• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.152-158
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• 2000

Purpose : Kawasaki disease is an acute illness of unknown cause that affects infants and children. Sometimes, cervical lymphadenitis that seems to be caused by bacterial or viral agents at admission would be changed to Kawasaki disease within several days of hospitalization. Lymphadenopathy is one of major presenting manifestation of both cervical lymphadenitis and Kawasaki disease. We compared Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy as the initial manifestation with cervical lymphadenitis without other typical manifestations of Kawasaki disease. Methods : We describe and compare the clinical characteristics of 15 patients with Kawasaki disease which were misdiagnosed as cervical lymphadenitis and 125 patients with cervical lymphadenitis, retrospectively. Results : The clinical characteristics of Kawasaki disease with cervical lymphadenopathy as an initial presenting manifestation were older in age and had more frequent abnormalities in markers of systemic inflammation than kawasaki disease without cervical lymphadenopathy. They would have greater abnormalities in markers of inflammation than cervical lymphadenitis alone. They had higher mean WBC, cESR, CRP which were compared with the patients with cervical lymphadenitis. Usually, patients with cervical lymphadenitis responded to antibiotics promptly, but they did not tend to be responded to antibiotics within 48~72hrs. Conclusion : Patients with Kawasaki disease may initially present with findings that strongly suggest bacterial lymphadenitis with or without other manifestations of Kawasaki disease. If they did not response initial antibiotics administration, they should be closed observed for the possible development of the another signs of Kawasaki disease. Earlier diagnosis of Kawasaki disease can avoid the need for unnecessary procedures and antibiotics and lead to more proper therapy directed at Kawasaki disease.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 2014

Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis is an uncommon inflammatory bowel disease syndrome of neonatal onset first described in 1991. Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis usually presents in the neonate with a mouth ulceration and the subsequent development of perianal disease and colitis. In this case report, an infant, 18 days from birth, with ulcerative lesion on hard palate for systemic differential diagnosis about oral lesion is referred from the department depiatrics. At that time, there is no abnormality, except oral lesion-like Aphthous ulcer. The patient was discharged from pediatrics, but returned to the hospital 3weeks later with blood diarrhea. As a result of endoscopy, there were large ulcerating lesions and the patient was diagnosed intractable ulcerating enterocolitis. Early recognition of Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis appears to be beneficial because colectomy, as opposed to immunosuppression, appears to be effective in controlling disease symptoms and progression. Most of the infants who were affected intractable ulcerating enterocolitis were normal at birth and oral manifestation appeared earlier than others. So, it is very meaningful for dentists to know about Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.245-251
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• 2009

Recently, human life and the low birth rate and aging population has increased exponentially. Entry into an aged society in the present case and the different policy alternatives, and is a reality. Resolution of one of these older active community participation and production activities to foster a rich life, infants need to be able to build a ubiquitous environment can be damaging. Latest IT technology in the development of intelligent life on all human life even more convenient by combining the computer and try to build a productive environment is. You simply connect your computer to the elderly rather than older users to use, efficient and productive way to improve efforts to follow. Emerging as an alternative to the more efficient interfaces for ubiquitous computing, user interface design criteria, albeit a little uncomfortable by suggesting improvements of the elderly and their participation in production activities helped to improve the quality of life. Ubiquitous environment, as well as means to improve the living environment of older people live independent lives, as given us is that you can get the premise of this study was in progress.Thus, by analyzing the characteristics of the elderly for the elderly by offering more efficient way to interface design for a new era of ubiquitous pushing back the boundaries of the elderly have been instruments to achieve social vitality.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1996

Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections in human, with infants and young children being particularly susceptible. In the temperate zones, sharp annual outbreaks of RSV occur during the colder months, in both the northern and the southern hemisphere. RSV is unusual in that it can repeatedly reinfect individuals throughout life and infect babies in the presence of maternal antibody. RSV isolates can be divided into two subgroups, A and B, on the basis of their reactions with monoclonal antibodies, and the two subgroups are also distinct at the nucleotide sequence level. The specific diagnosis of RSV infection was best made by isolation of virus in tissue culture, identification of viral antigen, or by specific serologic procedures. Recently, rapid detection of RSV and analysis of RSV strain variation became possible by development of methods of reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification. In this study, to determine the genetic diversity of RSV found in Korea, 173 bp and 164 bp spanning selected regions of the RSV F and SH genes were enzymatically amplified and sequenced, respectively. Eight for F gene and three for SH gene were detected in 66 nasopharyngeal swap samples tested. Two major antigenic subgroups, A and B were confirmed from Korean samples (seven for subgroup A and one for subgroup B). At the nucleotide level of the F gene region, Korean subgroup A strains showed 95-99% homologies compared to the prototype A2 strain of subgroup A and 93-100% homologies among Korean subgroup A themselves. For the SH gene region, Korean subgroup A strain showed 97.5% homology compared to the prototype A2 strain of subgroup A, and Korean subgroup B strain showed 97% homology compared to the prototype 18537 strain of subgroup B. Most of base changes were transition and occured in codon position 3, which resulted in amino acid conservation. Using the maximum parsimony method, phylogenetic analysis indicated that Korean RSV strains formed a group with other RSV strains isolated from the United States, Canada, the Great Britain and Australia.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.85-102
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is analyzing newly the role of the educare teachers by finding the teachers' subjective perception on their duty and understanding its feature. With the research, I'd like to present the fundamental materials for re-training and education for specialty. I Q-sorted 17 teachers based on the 36 statements which had been selected carefully. The results are following. The first type is the teacher who is aiming the specialized education. The teacher of this type needs to have the comprehensible knowledge on the child-development and seeks the teacher's specialty with self-supervision and study group. The second type is the teacher who is pursuing safety and protection for the children. The teacher of this type considers safety and cleanness very important and thinks that he or she should take care of the children by the cooperation with parents. The third type is the teacher who is heading for everyday's life and improvement. He or she thinks that teaching the child daily life is significant and by it, the child should grow up. The results of the research show us 3 points. The first, we need to re-design training program for the educare teachers. The second, we should prepare the manual for the teachers in accordance with the infants' growing-up. The third, we should understand the teacher's type and train him or her in accordance with the type.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.301-313
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop the frame for standardized manual for Sanhujoriwon by finding out the status of the management of women & newborn in Sanhujoriwon, like postpartum care center. The subjects were 95 staffs of 22 Sanhujoriwon agreed on oral consent, in Seoul and Bundang, Korea. Data were collected from Sep. 15 to Oct. 24, 2001. The instrument used for this study was a structured questionnaire consisted of 16 items of general characteristics & educational characteristics about postpartum care, 31 items of degree of management of women's postpartum care (Cronbach's $\alpha$.93 ), 24 items of degree of management of newborn's care(Cronbach's $\alpha$.94 ), 10 items of methods of management of women's postpartum care, 8 items of methods management of newborn's care. The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean of the degree of management for postpartum women was 4.1. The mean score for the degree of management of general postpartum care for women was 4.00 & traditional postpartum care(Sanhujori) was 4.20. The degree of management of traditional postpartum care was higher than general postpartum care for women. 2. The degree of management for newborn : The mean score for the degree of management of newborn was 4.37. 3.There was a strong positive correlation between general postpartum care and traditional postpartum care($r=.744^{**}$), and postpartum mother care and newborn care($r=.798^{**}$). 4.The basic frame for the management of the women and newborn in Sanhujoriwon. 1) For women: Integrated postpartal care Physical management : Vital sign & BP check, contraction of uterus, form and amount of lochia, management of personal hygiene, management of breast & breast-feeding, management of postpartum exercise, prevention of infection, symptom & sign of high risk and prevention & management of high risk condition; Emotional-psychological management: assessment and management of mother-baby attachment, emotional state; Educational management : education of vaccination schedule, urinary incontinence, rearing infant, breast-feeding ; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. 2) For newborn Physical management : check of vital sign, management of umbilical cord, jaundice, prevention of infection, management of diaper rash; Emotional-psychological management : assessment of sleep, crying, activity, response of mother-baby attachment; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. In conclusion Sanhujoriwon must be health care center for the postpartum women and newborn. Therefore, the establishment of various laws and regulations in such a way to meet the realistic needs of Sanhujoriwon as a health care center for women and infants future health should be done. The standardized management manual based on the results is absolutely required above all.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1798-1807
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius having probiotic properties to be used as the health adjuncts with fermented milk products. Acid- and bile-tolerant lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius was isolated with lactobacilli MRS broth from faeces of 80 healthy persons (infants, children and adults). It was used as a probiotic strain in fermented milk products. The pH of fermented milk decreased from pH 6.7 to 5.0 and titratable acidity increased from 0.3% to 1.0% by L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (isolation strain 20, 35, and 37), when incubated for 36 h at 37$^{\circ}C$. The number of viable cell counts of fermented milk was maximized at this incubation condition. The SDS-PAGE evidenced no significant change of casein but distinct changes of whey protein were observed by isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius for titratable acidity being incubated by 0.9-1.0% at 37$^{\circ}C$. All of the strains produced 83.43 to 131.96 mM of lactic acid and 5.39 to 26.85 mM of isobutyric acid in fermented products. The in vitro culture experiment was performed to evaluate ability to reduce cholesterol levels and antimicrobial activity in the growth medium. The selected L. salivarius subsp. salivarius reduced 23-38% of cholesterol content in lactobacilli MRS broth during bacterial growth for 24 h at 37$^{\circ}C$. All of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had an excellent antibacterial activity with 15-25 mm of inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, S. enteritidis KCCM3313, S. typhimurium M-15, and S. typhimurium KCCM40253 when its pH had not been adjusted. Also, all of the isolated L. salivarius subsp. salivarius had partial inhibition zone to E. coli KCTC1039, E. coli KCTC0115 and S. enteritidis KCCM3313 when it had been adjusted to pH 5.7. The selected strains were determined to have resistances of twelve antibiotic. Strains 27 and 35 among the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius showed the highest resistance to the antibiotics. These results indicated that some of the L. salivarius subsp. salivarius (strain 27 and 35) are considered as effective probiotic strains with a potential for industrial applications, but the further study is needed to establish their use as probiotics in vivo.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.138-152
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• 1995

The condition of nutrition during infancy will greatly affect infants' physical, emotional growth, especially breast feeding is important in their growth and development, and emotional stability, too. Despite such advantages of breast-feeding, its rate has continued to fall year after year in Korea : the 95% rate in 1960's has fallen to 25.4% in 1990. It is known that such a downfall of breast-feeding rate is associated with various factors. The purpose of the study is to examine mother's and nurses' in nursery perception of the impediment factors of breast-feeding : to compare those between of breast-feeding : to compare those between two groups : to provide fundamental data for developing strategies for increasing breast-feeding. The subjects were 45 new mothers from one hospital and the same number of nurses sampled from 3 university hospitals, in Seoul. The data were collected for 11 days from April 12 to April 23, 1994 and a questionnaire was developed based on the interview with 14 nurses and 10 mothers and the literature reviews. Liker's Five-Point Scale was used as measurement. The Data were analyzed using SPSS / PC and descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA. The results of study are as follows : 1) Most new mothers get the information about breast-feeding from their mothers, books or newspaper, and relatives in rank than professionals(nurses or doctors). 2) The impediment factors the breast-feeding are categorized as mothers, hospital system, medical personnels and social factors. The most frequently mentioned impediment factors from mothers are 'Difficulty by operational wounds'(3.13), 'Lack of will for breast-feeding'(3.47), 'Insufficient rest and sleep'(3.52) and 'Opposition from husband or his family members'(4.77)in rank. On the other hand those factors from nurses are 'Inadequate nipple condition'(2.37), 'Decreasing milk secretion given medicine after operation'(2.63), 'Mothers knowledge deficit by poorly prepared education'(2.79) and 'Mothers abhorance of breast-feeing'(3.87) in rank. 3) As for the hospital system, the highly perceived impediment factors by mothers are 'Seperation of baby from mother after birth'(2.78), 'Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital'(2.93), 'Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding'(3.18) and 'Because of babys' preference artificial nipple by being accustomed to it in hospital(3.97), in rank. Meanwhile, those from nurses are "Seperation of baby from mother after birth",(1.92), "Inconsistency between hospital's nursing time and mother's breast secretion time" scretion time(2.97), "Lack of space for breast-feeding in the hospital"(3.39), and "Lack of facility for informing the time for breast-feeding"(3.74) 4) As for the medical personnels, the highestly perceived Impediment factor from mothers in "Lack of professional nurses for breast-feeding"(2.96), and the lowestly perceived one is "Doctors' reluctance"(4.75). Nurses perceived same as mothers, too. 5) As for the social factors, the highestly perceived impediment factor by mothers and nurses is "Inconvience of social activities"(2.83) and the lowestly ones are "The sense of self-sacrifice"(4.22) by mothers, and "The sense of old fashioned"(4.13) by nurses. 6) The difference of the perception of impediment factors between mothers and nurses is statistically significant only in mother factor.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.308-316
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• 2020

This study attempted to derive an equation for calculating the damage impact distance using CARIS so that local governments can quickly determine evacuation and notification of residents in the event of an ammonia-release accident. Ammonia is an accident-causing substance and one of 16 substances to prepare for resident evacuation. It is the most frequently occurring chemical with 58 chemical accidents from 2014~2019. The study derives an equation for calculating the damage impact distance according to the exposure time of ammonia based on AEGL, an acute exposure standard applicable to the general population, which is includes vulnerable groups such as infants, children and the elderly and designated by the EPA. The calculation formulas for each concentration and exposure time to classify the hazardous area according to AEGL-3 and the semi-dangerous area according to AEGL-2 were derived. A comparison of the relative standard deviation between the damage impact distance values of CARIS revealed that is was in the range of 0~2%. Local governments should consider the actual accident situation and apply the appropriate damage-affected distance calculation formula derived from the study to evacuate residents near the origin of the accident or use for protective measures such as indoor evacuation notification.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of 3~5 year old children attending kindergarten and childcare facilities in 2010 and 2014. Methods: Data were obtained from the 2010 and 2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) and included 509 subjects aged 3~5 years old attending kindergarten and childcare facilities. Results: In 2014, rate of skipping meals by children was 16.2%, an increase of 5.5% compared with the rate of skipping meals by children in 2010. Calcium intake in 2014 was 397.41 mg at 3 years old, 419.27 mg at 4 years old, and 414.01 mg at 5 years old. For the mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) of subjects in 2010 and 2014, MAR at 3 years old (0.86) was significantly lower than those at 4 and 5 years old (0.90, 0.91) (p < 0.01). In 2010 and 2014, EAR intake at 3 years old (2.72) was significantly higher than those at 4 years old (2.14) and 5 years olds (1.92) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: As a result, compared with 2010 before establishment of the Children's foodservice management center, there was no improvement in the polarization of nutrient intake of children in 2014. Therefore, researchers believe that a continuous monitoring system developed by nutrition experts and children's foodservice management center are needed to improve the nutritional status of children. Of children between the ages of 3~5 years old, those with intakes under EAR were mostly 3 years old. Therefore, researchers suggest that the infant age group of KDRIs, which is classified as 1~2 years old and 3~5 years old, needs to be reestablished considering the growth and development of infants.