• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.176-187
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• 2001

This research was conducted to evaluate the general dietary quality(the balance and diversity of food intake, nutrient intake and adequacy) of 12 to 36-month-old toddler, through examining their actual food intake. It was conducted for 664(male-357, female-307) healthy toddler who were outpatients from Mar. to Aug., 1999 at university hospitals and private hospitals in Seoul and kyunggi province. The anthropometric parameters were measured. The 24-hr recall method were utilized to analyze the nutrient intake by months, based on the classification of The Korea Child Gorwth Standard. As for the subjects of this research, we found that the younger the age, the more frequent the pattern of intake of only 3 kinds of food groups. The results are that 1) the group with 1 point of the DDS(Dietary Diversity Score) mostly took only foods from the milk group, 2) the group with 2 points only took foods from the grain and milk group, 3) the group with 3 points did not take foods from the fruit and vegetable group, and 4) the group with 4 points took just about all kinds of food groups except for the vegetable group. This means that most of them were not taking various kinds of food even after the age of 12 months, and that they took more than twice the recommended amount of foods from the milk group until the age of 20 months. Thus, one could find a tendency of dependance on the milk group for food intake. Food intake for the vegetable group was severely under the recommended allowance, regardless of the age. The intake of iron was less than two thirds of the recommended allowance, except for the group of 12 to 14-month-olds who had been fed with infant formula. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio(NAR) of major nutrients(protein, calcium, phosphorous, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C) and the Mean Adequacy Ratio(MAR, shows the general quality of dietary intake) was 0.86$\pm$0.12, but the NAR of iron was 0.62$\pm$0.27, which was extremely low compared to those of other nutrients. Therefore, concerning the subjects of this research, the MAR value alone does not provide enough ground to conclude that the subjects dietary quality is satisfactory. (Korean J Nutrition 34(2) : 176-187, 2001)

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.2648-2656
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• 2011

A simple HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated to determine B group vitamin content (thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and folic acid) in supplemented food samples, i.e., infant formula, cereal, low-calorie food, a multi-vitamin pill and a vitamin drink. In this study, the most significant advantages were simultaneous determination of the six B group vitamins in various food matrices and a small number of sample treatment steps that required only an organic solvent, acetonitrile. Moreover, this method prevents reduction of column durability, because the mobile phase does not contain ion-pairing reagents. Analytes were separated on a Develosil RPAQUEOUS $C_{30}$ (4.6 mm ${\times}$ 250 mm, 5 ${\mu}M$ particle size) column with a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) at a flow rate between 0.8 and 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at 275 nm, except for that of pantothenic acid (205 nm). The calibration curves for all six vitamins showed good linearity with correlation coefficients ($r^2$) higher than 0.995. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision, limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and stability. The method showed good precision and accuracy, with intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 15% at all concentrations. The recovery was carried out according to the standard addition procedure, with yields ranging from 89.8 to 104.4%. This method was successfully applied to the determination of vitamin B groups in supplemented food products.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.477-483
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• 2011

In this study, the most preferred trans fatty acid analysis methods, AOAC 996.06 and the Korea Food and Drug Administration official method, were reviewed and modified to apply to dairy products and dairy products imported into the Republic of Korea for evaluating trans fatty acid (TFA) content. The Rose-Gottlieb method for total fat analysis was validated with accuracy and precision parameters by analyzing infant formula standard reference material provided by the National Institute for Standards and Technology. The accuracy and precision data satisfied the CODEX guidelines. TFAs were analyzed with a resolution of 1.5 for 45 min using the modified oven temperature program. This modified method was applied to 45 dairy products from 11 countries. Average TFA contents in these imported dairy products ranged from 0.1 to 5.4 g per 100 g product. The majority of dairy products imported into the Republic of Korea were cheeses. TFA contents in the cheeses were 0.1 to 2.4 g per 100 g cheese. TFA contents in other dairy products were 1.7 to 5.4 g per 100 g product. These TFAs content variations can be explained by the trans fatty acids naturally present in ruminant milk formed by bacterial bio-hydrogenation in the rumen of cows and the different vegetable fat used as ingredients in the final products.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.477-485
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• 1997

This study was conducted to determine the effect of large amounts of whole cow's milk intake on serum levels of minerals and lipids. Subjects were normal infants who were brought to the pediatric hospital for vaccination at the age of 7-26 months after birth, living in Eumsung-Choongbuk area. The serum concentrations of the imnerals(calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc and copper), lipids and fatty acids composition were analyzed in 38 infants which consumed large amount of whole cow's milk(over 700ml/day). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The mean levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in the serum of the total subjects were 7.56$\pm$0.51mg/dl, 11.12$\pm$0.72mg/dl and 1.62$\pm$0.13mg/dl respectively. The serum concentrations of iron, zinc and copper in total subjects averaged 72.42$\pm$1.62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 76.29$\pm$3. 62$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 86.44$\pm$2.98$\mu\textrm{g}$/dl respectively. 2) The mean serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL in the total number of subjects were 96.84$\pm$9.22mg/dl, 133.45$\pm$6.30mg/dl, 32.79$\pm$1.77mg/dl and 81.29$\pm$4.81mg/dl respectively. 3) The average percentages of SFA, MUFA and PUFA inth total serum fatty acids were 38.98$\pm$2.42$\%$, 25.82$\pm$0.98$\%$ and 37.30$\pm$1.09$\%$ respectively and the mean$w6/w3$fatty acids ratio was 13.48. In general, the levels of serum minerals and $\omega$3 fatty acid composition in the subjects of this study, who were whole cow's milk fed infants were lower than those reported in breast milk or formula fed infants. Therefore, the intake of large amount of whole cow's milk in the weani ng period should be controlled and adequate for the infant's nutritional status. (Korean J Community 2(4) : 477-485, 1997)

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.162-168
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• 2009

This study was conducted the analysis of food safety incidents between January 1998 and October 2008 using media reports. Total number of food safety incident was 569 through the study period. The average of food safety incident per year and month was 51.7and 4.9, respectively. The top 10 food types involved in the lists of food safety incidents were as follows; marine products, meat and meat products, confectionaries, beverages, special nutritional food, teas, noodles, soy and bean paste sauces, and milk and milk products etc. The top 10 single foods also were as follows; ready-to eats, meat, confectionary, health support foods, steeping tea, infant formula, meat products, ginseng products, foods for body weight control etc. Of the total 569 incidents, 247 (43.4%) were related with chemical hazards involving pesticide, food additives etc, biological hazards were 126 (22.1 %), and physical hazards were 97 (17.0%) incidents. In analysis stage in the food chain at which breakdown in food safety occurred, primary production were the most common stage with 364 (64%) incidents, and incidents at the manufacture handling and distribution stages were with 151 (26.5%), and 44 (7.7%), respectively. The results of this study can be used as a better data for risk analysis or food safety strategies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

Enterobacter sakazakii is implicated in severe forms of neonatal infections such as meningitis and sepsis. This organism has been isolated from a wide range of foods, including cheese, vegetables, grains, herbs, and spices, but its primary environment is still unknown. Generally, dried infant milk formula has been epidemiologically identified as the source of E. sakazakii. Sunsik (a powdered mixture of roasted grains and other foodstuffs) is widely consumed in Korea as a side dish or energy supplement. Sunsik is consumed without heat treatment; thus, lacking an additional opportunity to inactivate foodborne pathogens. Therefore, its microbiological safety should be guaranteed. In this study, the prevalence of E. sakazakii was monitored in 23 different sunsik component flours, using FDA recommended methods; but E. sakazakii medium (Neogen) and Chromogenic E. sakazakii medium (Oxoid) were used as the selective media. In total, presumptive E. sakazakii strains were isolated from 8 different sunsik powders. Subsequently, an API 20E test was conducted, and 15 strains from 5 different sunsik flours (sea tangle, brown rice, non-glutinous rice, cheonggukjang, dried anchovy) were confirmed as E. sakazakii. Fifteen strains were again confirmed by PCR amplification, using three different primer sets (tDNA sequence, ITS sequence, 16S rRNA sequence), and compared to ATCC strains (12868, 29004, 29544, 51329). They were once again confirmed by their enzyme production profiles using an API ZYM kit. Finally, RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA)-genotyping was carried out as a monitoring tool to determine the contamination route of E. sakazakii during processing.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.407-416
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparison of growth development, bone mineral density and nutrient intakes between double income families' preschool children(DIFPC) and full-time housewives' preschool children(FHPC). Subjects were 111 preschool children. Anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density in right forearm were measured. The questionnaire was composed of health status, life style, dietary behaviors, and dietary intakes and was completed by the children's mothers. The average age of the DIFPC(n=60) was 53.02 months and that of the FHPC(n=51) was 54.80 months. The birth height and weight of the subjects were 50.47㎝ and 3.27㎏ for DIFPC and 50.85㎝ and 3.36㎏ for FHPC, respectively. The average height, weight, % body fat, and obesity index were 108.50㎝, 18.35㎏, 15.35%, 96.71% in DIFPC and 111.46㎝, 19.64㎏, 16.80%, 97.31% in FHPC, respectively. The bone mineral density in forearm of two groups were 0.24g/㎠ in all. The infant feeding method was significantly different between DIFPC and FHPC; 58.9% of DIFPC was fed formula, while 44.4% of FHPC was fed breast milk(p<0.05). Proportions of children for their regular meal were 59.4%, 89.6%, and 61.0% for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. The major reasons for irregular meal were lack of time and poor appetite for breakfast and snacks for lunch and dinner. Most of the children answered they have snack over once a day, and 60.0% have unbalanced diet. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. The intakes of K and vitamin A for DIFPC were significantly higher than those of FHPC(p<0.05, p<0.05). In conclusion, double income families' preschool children more have a low frequency of breast feeding and low intakes of micro nutrients, such as K and vitamin A than full-time housewives' ones.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.577-583
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• 2011

In 2007, pet food contaminated with melamine caused hundreds of dogs and cats to develop renal failure all over the world. In 2008, over 294,000 infants consumed infant formula and developed kidney stones in China. Further investigation revealed that fish feed also contained melamine; this raised concerns about melamine residues in edible fish tissues, which could have caused the urinary tract stone epidemic. In Korea, catfish fed with assorted feed that included cuttlefish organs that contained melamine developed whitening syndrome and fell dead in some populations in 2008. This event raised suspicions about the toxicity of melamine and all feeds containing melamine were immediately recalled. In this study, we investigated the rates of melamine accumulation and depletion in muscle and viscera of catfish to propose proper withdrawal periods. One group of catfish was fed a commercially available diet that contained 30, 100 and 300 mg melamine per kg diet for 14 days. To investigate residual melamine contents in muscle and viscera, other experimental groups were fed a melamine free diet after being fed melamine for 7 days. The residual amount of melamine was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The melamine concentration in muscle was estimated to be 3.7 mg/kg after 6 days of feeding with a diet containing 300 mg melamine/kg. After 2 days of culture with a melamine free diet, the residual melamine was depleted and the concentration had decreased from 1.15 mg/kg to 0.19 mg/kg in the muscle of catfish fed a diet containing 300 mg melamine/kg for 7 days. The residual amount of melamine was reduced to 0.03 mg/kg in muscle after 7 days of culture with a melamine free diet and was undetectable after a prolonged culture period of 14 days. Catfish tend to excrete melamine rapidly after oral administration and changes in body color were not observed during the short dosing period.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2003

It is extremely important to destroy the antigenicity of milk proteins for dietetic treatment of infants with milk allergy. Enzymatic digestion of milk protein is not only effective for destroying antigenicity, but it also is less liable to alter the nutritive value. Bovine casein was hydrolyzed with eight different commercial proteases derived from bacterias or fungi, either individually or in combination to eliminate protein allergenicity. The average molecular weight of casein hyrdolysates determined by size exclusion chromatography is about 550${\sim}$2,300 dalton range. Antigenicity of the casein hyrdolysates was not detected by heterologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pig-rabbit antiserum system. The inhibition test on the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) showed that the antigenicity of casein hydrolysates is lowed up to 1/8,000 than that of intact bovine casein. As the enzyme reaction was carried out by the combination of bacterial and fungal protease, casein hydrolysates showed much lower bitterness and antigenicity. It suggests that these hydrolysates will be applied to many kinds of foods including the development of hypo-allergenic infant formula.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.479-486
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• 2010

Tolerance against heat, sanitizers, and antibiotics of 112 Cronobacter isolates classified by desiccation was determined to permit effective biocontrol in powdered foods. The isolates were classified into three groups: dry-tolerant (n=37), dry-sensitive (n=7), and dry-intermediate (n=68). The strains that were highly tolerant to drying also showed high heat tolerance that they seemed to have high tolerance to heat after dry stress in powdered foods like infant formula. Sodium hypochlorite and benzalkonium chloride concentrations necessary to achieve a 5-log reduction in viable counts (CFU/mL) were 15-25 ppm and 5-15 ppm, respectively. However, there was little difference of the efficacy of these sanitizers between dry-sensitive and -tolerant strains for planktonic cells suspended in 3% albumin. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of $\beta$-lactam ampicillin was 64-128 ppm for 90% of the strains. The isolates were consistently sensitive to kanamycin and naldixic acid (MIC=4 ppm). Dry-tolerant strains displayed more antibiotic resistance than dry-sensitive strains. The results indicate that dry-tolerant Cronobacter isolates often possess heat and antibiotic resistance, indicated the need for potent sterilization treatments of powdered foods.