• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.107-122
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of parental humor style on their children's emotional expressiveness. Methods: Parental humor styles and their children's emotional expressiveness were measured in 306 parents and their 153 young children enrolled in a infant educational institution located in Seoul and Gyeong-gi Province. A total of 459 subjects participated in this study. The data were used in producing basic statistics and a t-test and regression analysis with SPSS 21.0 program were performed. Results: First, parents with young children were found to use humor above the medium level in interaction with their children, especially societal humor. Second, societal, self-expansive, and self-defeating humors used by mother were found to predict children's emotional expressiveness, while the humor used by fathers was found to have no effect on children's emotional expressiveness. Conclusion/Implications: The parental use of humor is a common phenomenon these days and is aimed at creating more intimate parent-child interaction. In addition, it was found that mother's humorous interaction can bring about positive emotional expressiveness in her child.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.21-33
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• 2007

In present study, using longitudinal data of 161 families from Durham Child and Development Study, we examine the characteristics of infant child care chosen by families of different income levels and ethnicity in the U.S. Time-related changes in child care selection for the first year of the child's life were also investigated. Infants from high-income families were more likely to be cared for by someone other than the mother, compared to infant from lower-income families. African-American families were more likely to use non-maternal care for their infant compared to European-American families. Although the effects of income on type of care were not significant, descriptively, more low-income families used relative care while high-income families used more formal arrangements such as daycare center. Infants from low-income families began care earlier and low-income families paid less for care than other families. The findings call for attention to the importance of child care policy for low-income families as well as further research examining the function of cultural differences in selection of infant child care.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2009

Protecting an infant from a risk of accident was an absolute responsibility and duty of parents in the past. As increase in the ratio of entering kindergartens, the demand of all day program also increases. In infancy, safety concerns are higher than other periods since infants are curious about objects and environments and that have stronger impulse of the spirit of inquiry. Since baby's functioning is poor, an ability of balance maintenance and an exercise function are not sufficiently developed. Further more, they lack a cognitive power about self-control or situation. According to Korea Consumer Agency, safety accidents in infant institution have increased in 115% as 294 cases compared with 137 cases in 2004. Major causes of infant deaths are street accidents, drowning, and deaths from a fall in order. Considering this situation, we need to prevent and deal with accidents. Therefore this thesis grasp the situation and analyze an actual condition of an safety education about teachers who work in such institutions and infants who are educated in institutions to prevent from accidents and make up pleasant environments. Then, it will suggest all efficient safety education plans for infants to them.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.123-130
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• 2022

Researchers had theorized that the earliest years' experiences were extremely critical to a child's future development (Jung, 2008; Liu et al., 2020), and parental involvement was a key character (Lamb et al., 2002; Liu, 2020). Though the critical role of parental involvement in education has been confirmed, less attention has been paid to its influence on infants' development. For the sake of infants' appropriate development, infant teachers always met barriers to finding, designing, and implementing age-appropriate activities. This case study aims at exploring the role of parental involvement in the development in infancy by surveying one director, four infant teachers, and six early childhood pre-service teachers' perspectives and practices regarding parental involvement in infant rooms within a Reggio Emilia-inspired child development center. Findings revealed that all participants: (1) thought parental involvement was essential to their decision-making process; (2) were aware of the benefits of implementing parental involvement in infants' rooms; (3) gained an opportunity to reflect on their practices regarding parental in-volvement and reprocess their previous perspectives. This study recommends that, in order to facilitate infants' development appropriately, child-care centers need to take into account parental involvement and work with parents collaboratively.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.457-467
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• 2010

In this research, we examined a total of 681 children(kindergarten, schoolchild, and adolescents) who live in Seoul and Gyoung-gi in 2007. The parents of the respondents seemed to have a normal average body mass index, and the majority of the parents had bachelor's degrees. Across all age groups, most of the fathers were office workers and the mothers were mostly house wives. The most preferred food was meats, and the least preferred food was vegetables. Results showed that all age groups have a snack once or twice a day, except boys from the schoolchild group. All age groups liked ice cream, fruits, and juices in their snacks. For eating-out, boys from the kindergarten group mostly preferred Chinese food, girls from the infant group mostly preferred Korean food. In addition, boys and girls of the schoolchild and adolescent groups mostly preferred Korean food. For cooking methods, the result of preference showed that boys from the kindergarten group preferred roasted meats, and girls from the kindergarten group preferred roasted meats, steamed rib and fish. Both boys and girls in the schoolchild group preferred roast meats, and boys from the adolescent group preferred stir-fry and girls from adolescent group preferred pot stew.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.297-307
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• 2021

Purpose: This descriptive study compared the perceived parental stress levels between parents with very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs) and nurses in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: In total, 83 parents of VLBWIs and 78 NICU nurses were enrolled. Data were collected with the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) and analyzed using the t-test and analysis of variance in SAS version 9.4. Results: The average PSS score was 3.31 among parents and 3.45 among nurses. The stress score was significantly higher among nurses with children (t=2.46, p=.016) and senior nurses (t=2.12, p=.037). There was a significant difference in the stress score according to parents' education (t=3.29, p=.002) and occupation (F=3.14, p=.049) in the sights and sounds subscale. Mothers had significantly higher stress scores than fathers in the parental role alterations subscale (t=2.32, p=.023). Parental stress scores were higher than those perceived by nurses in the infant's appearance and behaviors subscale for breathing patterns (t=2.95, p=.004), followed by jerky/ restless behavior (t=2.70, p=.008). Conclusion: Nurses should provide explanations to parents of VLBWIs in order to reduce parental stress about the appearances and behavior of VLBWIs. This is more important than aspect of the NICU environment and education about parental roles.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

This study aims to estimate the perception of mothers of infant and toddler on the child-rearing environment and compare the recognition of parents who live in APT and multi-family housing. This study investigates the mothers in order to survey the level of importance and satisfaction on the neighborhood environment factors for child-rearing. The result of questionnaire is analyzed by Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). According to the result of IPA by housing types, it was found that the improvement of pedestrian environment, separation of pedestrian and vehicle, natural environment and playground is required particularly in the multi-family housing area. the mothers need soundproofing of house and management of unwanted facilities in neighborhood in common. In the apartment, improvement of child-care facilities and children's library is required. The results of IPA on the mothers of infant and toddler may be important foundation for future strategies for child-rearing environment improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.55-68
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• 2004

This study investigated differences or similarities of infant rearing practices in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States and in young mothers and grandmothers generations. The silbjects were young mothers(YM) with babies from 2 to 2.5 years and their mothers or mothers-in-law(GM) in Korea(YM=118, GM=118), Hong Kong(YM= 126, GM=78) and the United States(YM= 105, GM= 105). The subjects answered questionnaires on infant rearing practices that were constructed by child study specialists in Korea, Hong Kong and the United States. Statistical analyses were by frequencies, percentages, and $\chi$$^2$ The results of this study were as follows. 1. Kum-Jut was used to announce giving birth to relatives and neighbors only in Korea. Mothers in Korea were more helped in their recovery by their mother or mother-in-law than their husband, but the opposite was the case in Hong Kong and the United States. Most Korean mothers ate special foods after giving birth, but mothers in Hong Kong and the United Slates didn't. Mothers in Korea were more likely to avoid contact with strangers for a given period of time than mothers in Hong Kong and the United States. The babies in Korea were more often named by grandparents than by parents, but most of the babies in Hong Kong and the United States were named by parents. The greater part of babies in Korea didn't have childhood names or nick names, but most babies in Hong Kong and the United States did. 2. Mothers in Korea were more likely to give a banquet, exercise Dol Jab le, share foods with neighbors, and take souvenir pictures on the baby's first birthday than mothers did in Hong Kong and the United States. Most mothers in Korea tended to think that their baby's fiyst birthday was more meaningful than the other birihdays, but most mothers in Hong Kong and the United States didn't. 3. Some differences between young mothers and grandmothers generations in infant rearing practices were found in each culture.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 2021

Purpose: Digital communication is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice and research. The finding that stool consistency can be evaluated similarly using either "in vivo" or photographic material by health care professionals will decrease subjective interpretation by parents. The primary outcome of this study was the reliability of stool consistency scoring using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) between fresh stools and their photos; the secondary outcome was the inter-rater reliability based on the fresh stools. Methods: Fresh stool samples from healthy children were collected in a day care center. These stools, and one month later the corresponding photos presented in a random order, were presented to 14 observers. Reliabilities were analyzed using absolute agreements and weighted and unweighted Cohen's κ. Results: In total, 202 samples were rated 576 times. Absolute agreement between photographic and real time assessment ranged between 71.1% and 83.3% among observers. This corresponded with substantial agreement (unweighted κ=0.70 [95% CI, 0.61-0.78]; weighted κ=0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.88]). The inter-observer agreement showed similar percentages of absolute agreement (81.4-82.0%) and κ-values corresponding with fair-to-moderate agreement. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the assessment of fresh stool consistency can also reliably be done on photographic material when using the BITSS. This opens opportunities in scientific surroundings and in our daily life communication with parents and caretakers.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-27
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• 1995

One of the important tasks for new parents, especially mothers, is to establish warm, mutually affirming interpersonal relationships with the new baby in the family, with the purpose of promoting the health development of the child and the well-being of the whole family. Nurses assess the quality of the behavioral characteristics of the maternal-infant interaction. The purpose of this longitudinal descriptive correlational study is to investigate the changes of the mother - infant interactions from postpartum 1 day to postpartum 8weeks of the transition to parenthood. The aim was to contribute to the development of theoretical under standing on which to base care toward promoting the quality of maternal - infant interaction. Data were collect ed directly by the investigator and at rained from Jul, 1, 1990 to Jun 8, 1991, Subjects were a random sample of 44 mothers, 44 who had a normal delivery (but with out other perinatal complications) at four general hospitals in Seoul. Instruments used were the Stainton Parent-infant Interaction Scale (1981). The first observations were made in the delivery room, followed by day 1, day 2, day 3 and 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks and 8 weeks after, birth, for a total of 8 contacts. Observations in the hospital were made during the hour prior to scheduled feedings. The infant was placed beside the mother. Later contacts were made at home. Data analysis was don by computer using as SPSS program and included, Paired t-test, t-test and Pearson Correlation coefficient ; the results were as follows. 1. The daily maternal-infant interaction score for the initial contact ofter birth to 8 weeks postpartum had the lowest average score 5.21 and the highest 8.02(in a range of 0-10). This subject group of mothers needed Extra nursing supporting to promote their maternal-infant interaction. 2. The daily scores for the maternal-infant interaction tended to rise, showing a gradual improvement over the period of eight weeks. However, there were significantly different increases in maternal-infant interaction only from the first to second day (p=0.000) and from the fourth to sixth weeks ofter birth.(p=0.000) 3. When the seven items of maternal-infant interaction were evaluated items of maternal-infant inter action were evaluated separately, "Care taking for the baby" had the highest average score, 1.60(in a range of 0-2) and "Speaks to baby" the lowest, 0.8. All items, suggested the subjects' need of nursing intervention to promote maternal-infant interaction 4. There were positive correlations between certain general characteristics, namely, both a higher economic status (p=0.027) and breast feeding (p=0.021) and maternal-infant interaction.