emergency medical institutions, a lack of trust and preference for urban hospitals led even patients with mild conditions to seek care at higher-level facilities. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, transport distances and times for patients using 119 emergency services increased. Qualitative analysis identified several issues: limited capacity of local institutions, challenges in patient transport due to misaligned emergency medical zones, an increase in severely ill patients, and the absence of a coordinated emergency medical consultative body. Recommendations include strengthening local institutions through government support, realignment of emergency zones, legal reforms, the establishment of a continuous consultative body, and enhancing the capacity of medical staff, paramedics, and residents. Conclusion: Improving the emergency medical system in Hapcheon-gun will require targeted efforts in institutional strengthening, legal and administrative support, and capacity-building initiatives.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.224-242
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• 2003

The author believes that the main task of study in international trade usage and practice is the management of transactional risks involved in international sale of goods. They are foreign exchange risks, transportation risks, credit risk, risk of miscommunication, etc. In most cases, these risks are more serious and enormous than those involved in domestic sales. Historically, the merchant adventurers organized the voyage abroad, secured trade finance, and went around the ocean with their own or consigned cargo until around the $mid-19^{th}$ century. They did business faceto-face at the trade fair or the open port where they maintained the local offices, so-called "Trading House"(商館). Thererfore, the transactional risks might have been one-sided either with the seller or the buyer. The bottomry seemed a typical arrangement for risk sharing among the interested parties to the adventure. In this way, such organizational arrangements coped with or bore the transactional risks. With the advent of ocean liner services and wireless communication across the national border in the $19^{th}$ century, the business of merchant adventurers developed toward the clear division of labor; sales by mercantile agents, and ocean transportation by the steam ship companies. The international banking helped the process to be accelerated. Then, bills of lading backed up by the statute made it possible to conduct documentary sales with a foreign partner in different country. Thus, FOB terms including ocean freight and CIF terms emerged gradually as standard trade terms in which transactional risks were allocated through negotiation between the seller and the buyer located in different countries. Both of them did not have to go abroad with their cargo. Instead, documentation in compliance with the terms of the contract(plus an L/C in some cases) must by 'strictly' fulfilled. In other words, the set of contractual documents must be tendered in advance of the arrival of the goods at port of discharge. Trust or reliance is placed on such contractual paper documents. However, the container transport services introduced as international intermodal transport since the late 1960s frequently caused the earlier arrival of the goods at the destination before the presentation of the set of paper documents, which may take 5 to 10% of the amount of transaction. In addition, the size of the container vessel required the speedy transport documentation before sailing from the port of loading. In these circumstances, computerized processing of transport related documents became essential for inexpensive transaction cost and uninterrupted distribution of the goods. Such computerization does not stop at the phase of transportation but extends to cover the whole process of international trade, transforming the documentary sales into less-paper trade and further into paperless trade, i.e., EDI or E-Commerce. Now we face the other side of the coin, which is data security and paperless transfer of legal rights and obligations. Unfortunately, these issues are not effectively covered by a set of contracts only. Obviously, EDI or E-Commerce is based on the common business process and harmonized system of various data codes as well as the standard message formats. This essential feature of E-Commerce needs effective coordination of different divisions of business and tight control over credit arrangements in addition to the standard contract of sales. In a few word, information does not alway invite "trust". Credit flows from people, or close organizational tie-ups. It is our common understanding that, without well-orchestrated organizational arrangements made by leading companies, E-Commerce does not work well for paperless trade. With such arrangements well in place, participating E-business members do not need to seriously care for credit risk. Finally, it is also clear that E-International Commerce must be linked up with a set of government EDIs such as NACCS, Port EDI, JETRAS, etc, in Japan. Therefore, there is still a long way before us to go for E-Commerce in practice, not on the top of information manager's desk.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.125-150
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• 2009

RFID(Radio Frequency IDentification) is a wireless frequency of recognition technology that can be used to recognize, trace, and identify people, things, and animals using radio frequency(RF). RFID will bring about many changes in manufacturing and distributions, among other areas. In accordance with the increasing importance of RFID techniques, great advancement has been made in RFID studies. Initially, the RFID research started as a research literature or case study. Recently, empirical research has floated on the surface for announcement. But most of the existing researches on RFID adoption have been restricted to a dichotomous measure of 'adoption vs. non-adoption' or adoption intention. In short, RFID research is still at an initial stage, mainly focusing on the research of the RFID performance, integration, and its usage has been considered dismissive. The purpose of this study is to investigate which factors are important for the RFID adoption and implementation with organizational resources. In this study, the organizational resources are classified into either finance resources or IT knowledge resources. A research model and four hypotheses are set up to identify the relationships among these variables based on the investigations of such theories as technological innovations, adoption stage, and organizational resources. In order to conduct this study, a survey was carried out from September 27, 2008 until October 23, 2008. The questionnaire was completed by 143 managers and workers from physical distribution and manufacturing companies related to the RFID in South Korea. 37 out of 180 surveys, which turned out unfit for the study, were discarded and the remaining 143(adoption stage 89, implementation stage 54) were used for the empirical study. The statistics were analyzed using Excel 2003 and SPSS 12.0. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, the adoption stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, perceived cost savings, environmental uncertainty, and pressures from rival firms have significant effects on the intent of the RFID adoption. Further, the implementation stage shows that perceived benefits, standardization, environmental uncertainty, pressures from rival firms, inter-organizational cooperation, and inter-organizational trust have significant effects on the extent of the RFID use. In contrast, inter-organizational cooperation and inter-organizational trust did not show much impact on the intent of RFID adoption while perceived cost savings did not significantly affect the extent of RFID use. Second, in the adoption stage, financial issues had adverse effect on both inter-organizational cooperation and the intent against the RFID adoption. IT knowledge resources also had a deterring effect on both perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID adoption. Third, in the implementation stage, finance resources had a moderate effect on environmental uncertainty and extent of RFID use while IT knowledge resources had also a moderate effect on perceived cost savings and the extent of the RFID use. Limitations and future research issues can be summarized as follows. First, it is difficult to say that the sample is large enough to be representative of the population. Second, because the sample of this study was conducted among manufacturers only, it may be limited in analyzing fully the effect on the industry as a whole. Third, in consideration of the fact that the organizational resources in the RFID study require a great deal of researches, this research may deem insufficient to fulfill the purpose that it initially set out to achieve. Future studies using performance research are, therefore, needed to help better understand the organizational level of the RFID adoption and implementation.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2021

The measures to extend local education autonomy are as follows: First, it is necessary to correct the confusion of the legal system of the local education autonomy system. For this, Article 12, Paragraph 2 and 4 of the 「Special Act on Local Autonomy and Decentralization, and Restructuring of Local Administrative Systems」 which state that "The State shall endeavor to consolidate systems for autonomy in education and local government" and "The implementation of autonomy in education and the autonomous police system shall be prescribed separately by Acts" should be deleted. Second, it is necessary to clarify unnecessary legal matters and regulatory measures for unification at the national level and to proactively consider the introduction of the legal trust system, in which education affairs are designated as local governments' own work and the state carries out specific affairs. The decentralization of local education finance is a key factor for the development of local education autonomy, and it requires the transfer of authority and resources to the region, and the enhancement of local autonomy and corresponding responsibility. First, the ratio of special grants must be adjusted further (from 3% to 2%) or the ratio of national policy projects must be lowered. Second, the provision that requires a consultation with a mayor/governor when making a budget covered by transfers from general accounts should be deleted. Third, it is necessary to remove the elements that limit the authority of city and provincial councils. Fourth, it is necessary to integrate the national education tax and the local education tax to create the education autonomy tax (tentative name) for only one independent purpose. Fifth, it is necessary to strengthen the distribution of the total amount of grants and abolish the settlement regulations for the measurement items of standard financial demand. Sixth is the expansion of the participation of stakeholders and experts in the grant distribution process. Seventh, it is necessary to establish a long-term employment system by designating the education finance field as a special field. Eight is the expansion of cooperative governance.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.40-48
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• 2008

Security of self organized mobile ad hoc networks is an important issue because administration information in the networks is managed by the constituent nodes. Especially authentication mechanism is necessary for trust setup between newly joining nodes and the network. The authentication models and protocols which are based on the wireline infrastructure could not be practical for mobile ad hoc network. Although public key algorithm-based method is widely used for authentication, it is not easy to be applied to mobile ad hoc networks because they do not have infrastructure such as centralized CA which is needed for certificate verification. In this paper, we consider the public key based random CA group method proposed in [1] to provide efficient authentication scheme to mobile ad hoc networks and analyze the performance of the method, which is then compared to the home CA method. From the analysis results, we see that the random CA method where the function of CA is distributed to some mobile nodes and the authentication information is propagated to randomly chosen CAs shows higher reliability and lower cost than home CA method.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.173-197
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• 2015

The development of IT expanded the scale of e-commerce, and grew large Internet shopping malls. As having raised the consumers' interest in overseas direct purchase(ODP) recently, the number and purchasing amount of ODP are constantly increasing. However, consumers need to pay attention to the potential problems which might happen by consumer's damage and conflict, as increasing the consumption through ODP. Because consumer's damages on utilizing ODP happen to the reason such as the trust problem between business and consumer due to the way which traded non face to face, non-compliance of goods delivery, returns, and refunds, and information asymmetry of items, a large number of consumer's damages in a wide range are much more likely to occur nowadays. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current state of ODP, and propose consumer damage's reduction and policy of the government through pre or post scheme for consumer damage's relief and consumer protection. As the compensation for consumer damages is actually inadequate, this study proposed a feasible alternative to the adoption of e-commerce insurance for both aggressive compensation and protection for consumer's damages and risk transfer and sustainable development of e-commerce.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2008

This study was performed to improve of Health Functional Food(HFF) through investigating the label system. The logo on HFF to increase the reliance, understanding and quality warranty for consumers was developed through competition. In order to investigate the consumer's awareness about HFF label system a nationwide survey was conducted in metropolitan areas (6 cities) and middle-sizes cities (6 cities). The subjects was 2000(male 519, female 1481) adults aged 20 over, and information was collected by in-person interviews. The major results were as follows. 63.0% of consumer responded they need certification mark for HFF and trust function information of text/graphic format than text format. 85.3% of consumers chose the long claim including the mechanism because 38% reported that they could confide the information, 36% reported it is easy to understand and 26% reported that they thought it is more effective than short claim. As 58.8% of the total consumers answered that the manufacturers marked the nutrition function claim without the permit of the KFDA, a reliable certification mark developed by this research is expected to contribute in improving the label system of HFF, rising reliability and perception of consumer.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.2959-2965
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• 2009

This research is based on the medical information record of a university hospital on analysis of outpatients, inpatients and delivery related information in gynecology area. The result of application having analysis of patients as basic material for hospital management is as follows. The number of new patients in average was 140.9, and as the year passes by, it seemed to decrease noticeably(p=0.000). In the first year (2001) the number was only 212.6, but increased to 140 by the year of 2007, showing increase of 80.9. The actual number of patients in the hospital was 124.6 in average and it showed noticeable decrease after each year (p=0.000), from 144.6 patients on the first year 2001, to 104.8 patients in 2007, showing approximately 40 patients decreased. Multiple regression analysis was performed having independent variables as characteristics of patients and cause of delivery related factors, and dependent variables as the number of patients in the hospital. According to analysis, the cause of affecting the number of patients in the hospital was selected as the number of new patients, the number of delivery per year. The reliability rate was recorded as 62.8%. Therefore, apart from the services on marketing and patient management which must come first, the effect of inviting them cannot be avoided, which directly links to trust resulting from the consideration to patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1018-1029
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• 2008

Recently, RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) application technology is the core of ubiquitous technology. this research examines the factors for adopting the RFID application technology together with factors for adopting the related information system such as ERP, SCM, EDI by researching relevant literature. this research attempts to derive the factors for adopting RFID application technology by using the Delphi Method. The factors for adopting the information technology of the above-mentioned three areas totaled 116 adoption factors. Based on these 116 adoption factors, the factors for adopting RFID application technology were to be derived. A total of 27 adoption factors were derived in the first Delphi investigation. Of the total 27 adoption factors, final 9 adoption factors could be derived by conducting frequency analysis and relative importance analysis. In other words, 9 adoption factors that were derived last were found to be the cost related to tag, relationship with customer firms, compatibility of technology, information technology-based structure, trust and coordination between business firms, intensity of competition within the industry, the standardization of RFID technology, the top management's support and participation degree of client companies. When business firms try to adopt RFID application technology afterwards, concrete and close examination from this point of view was found to be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-69
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• 2008

This study tired to develop the web credibility evaluation model by calculating weighted values and sensitivities of indicators which presented on preceding researches using Analytic Hierarchy Process. "Expert Choice 2000" was used as the tool for analysing AHP. 25 experts are answered for this questionnaire who are selected by judgement sampling method, one of the non-probability sampling method. Also, sensitivity analyses was performed to graphically see how the alternatives change with respect to the importance of the indicators or sub-indicators. The main results are summarized as followings; i) importance analysis in first level factors: trust-worthiness(0,606), expertness(0.222), safety(0.173), ii) importance analysis in second level factors: trustfulness (0.519), reputation(0.087), usefulness (0.102), timeliness(0,093), competency(0.027), security(0.115), reliability(0,058). iii) some of the importance analysis in third level factors: the site provides comprehensive information that is attributed to a specific source(0.252), the site has articles that list citations and references(0.153), the site contains user opinions and reviews(0.072), etc. iv) sensitivity analyses showed that the importance of the indicators or sub-indicators are slightly changed with respect to the alternatives change.