• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.1123-1133
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• 1999

The concept of empathy was examined In the professional caregiving relationship and its application was extended to the context of informal caregiving. Using the Lazarus and Folkman model, the influence of empathy on the caregiver's experience in the caregiving relationship was illustrated. The effects of the caregiver's empathy on his/her own caregiving outcomes were investigated by examining the relationship between empathy and burnout experience and life satisfaction. Empathy increased emotional exhaustion while increased personal accomplishment and personalization, indicating conflicting relationship between empathy and burnout. This conflict relationship between empathy and burnout can be explained by suggesting the distinct roles of two dimensions of empathy emotional and cognitive. The needs for more research to support the critical roles of empathy in informal caregiving context and to examine the definite roles of two dimensions of empathy were suggested.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.585-595
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors of burnout among informal caregivers of older adults. One hundred thirty seven caregivers who had provided care to older adults over 60 years of age for more than one month were included in the study. Most of the caregivers were white (91%) and female (78%). Mean ages of the caregivers were 64 years and 78% of them were married. Seventy percent of the older adults suffered from Alzheimer and related disease. In this study, caregivers reported that they experienced burnout once a month. The scores of emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment of the caregivers were in the moderate burnout range. To examine the predictors of burnout, discriminant analysis was used. Caregivers were divided by two groups based on the sum of scores (cutpoint＝6) on three dimensions of burnout after each dimension was categorized into high(3), moderate(2), and low(1). Nine predictors were included in the analysis : Caregiver's age, employment status, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) of the older adult, presence of dementia of the older adult, caregiver's empathy toward the older adult (emotional and cognitive), and 3 coping strategies (negative, problem-focused, cognitive reconstructioning). Caregivers who reported high burnout showed higher cognitive empathy toward the older adults than those who showed low burnout. Caregivers who experienced high burnout used negative coping more often, and cognitive reconstructioning coping and problem focused coping less often than their counterparts. Wilks' Lambda was .78 indicating that differences between the two groups were significant. Cognitive empathy and cognitive reconstructioning coping showed high standardized canonical discriminat function coefficients over .40. Discriminant function with 9 predictors correctly classified 71% of the sample. In conclusion, informal caregivers also experienced certain level of burnout. Cognitive empathy and coping strategies predicted burnout experience of the caregivers. Based on this study, nursing intervention to the informal caregivers to improve their cognitive empathy toward the older adults and to modify their coping strategies in a way to reduce burnout experience can be applied. Further research to develop effective nursing interventions for the purpose of reducing burnout experience by modifying predictors was suggested.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.207-221
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of perceived gain in caregiving on the positive aspects of psychological well-being. The data were gathered from 262 informal caregivers who provided care for relatives or friends in need due to illness or disability. The main results were as follows: First, overall level of perceived gain in caregiving was above the median level. Second, higher gains were perceived by the caregivers who were more educated and who had more remote relationships with care recipients. Third, perceived gain was a significant variable influencing caregiver' psychological well-being. In addition, when the perceived gain variable was added to the regression model, no socio-demographic characteristics of the caregiver and the caregiving context were found to be related to psychological well-being. Theoretical and practical implications of these results were discussed.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.893-904
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• 2000

The sample of this study consisted of 140 informal caregivers who provided care to the older adults(over 60 years of age) in Great Cleveland, USA. Self-rated questionnaires were utilized to collect information. The purpose of the study was to identify coping strategies most frequently utilized by informal caregivers of older adults and to examine predictors of the caregivers' health responses to the caregiving situation applying Lazarus and Folkman stress model(1984). Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify significant predictors among caregivers' demographic-socio-economic factors, older adult's dependency of activities of daily living(ADLs), caregiver's appraisal to the caregiving situation, and coping strategies. Informal caregivers (N=140) included in the study utilized help-seeking and problem-solving coping strategies more than self-blame and minimization of threat coping strategies. Caregivers' responses to the caregiving situation were observed by caregivers' perceived physical health, depression and life satisfaction. For perceived physical health, threat appraisal, older adult's dependency on ADLs, existential growth coping strategy, and monthly income accounted for 25% of the variance. Caregivers who appraised the caregiving situation as more threatening, reported higher dependency on ADLs, used more existential growth coping strategy, and had higher monthly income reported better physical health. For depression, threat appraisal, stress appraisal, existential growth coping strategy, self-blame coping strategy, and monthly income accounted for 48% of the variance. Caregivers who used more existential growth coping and less self-blame coping, appraised the situation as less threatening, less stressful, and had higher monthly income reported less depression. For life satisfaction, self-blame coping, existential growth coping, monthly income, stress appraisal accounted for 49% of the variance. Caregivers who used more existential growth coping, less self-blame coping, less stress appraisal, lower monthly income reported better life satisfaction. In conclusion, informal caregivers in this study utilized positive coping strategies such as problem-focused, existential growth, help-seeking, rather than negative coping strategies including self-blame. When they utilized positive coping strategies more often, caregivers experienced higher perceived physical health, higher life satisfaction and lower depression. Therefore, nursing intervention which utilized positive coping strategies is needed to enhance informal caregivers to have positive health responses to the caregiving demands.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.47-60
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• 2006

BACKGROUND: Social, legal, and economic factors have changed the delivery of care to elderly who are frail and/or chronically ill. Increasing number of the elderly are now treated in the community, while living with or in close proximity to their family. It is evident that families play a major role of support for elderly persons in our society. This paper provides a review and analysis of studies that have investigated informal caregiving issues encompassing physical, psychological, emotional, and social domains. RESULTS OF THE REVIEW: Family caregiving often interfered with workplace and other responsibilities, creating physical, emotional, and financial stress for caregivers. Relatively high volumes of research addressed caregiving issues in the families of Alzheimer patients and in the areas of emotional and psychological impact of caregiving. Few studies explicitly investigated the role of informal caregivers in the management of other chronic conditions such as stroke or depression or physical consequences of long-term caregiving. While most studies were focused on negative aspects of caregiving, a few studies found it rewarding. Often the burden, stress, and socio-economic effects on the family caregiving for an elderly person were not sufficiently appreciated. CONCLUSIONS: Positive outcomes for both the caregiver and the care recipient are more likely to occur when effective levels of collaboration exist between health professionals and caregivers. As a first step, a better understanding of the caregiving experience such as caregiver characteristics, care recipient characteristics, and social stigma is important for nurses to minimize the burden of care so that appropriate interventions can be developed. In addition, further studies are needed to examine the role and needs of informal caregivers in the care of increasing number of frail and/or chronic ill elderly treated in the community.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.665-672
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• 2002

It was identified that how many homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers were depressed, and which factors affected the bedridden elderly's depression. Method: The subjects were 191 homebound bedridden elderlies and their primary caregivers. The affecting factors were classified into two categories : bedridden elderly and their primary caregiver related factors. Then bedridden elderly's factors were classified demographic and disease-related factors again. The stepwise regression was used to identify significant factors. Result: The prevalence of bedridden elderly's and caregiver's depression was 77.8% and 67.0%, respectively. And the model explained 33.3% of variance of bedridden elderly's depression. Cognitively-impaired female elderlies who had depressed caregivers were found to be more depressed. And caregivers who perceived burden were identified to be more depressed. Conclusion: It is recommended that the health professionals need to identify bedridden elderlies and caregivers at risk of depression. Especially elderlies who is in poor cognition, those who are female, and those whose caregivers were depressed might be considered carefully in all counseling or follow-up. Also the primary caregivers must be helped to access already available formal and informal support.

• 한국사회복지학
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• 제54권
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• pp.203-220
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 비공식 부양자가 기능제안이 있는 중증 장애노인에게 제공하는 노인보호의 양과 유형에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 65세 이상 중증장애노인을 수발하고 있는 주부양자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 하여 회수된 설문지 중에서 사용 가능한 211부를 본 연구의 분석 표본으로 선정하였다. 연구목적에 따라서 부양상태에 대한 확률 추정과 보호제공시간량에 미치는 요인을 분석한 결과, 부양상태와 부양결정에 관련된 요인들에 대하여 유의미안 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 보호제공시간 시간량에 OLS분석을 실시한 결과에 따르면, 첫째 소득은 총가족보호시간에 회귀한 모형 1에서만 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 부양생산기술의 구성요소들 중 일상생활동작제한과 수단적 일상생활동작제안, 부양팀원수, 공식서비스 이용이 보호제공량에 유의미한 영양을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 가계생산기술을 구성하는 요소들은 부양시수에 유의한 영양을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 부양자 선호의 구성요소에서는 부양자의 경제활동 여부, 노인보호 구입을 위해 지불할 용의가 있는 금액이 유의한 것으로 나타났다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-73
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to describe 1) the prevalence of caregiving among adult men and women in Korea and 2) the characteristics of caregiving context. The main results were as follows: 1) About 1 in 6 adults reported that they provided care for the relatives and friends during the previous year. 2) The proportion of male to female caregivers was similar, indicating a higher prevalence of male involvement than previous studies indicated. Yet, the relationships to care recipients and types of care were found to be different by gender of caregiver 3) Adult caregivers are most likely to provide care for the elderly, but continue to provide care for younger persons as well. 4) A nontrivial proportion of the respondents reported providing care for more than one person, suggesting the need to pay special attention to these multiple caregivers.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.296-303
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• 2021

Background: Rapid population aging in developed countries has resulted in the working-age population increasingly being tasked with the provision of informal care. Methods: An educational intervention was delivered to 21 carer-employees employed at a Canadian University. Work role function, job security, schedule control, work-family conflict, familywork conflict, and supervisor and coworker support were measured as part of an aggregated workplace experience score. This score was used to measure changes pre/post intervention and at a follow-up period approximately 12 months post intervention. Three random intercept models were created via linear mixed modeling to illustrate changes in participants' workplace experience across time. Results: All three models reported statistically significant random and fixed effects intercepts, with a positive coefficient of change. Conclusion: This suggests that the intervention demonstrated an improvement of the workplace experience score for participants over time, with the association particularly strong immediately after intervention.

• 한국노년학
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.377-394
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• 2009

일반적으로 노인수발경험은 가족수발자의 신체적 건강에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되어 왔으나, 민족 집단 간 연구결과가 일치하지 않았으며, 한국인 가족수발자의 신체적 건강에 관한 연구는 거의 전무하였다. 본 연구는 한인 가족수발자의 노인수발 경험이 신체적 건강에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 사회문화적 스트레스 대처모델을 적용하여 경로모델을 제시하면서 문화적 가치의 영향을 고려하였다. 경로모델에서 문화적 가치는 수발부담과 스트레스 대처행동(사회적 지지)을 통해 수발자의 신체적 건강에 영향을 미칠 것이라 가정되었다. 자료 수집을 위해 미국 남가주(Southern California)에 거주하는 87명의 한인 가족수발자를 구조화된 설문지로 면접조사하였다. 신체적 건강 변수로서 주관적 건강, 혈압, 콜티졸을 고려하였으며, 사회적 지지는 가족, 친척, 이웃 등으로부터의 비공식적 사회적 지지와 공식적 계약에 의해 주어지는 사회적 지지(노인복지서비스 이용)의 영향을 고려하였다. 경로분석 결과, 문화적 가치가 한인 가족수발자의 신체적 건강에 미치는 영향이 확인되었는데, 문화적 가치에 대한 믿음이 강할수록 공식적 사회적 지지 이용 빈도가 높았으며, 이용 빈도가 높을수록 수발자의 수축기 혈압이 낮았다. 그러나 문화적 가치가 수발부담을 통해 신체적 건강에 미치는 영향은 확인되지 않았다. 본 연구는 한인 수발자의 신체적 건강에 관한 연구의 시발점으로서 정책적, 학문적 함의를 제시한다.