• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.154-174
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• 2008

Korean public power isn't currently performing its duties of crime prevention or public security services as effectively as the people expect from it due to excessive work load, insufficient budget, and equipment or work force problems, although it should protect the people from increasing crimes. The mutual cooperation between the police and the private security firms can' t be enhanced unless both parties are involved. Above all, the private security companies should secure superior security personnel and provide them with systematic education and training to improve their qualities. The police should also make an effort. In order to foster the private security firms soundly, the police should improve the system if necessary, and establish, guide and monitor the department wholly responsible for the private security affair. Both parties also should deal with crimes systematically by exchanging information for crime prevention, having informal meetings and introducing a joint patrol system. In order to cope with crimes threatening the livelihood of the people in our society, the public and private securities' mutual cooperation plans should be formulated. For this purpose to be achieved, the private security firms and the police should understand each other and bilateral efforts should be made. If both parties understand each other and make an effort, the relationship between them will be improved greatly and developmental plans for preventing crimes can be made.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.873-882
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• 2010

Knitwear has become a part of fashion since aristocratic trend-setters of Medieval Spain and France began wearing luxurious silk stockings. However, in more recent times knitwear emerged as a fashion item in the early 20th century when jersey two-piece Channel dresses became popular amongst the French upper classes. Knitwear then evolved into genuine going out clothes through Sonia Rykiel in the 1970s. Sonia Rykiel has made a great contribution to developing knitwear, which she transformed from being used only in informal dresses or clothes for home wear, to a boarder in use in high-quality dresses such as those worn at parties. Unlike most designers who tend to make very different styles each year, she has restricted her clothes to those made with knitwear. The study examined the designs and formative characteristics of her knitwear in order to clarify why Sonia Rykiel's knitwear fashion is apparently so timeless. Results showed that her garments consistently used black oriented color combination, strife patterns, intarsia techniques and application of diversified subordinate materials and other materials that overcome earlier limitations of knitwear. In addition, her designs consistently express the typically Parisian sophisticated urban femininity through practicality, sensuality and playfulness. Overall, her fashion has shown that it exists for women in action through practical design within the scope of demode, the philosophy in her early days, and it has led her to hold great power over knitwear fashion for the past 40 years.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.248-261
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• 2003

Through a qualitative analysis of the Ikuno Korean Festival in Osaka, this article examines and critiques how identities are constructed, and how this process is shaped by the mediation of intra and inter-community concerns. Particular attention is paid to the potential of reorganized culture through a thinking of similarity rather than difference. The dynamic interrelations suggest that festival provides a particular and informal public sphere wherein certain social logics and identities are contested. These discursive arenas are therefore marked by certain exclusions and inclusions. This study shows the complex process of identification at the micro-level through which identification is constituted and continuously negotiated.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.237-251
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• 2013

Objective : Min fire(民火) is mentioned as a kind of fire that exists in human body, which rarely appears in traditional medical books. It was mainly mentioned as a fire in urinary bladder, and was referred to have some function in the process of qi transformation(氣化) in urinary bladder. As the concept of min fire was originated from the Taoist internal alchemy, this study will make a comparative research between the examples of min fire in medical theory and Taoist internal alchemy, and will find out the conceptual significance of min fire in medical theory. Method : Among traditional medical books, min fire appears in such books as Yixuerumen(醫學入門), Youyoujicheng(幼幼集成), Fengshijinnangmilu(馮氏錦囊秘錄), and also in some books of Taoist internal alchemy. Though rather brief and informal, they show us some information about the performance of min fire in human body. So based on the information about min fire that was acquired from those books, this study will apply the concept of min fire to the traditional dispute on the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder. Result & Conclusion : The concept of min fire that is related to the problem of qi transformation in urinary bladder, shows well that qi transformation in urinary bladder produces not only urine but also the ascent of shuijing(水精). And it also shows well that min fire acts as a power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder, which would perform well in the cooperation with sovereign fire(君火). This can be presented as a theoretical basis that the power for the qi transformation in urinary bladder is basically prepared in urinary bladder itself.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.44-64
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• 2017

From the field survey of the main ethnic minority areas in the south China, it is found that political, economic, cultural and natural environmental changes are the main reasons leading to the change of customary law. The power mechanism of the customary law change include the three aspects, such as the promotion of country elite, the dominance of grassroots government, and the daily demands of the villagers, which promote the change of customary law alone or together. Through the application of customary law, the country elites can adjust and refine the rules of customary law in order to make out the new customary law and promote its development. In the current pattern of rural governance, grassroots self-government is actually the "official supervision of people's autonomy". The executive power of the grassroots government often intervene the practice of customary law and other informal rules. This is another mechanism of customary law change. Customary law arises from the practice of the daily life of the villagers. If the villagers think that the norms of customary law cannot meet the actual needs of daily life practice, the customary law will be promoted in the form of collective consultation. This is the most important dynamic practice mechanism of customary law change. Transformation and abandonment are the two ways to change customary law. No matter what kind of change does not lead to the demise of the customary law system, the demise of the customary law is only an outdated result, which is made by the universality, nature and objectivity of customary law. The procedure of customary law change is the process of continuation and rebirth about customary law. The result of the change is to produce the new customary law of keeping pace with the times, and the customary law will be presented with new content and form after the change. The continuation of customary law means the inheritance of traditional customary law, but it is based on the transformation of traditional customary law. The rebirth of customary law means that the traditional customary law is completely discarded. But it will produce new customary law rules and be based on the needs of social life practice. Customary law occupies a pivotal position in the normative system and the national law cannot be replaced. The purpose of customary law change will let the customary rules better adapt to the development of modern society, adjust the social relations more reasonably and better meet people's needs of production and life, which is decided by the character of customary law.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.507-512
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• 2012

Korea is the 5th Maritime Power in the world, especially, Busan Metropolitan City is the 3rd Marine City, which has the largest Container port facility and logistic system in the world. However, Busan Citizen's maritime consciousness does not reach that level. This study points out the problems, which are insufficiency of linkage among maritime education institutes, uniformity of ocean education programs, incomplete ocean education system, inadequate management of ocean education programs and shortage of professional instructors. To solve these problems, it is necessary to develop the ocean education modules, establish the ocean education course and put into formal education course to maximize the education effectiveness. This is for the improvement of the reputation as a Marine City Busan, construction the hydrophil culture and propagation of ocean culture.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.313-323
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• 2020

With the development of smart grid technologies, a user can use the secure and reliable power services in smart gird environments. However, the users are not secure against various potential attacks because the smart gird services are provided through the public channel. Therefore, a secure and lightweight authentication and key agreement scheme has become a very important security issue in smart grid in order to guarantee user's privacy. In 2019, Zhang et al. proposed a lightweight authentication scheme for smart gird communications. In this paper, we demonstrate that Zhang et al.'s scheme is vulnerable to impersonation and session key disclosure attacks, and then we propose a secure authentication and key agreement scheme for smart grid environments without tamper-resistant devices. Moreover, we perform the informal security and the BAN logic analysis to prove that our scheme is secure various attacks and provides secure mutual authentication, respectively. We also perform the performance analysis compared with related schemes. Therefore, the proposed scheme is efficiently applicable to practical smart gird environments.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.2-12
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• 2017

Research on democratic transitions has relatively ignored the question of why some countries experience a regressive form of political pacts, while others do not. This paper develops a simple game-theoretic model to explain the phenomenon of collusive pacts in the process of democratization. Trasformismo is a term that refers to a system of political exchange based on informal clientelistic politics. The existing studies of the politics of trasformismo have emphasized the timing of industrialization and the tradition of strong state as conditions of the politics of trasformismo. However, not every late industrializers and not every strong states experienced some variants of collusive political pacts in their trajectories of democratization. In this paper, I contend that the politics of trasformismo is rather a generalizable pattern of political elites' behavior under particular circumstances. By developing a simple game theoretic model, this paper suggests the conditions under which political actors are likely to collude to a regressive form of political pacts. The model shows that the likelihood of collusion to a regressive form of political pacts is a function of a set of parameters. First, a higher level of incumbency advantage in electoral competition is likely to be associated with a higher probability of collusive political pacts. Second, a higher degree of the monopoly of political representation of political parties without a close link with a variety of societal forces is likely to induce collusive behavior among politicians. Third, the ruling party leader's expectations about the likelihood of a safe extrication are related to collusive political pacts. This paper then engages in a case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea. The 1990 Korean case is interesting in that the ruling party created a new party after having merged with two opposition parties. This case can be considered a result of political maneuver in a context of democratization. The case study suggests the empirical relevance of the game-theoretic model. As the game of trasformismo and the case study of the 1990 three-party merger in South Korea have shown, the collusive political pact was neither determined by a certain stage of economic development nor by a particular cultural systems. Rather, it was a product of the art of trasformismo based on party leaders' rational calculations of the expected likelihood of taking governing power.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.801-825
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• 2024

For Internet of Things, it is more preferred to have immediate access to environment information from sensor nodes (SNs) rather than from gateway nodes (GWNs). To fulfill the goal, mutual authentication scheme between user and SNs with session key (SK) negotiation is more suitable. However, this is a challenging task due to the constrained power, computation, communication and storage resources of SNs. Though lots of authentication schemes with SK negotiation have been designed to deal with it, they are still insufficiently secure and/or efficient, and some even have serious vulnerabilities. Therefore, we design an efficient secure authentication scheme with session key negotiation (eSAS2KN) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) utilizing fuzzy extractor technique, hash function and bitwise exclusive-or lightweight operations. In the eSAS2KN, user and SNs are mutually authenticated with anonymity, and an SK is negotiated for their direct and instant communications subsequently. To prove the security of eSAS2KN, we give detailed informal security analysis, carry out logical verification by applying BAN logic, present formal security proof by employing Real-Or-Random (ROR) model, and implement formal security verification by using AVISPA tool. Finally, computation and communication costs comparison show the eSAS2kN is more efficient and secure for practical application.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.37
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• pp.327-355
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• 1999

This study analyzes the relationship between NGOs and government assisting defecting North Korean residents and seeks a desirable model of a linkage between the two sectors. The factors used in this study for an analysis of the relationship between NGOs and government are frequency and direction of interaction between NGOs and government, government's acceptance or resistance of institutional pluralism. the degree of formality of the relationship, and the relative power balance in the relationship. Also, Coston's typology(l998) of NGO-government relationships is applied for the analysis. Results of the analysis indicates that, in resettlement assistance for defecting North Korean residents, Korean NGOs and government have a cooperative relationship at minimal level, which means that there is a low linkage, informal relationship, and asymmetrical power-relationship between the two sectors. Also, government's acceptance of institutional pluralism seems to be superficial and a tendency of one-way direction of interaction is identified. Based on the findings, this study suggests a more collaborative relationship or partnership between NGOs and the government to arrange more effective assistance programs and activities. Discussion of some controversial issues related to achieving the collaboration and suggestion of a possible model of linking government to the NGOs are followed in conclusion.