• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2010

Several studies have suggested the possibility of airborne transmission of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, pandemic influenza. because the number of patients increases explosively, if infectious disease had a high basic reproduction number, pharmaceutical interventions such as vaccination, chemoprophylaxis in the early stage of epidemic. Thus, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as mask-wearing, installing air cleaners, school closure are important to control and prevent the infectious diseases. However, the current technology on the mask, air cleaning, ventilation, and etc., seems to be not originated from the understanding of infection via airborne transmission. It is important to estimate the aerodynamic behavior of saliva droplets by coughing or speaking in order to understand the phenomena of airborne infection. In addition, the prediction of transmission of infectious diseases through the air is critical to prevent or minimize the damage of infection. In this review, we reviewed the recent studies on the airborne infection by focusing on the aerodynamic characteristics of saliva droplets and modeling of airborne transmission.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.253-264
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate role perception, knowledge, self-confidence of practice, and educational needs of child daycare teachers' infectious disease management and to identify their relationship. A correlation study was conducted. Participants were 180 child daycare teachers. Almost eighty percent(78.9%) of participants did not received infectious disease management education. The mean percent of correct answers for infectious disease management knowledge of participants was 52.3% and their self-confidence of practice of infectious disease management was low. However, their role perception of infectious disease management and educational needs were high. Educational needs on 'hand washing and hygiene to prevent infectious diseases', 'blocking transmission of infectious diseases', 'infectious disease specific management and care', and 'infectious disease specific symptoms' were high. Child daycare teachers' role perception of infectious disease was positively correlated with their knowledge and educational needs. Development and evaluation of educational interventions to improve child daycare teachers' infectious disease prevention and management are recommended. Particularly, efforts are needed to improve child daycare teachers role perceptions as infectious disease manager.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.365-370
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• 2006

Viral, bacterial and fungal infections can be transmitted via allografts such as bone, skin, cornea and cardiovascular tissues. Allogenic bone grafts have possibility of transmission of hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), human T-Cell leukaemia virus (HTLV), tuberculosis and other bacterias. The tissue bank should have a policy for obtaining information from the patient's medical report as to whether the donor had risk factors for infectious diseases. Over the past several years, improvements in donor screening criteria, such as excluding potential donor with "high risk" for HIV-1 and hepatitis infection, and donor blood testing result in the reduction of transmission of these diseases. During tissue processing, many allografts are exposed to antibiotics, disinfectants and terminal sterilization such as irradiation, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitting diseases. Because the effectiveness of some tissue grafts such as, fresh frozen osteochondral grafts, depends on cellular viability, not all can be subjected to sterilization and processing steps and, therefore, the risk of transmission of infectious disease remains. This article is review of the transmission of considering infectious disease in allogenic bone transplantation and the processing steps of reducing the risk. The risk of viral transmission in allografts can be reduced in several standards. The most important are donor-screening tests and the removal of blood and soft tissues by processing steps under the aseptic environment. In conclusion, final sterilizations including the irradiation, can be establish the safety of allografts.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2007

Implantation of allografts has increased widely with not only the availability of many allogenic bone but also allogenic soft tissues. The aim of tissue banking is to provide surgeons with safe tissues compatible with their intended clinical application. The incidence of tissue transplant-transmitted infection is unknown and can only be inferred from prospective studies. The possibility of donor-to-recipient disease transmission through soft tissue transplantation can be considered by reviewing the risk associated with other transplanted hard tissues. Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections have been transmitted via transplantation of soft tissue allografts such as skin, cornea, dura, pericardium. fascia lata, and heart valves. Corneas have transmitted rabies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), hepatitis B (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), bacteria, and fungi. Heart valves have been implicated in transmitting tuberculosis, hepatitis B. HIV-1 and CMV. CJD has been transmitted by dura and pericardium transplants. Skin has transmitted CMV, bacteria, and fungi. Cadaveric skin, pericardium, dura, and fascia lata have been used in dental patients with intra-oral soft tissue injuries and GBR. This study is review of the considering transmission of infectious disease in allogenic soft tissues and guidelines of reducing the risk. Prior to use, many tissues are exposed to antibiotics, disinfectants, and sterilants, which further reduce or remove the risk of transmitted disease. Because some soft tissue grafts cannot be subjected to sterilization steps, the risk of infectious disease transmission remains and thorough donor screening and testing is especially important.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 2013

An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus infections occurred in a university with an enrollment of 80 students in the city of Daejon, Republic of Korea. All nine S. aureus isolates from patients (n = 7), staff members (n = 1), and the fried chicken served as the lunch (n = 1) harbored the enterotoxin A gene and showed an identical antibioticresistant profile, PFGE banding pattern (STAS16.001), and sequence type, ST 6. These results suggested that the outbreak was associated with eating the fried chicken that had been handled by an infected staff member. This case report demonstrated a practical approach to identifying the source and transmission of an infection.

• Korean Public Health Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.83-85
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• 2018

As the main aim of infectious disease epidemiology is to prevent a pathogen transmission, traditional epidemiological studies have focused on the evaluation of individual-level risk factors. But group-level factors as well as individual-level are important in understanding and controlling transmission of infectious diseases, especially sex-transmitted infectious diseases. Multi-level analysis (MLA) is known as a powerful analytical tool for investigating both levels simultaneously. While new cases of HIV/AIDS in Korea are increasing annually, it is urgently needed to establish research system for MLA led by Korea Centers for Disease Control & Prevention.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.112-122
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• 2020

This study analyzed how KBS's 'Type and Format', 'Professionalism' and 'Infectious Disease-related Issues' appear in the media news related to Corona-19 under the three periods of 'discovery', 'diffusion' and 'recovery'. According to an analysis of a total of 473 media news, In all three periods, 'Straight Report' and 'Information Delivery Frame' were high to inform the truth of the infectious disease. In addition, the 'transmission of facts' frame was more used than the emotional transmission in reporting the risk situation. However, the proportion of 'moral evaluation frames' in the second phase was relatively high, and the proportion of non-professional journalists was still overwhelmingly higher than professional journalists. Meanwhile, infectious disease-related issues had the most content on 'infection control', and relatively little information on how to deal with them. Based on the above findings, this study suggested the implications of 'Increased in-depth and professional press coverage', 'Refrain from moral evaluation frames' and 'a comprehensive presentation of various infectious disease-related information'.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9.1-9.8
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• 2021

The most important characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission that makes it difficult to control are 1) asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission, 2) low incidence or lack of dominant systemic symptoms such as fever, 3) airborne transmission that may need a high infectious dose, and 4) super-spread events (SSEs). Patients with COVID-19 have high viral loads at symptom onset or even a few days prior to symptom onset, and most patients with COVID-19 have only mild respiratory symptoms or merely pauci-/null-symptoms. These characteristics of the virus enable it to easily spread to the community because most patients are unaware of their potential infectivity, and symptom-based control measures cannot prevent this type of transmission. Furthermore, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is also capable of airborne transmission in conditions such as aerosol-generating procedures, under-ventilated indoor spaces, and over-crowded areas. In this context, universal mask-wearing is important to prevent both outward and inward transmission until an adequate degree of herd immunity is achieved through vaccination. Lastly, the SSEs of SARS-CoV-2 transmission emphasize the importance of reducing contacts by limiting social gatherings. The above-mentioned transmission characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 have culminated in the failure of long-lasting quarantine measures, and indicate that only highly effective vaccines can keep the communities safe from this deadly, multifaceted virus.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.13.1-13.3
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• 2012

Blood borne infectious diseases are usually a public concern. The transmissions of many diseases are via blood borne mode. Several activities are related to this transmission such as injection, blood transfusion and transplantation. Also, the acupuncture practice can be a possible route for blood borne infectious disease transmission. In this specific review, the author briefly reviews acupuncture and blood borne viral infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.317-320
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• 2015

H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV) causes respiratory diseases in the horse population, and it has been demonstrated that EIV can transmit into dogs owing to its availability on receptors of canine respiratory epithelial cells. Recently, we isolated H3N8 EIV from an EIV-vaccinated horse that showed symptoms of respiratory disease, and which has a partially truncated nonstructural gene (NS). However, it is not clear that the NS-truncated EIV has an ability to cross the host species barrier from horses to dogs as well. Here, we experimentally infected the NS-truncated H3N8 EIV into dogs, and monitored their clinical signs and viral load in respiratory organs to determine the virus's transmissibility.