• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.511-513
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to confirm traditional medicine of ante-T. gondii effect. We searched 16 traditional medicines that have antiparisite effect from dongyibogam and Traditional Chinese Medicine. We have searched 3 medicines that was Quisqualis india L. var villosa Clark, Artemisia scoparia Waldstein and Loranthi Ramulus, Selectivity of these medicines was 2.9, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively, higher than spiramycin.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.144-149
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• 2010

Purpose: The aim of this case report is to present the successful clinical treatment of two cases of postoperative infection following maxillary sinus augmentation. Methods: In the two cases of postoperative infection, immediate total removal of the grafted material from the sinus was conducted to stop the spread of the infection, after which a high dose of antibiotics was administrated. Re-augmentation procedures were then conducted after the infection subsided. Results: No further complications occurred after sinus re-augmentation. The dental implants placed in the re-augmented sinus were clinically osseointegrated, and the implant-supported restorations in the two cases of postoperative infection have been functioning very well for over 2 years. Conclusions: In the case of infection of the grafted sinuses, it is necessary to completely remove the graft materials and then administer a high dose of antibiotics to treat the acute infection, after which sinus re-augmentation is suggested.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.40-44
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• 2015

To investigate whether Serratia marcescens (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) isolated from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Coleoptera: Cetoniidae) acts as an opportunistic bacterium in peroral infection, the primary entomopathogenic bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) and Paenibacillus popilliae (Eubacteriales: Bacillaceae) were added to sawdust to perform a bioassay experiment. We found that peroral infection caused by S. marcescens could be fatal beyond a concentration of $4{\times}10^8pfu/mL$ in $2^{nd}$ stage P. b. seulensis larvae and at $6{\times}10^8pfu/mL$ in $3^{rd}$ stage P. b. seulensis larvae. In particular, mortality resulting from a combination of P. popilliae and S. marcescens was markedly increased in $2^{nd}$ stage P. b. seulensis larvae. Therefore, we confirmed that mortality was increased when S. marcescens was infected together with other entomopathogenic bacteria, and that peroral infection itself can be fatal beyond certain concentrations.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine the best method for minimizing the occurrence of Metarhizium anisopliae infection of Protaetia brevitarsis seluensis during mass breeding on agricultural farms. There is a high demand for the use of P. b. seluensis larvae in animal feed and as food for humans. However, mass breeding results in the entomopathogenic fungal (usually M. anisopliae) infection of P. b. seluensis. A mixture of microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) delayed fungal infection by M. anisopliae, which infected fewer P. b. seluensis when the microorganism mixture was added to sawdust as feed for P. b. seluensis. When sawdust with the effective microorganisms (EM) was given to P. b. seluensis for 30 d, their mortality rate was approximately 35 % less than that of the control group, which was fed sawdust without the EM. In addition, the growth of M. anisopliae on agar media spread with each bacterium as inhibited by up to 80 % more than those spread with 4 % sodium hypochlorite, which is a harmless fungal inhibitor generally used in agricultural farms for disinfection.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.114-117
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• 2013

To facilitate their spread, plant viruses have developed several methods for dispersal including insect and seed transmission. While insect transmission requires virus stability against insect digestion, seed-transmitted viruses have to overcome barriers to entry into embryos. Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) is transmitted through seed at levels typically below 0.1%, but co-infection with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) enhanced the seed transmission rate of BPMV in one experiment. In contrast, the rate of SMV seed transmission was not affected by BPMV co-infection. In a second preliminary study, the rate of SMV transmission was lower in an isoline of Williams 82 that contained a null mutation for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene than in Williams 82. In this preliminary study, we observed that factors such as protease inhibitor expression and dual infection may affect the frequency of seed transmission of BPMV and SMV.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.410-414
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• 2008

In the recently, increased concern has been focused on the pharmacology and clinical utility of herbal extracts and derivatives as a drug or adjunct to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Here we investigated the modulatory effects of the extract of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium (ZP) in production of inflammatory mediators from Raw264.7 cells and expression of CD86, CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 from peritoneal macrophage. ZP enhanced the production of NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as well as mRNA expression of iNOS and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Treatment of peritoneal macrophage with ZP resulted in the enhanced cell-surface molecules expression of CD86, CD14 and TLR4. We assayed the effect of ZP in cell proliferation and production of $IFN-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha}$. ZP increased Con A-induced cell proliferation and production of $IFN-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha}$. These studies indicate that ZP induces macrophage activation and suggest the possible use of ZP in macrophage-based immunotherapies

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.96-103
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• 2012

In the present study, the inhibitory effect of neem leaf extract (NLE) on lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production was examined both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro study revealed that NLE treatment ($100{\mu}g/ml$) inhibits LPS (100 ng/ml)-induced NO production by 96% and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by 32%. The reduction in NO production is probably conferred by the complete suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. Interestingly, in vivo NLE significantly improved the survival rate of mice in an experimental sepsis model. Administration of NLE (100 mg/kg) 24 h before LPS treatment (20 mg/kg) improved the survival rate of mice by 60%. The inhibition of plasma NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ production by NLE is likely to account for the improved survival of mice. Our results suggest that NLE may present a promising avenue in the development of therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2020

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects approximately one third of the human population worldwide. Considering the toxicity and side effects of anti-toxoplasma medications, it is important to develop effective drug alternatives with fewer and less severe off-target effects. In this study, we found that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4-HBA) induced autophagy and the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Interestingly, treatment of BMDMs with 4-HBA significantly reduced the number of macrophages infected with T. gondii and the proliferation of T. gondii in infected cells. This effect was impaired by pretreating the macrophages with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin (selective autophagy inhibitors) or with sirtinol or EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitors). Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 prevented 4-HBA-mediated expression of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the colocalization of T. gondii parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes in BMDMs. These data suggest that 4-HBA promotes antiparasitic host responses by activating SIRT1-mediated autophagy, and 4-HBA might be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.158-161
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• 1999

We determined threshold environmental factros to initiate infection of pepper plants by Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen of pepper gray mold, in two greenhouse conditions. A new efficient spore-trapping method was developed to estimate population density of airborne conidia in the greenhouses, and spore release was measured using a Kerssies' selective medium. At a given day, spores were released greater during daytime (mostly from 7:30 am to 10:30 am and at 4:30 pm) than nighttime. Diurnal and nocturnal temperatures in the greenhouse-1 were about $25^{\circ}$ and $17^{\circ}$,and relative humidity was 100% for prolonged 24 h due to rain on December 17, 1997. Population density of air-borne conidia was 3.0$\times$103 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ after two days, and the initial infection occurred in ten days. During the same period of time in the greenhouse-2, diurnal temperature was about $25^{\circ}$ and nocturnal temperature was below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia was 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$. Under these conditions, the initial infection started in three days. This indicates that the early infection occurs under which diurnal temperature is approximately $25^{\circ}$, nocturnal temperature is maintained below $15^{\circ}$, and population density of air-borne conidia is 104 conidia/ $0.5\textrm{m}^3$ at saturated relative humidity condition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.427-438
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• 2020

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infects the lower respiratory airway of humans, leading to severe acute respiratory failure. Unlike human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4), a receptor for MERS-CoV, mouse DPP4 (mDPP4) failed to support MERS-CoV infection. Consequently, diverse transgenic mouse models expressing hDPP4 have been developed using diverse methods, although some models show no mortality and/or only transient and mild-to-moderate clinical signs following MERS-CoV infection. Additionally, overexpressed hDPP4 is associated with neurological complications and breeding difficulties in some transgenic mice, resulting in impeding further studies. Here, we generated stable hDPP4-transgenic mice that were sufficiently susceptible to MERS-CoV infection. The transgenic mice showed weight loss, decreased pulmonary function, and increased mortality with minimal perturbation of overexpressed hDPP4 after MERS-CoV infection. In addition, we observed histopathological signs indicative of progressive pulmonary fibrosis, including thickened alveolar septa, infiltration of inflammatory monocytes, and macrophage polarization as well as elevated expression of profibrotic molecules and acute inflammatory response in the lung of MERS-CoV-infected hDPP4-transgenic mice. Collectively, we suggest that this hDPP4-transgenic mouse is useful in understanding the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection and for antiviral research and vaccine development against the virus.