• Journal of Species Research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2015

Zeuzera is one of the most important wood borer pests in South East Asia. Like of most other genera of moths, the systematic of this genus is still in dispute, especially on the monophyly and the relationship within this genus due to the fact that genus is very varied. This genus was defined based on external characters only such as cross vein Sc-Rs present, humeral plate approximately triangular in shape and anal plate moderately long to moderately short. Therefore, the monophyly of this genus need to be evaluated based on more comprehensive data. To clarify the monophyly of the genus Zeuzera, to reveal the phylogenetic relationships among the Indonesian species, and to establish the genetic characters of Indonesian Zeuzera, we analyzed seven species of Indonesian Zeuzera including three other species distributed around the world based on nucleotide sequence variation across a 580-bp region in the CO I gene. The results showed that the monophyly of Zeuzera was supported by bootstrap tests at the MP and ML tree building methods (>95%). Genus Zeuzera was divided into two groups (A and B) with Z. borneana was excluded from the two groups and occupied at the basal node. Indonesian species was distributed into two different clades. CO I gene alone was able to fully resolve the relationships among species within clade B. However, further investigations were needed by including more species and other genes that the more conserved to test the validity of the phylogenetic hypothesis proposed here.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.244-256
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 인도네시아의 목재자원 중 새로운 유망 목재자원을 개발하고 최근 주요 조림 수종들의 효율적 이용을 위한 기초자료를 수집하기 위해 인도네시아산 10수종의 해부학적 특성을 조사하였다. 모든 수종은 산공재로써 고립관공, 방사복합관공이 관찰되었는데, Mangium에서는 위의 특성과 더불어 접선복합관공이 관찰되었다. 접선방향의 관공 직경은 Jeunjing과 Nangka를 제외한 전 수종에서 방사방향보다 큰 값을 보였다. 특히 Nangka는 공시수종 중 가장 큰 접선방향의 관공 직경을 보였다. 단위면적($mm^2$)당 관공의 수는 Mangium, Gandaria와 Kupa가 다른 수종보다 많았으며, 특히 Kupa가 가장 많게 나타났다. 유세포의 접선방향 폭은 Gmelina, Mangium, Kupa와 Mangga가 목섬유의 접선방향 폭보다 크게 나타났으며, 그 중 Mangium이 가장 큰 폭을 보였다. 이 밖의 6수종은 반대로 목섬유의 접선방향 폭이 유세포의 접선방향 폭보다 크게 나타났으나 Durian과 Nangka는 그 차이가 타 수종에 비해 미미했다. Gmelina, Jeunjing과 Rambutan은 평복세포로 이루어진 동성방사조직이, Gandaria는 평복세포와 단열의 직립세포로 구성된 이성방사조직이, Mangium, Durian, Jengkol, Kupa, Mangga와 Nangka는 평복세포와 약 1~2열의 직립세포로 구성된 형태의 이성방사조직이 관찰되었다. Durian, Gandaria, Jengkol, Jeunjing, Mangga, Rambutan은 결정을, Jeunjing과 Mangga는 실리카를 함유하는 특징을 나타냈다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.467-476
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• 2014

인도네시아산 주요 조림수종(Albizia, Gmelina, Mangium)과 유망수종(Durian, Gandaria, Jengkol, Kupa, Mangga, Nangka, Rambutan)의 밀도, 수축률, 종압축강도와 경도 등 물리적 및 역학적 특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과, Mangium, Gandaria와 Rambutan은 높은 밀도를, Albizia, Durian과 Jengkol은 낮은 밀도를 보였다. 공시재료 중 Mangium, Gandaria와 Mangga의 수축률은 다른 수종에 비해 작았으며, Albizia, Jengkol과 Rambutan의 수축률은 다른 수종에 비해 높았다. 이방도(T/R)는 Albizia, Kupa와 Mangga가 낮았고, Gmelina, Durian과 Jengkol이 다른 수종에 비해 높았다. Mangium과 Nangka는 종압축강도와 경도가 높았으며, Durian, Jengkol과 Mangga는 낮은 종압축강도를, Albizia와 Gmelina는 낮은 경도를 보였다. 10수종 중 Albizia, Durian, Jenkol, Mangga의 4수종을 제외한 6수종의 물리적 및 역학적 성질은 비교적 우수한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 실험의 결과는 인도네시아산 조림목의 효율적인 이용 및 장래 조림을 위한 유용한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.324-335
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• 2019

Timber from plantation forests has inferior physical and mechanical properties compared to timber from natural forest because it is mostly from fast-growing tree species that are cut at a young age. Filling cell voids with methyl methacrylate (MMA) can improve the wood properties. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of MMA-impregnated wood from three fast-growing wood species, namely jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.), mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) and pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Wood samples were either immersed in MMA monomer or impregnated with it and then heated to induce the polymerization process. Jabon, which was the lowest density wood, had the highest polymer loading, followed by pine and mangium. The physical and mechanical properties of samples were affected by wood species and the presence of MMA, with higher-density wood having better properties than wood with a lower density. Physical and mechanical properties of MMA wood were enhanced compared to untreated wood. Furthermore, the impregnation process was better than immersion process resulting the physical and mechanical properties. Based on MOR values, the MMA woods were one strength class higher compared to untreated wood with regard to Strength Classification of Indonesian Wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.331-342
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• 2024

Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) has excellent physical and mechanical properties and is one of the most widely used species in Southeast Asia. However, it has poor resistance to subterranean termite attacks due to its high sugar and starch contents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the termite resistance of experimental wood-plastic composite (WPC) panels manufactured from rubberwood flour, polyethylene terephthalate, and silica in three different weight ratios (1/2/7, 1/3/6, and 1/4/5). The panels were exposed to Coptotermes curvignathus subterranean termites in a no-choice test under laboratory conditions based on Indonesian standards. Solid rubberwood used as control samples presented poor resistance, exhibiting 23.1% weight loss due to subterranean termite attack, as indicated by low termite mortality and high wood weight loss. In contrast, the WPC samples demonstrated extreme resistance, with weight loss ranging from 0.19% to 0.23%. Based on the findings of this study, the high termite mortality and overall low mass loss of the samples indicate that such manufactured panels could provide a high level of protection with regard to Indonesian standards.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.513-526
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• 2020

The existing preservation methods are difficult to be applied to a large dimension log which is needed for making traditional wooden ship 'Jalur' in Riau Province. Novel techniques to provide the use of readily available species to replace traditional species alternative were investigated. These included infusion and a combination of injection and bandage-wrapping methods for preserving living trees of Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.) and Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.). Water-based boron compounds were applied as wood preservatives. In total, 18 discs from the bottom, middle, and top of four trees and two controls were used. Trees undergoing treatment were also used to see how wood anatomical structure might affect the boron penetration. The overall aim was to identify the best method for use in Jalur manufacturing. The results showed that in infused Balam tree where the hose position for the preservative intake was deep (10-15 cm from the bark), no boron compound was observed in the outer sapwood. Combination of injection and bandage-wrapping method gave higher percentage of boron penetration at bottom and middle of Balam tree. However, infused Bintangor showed 100% boron penetration. The larger vessel diameter, the absence of tyloses, and the simple perforation plates in Bintangor wood were likely to have contributed to the higher penetration of boron. The combination of bandage-wrapping and infusion, or alternatively by infusing the living trees close to the bark, and at as low as position in the stem gives better protection when treatments are applied to living trees.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.416-429
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• 2021

Raru is a lesser-known plant species originating from North Sumatra, Indonesia. Information on the characteristics is still limited, especially its chemical component. Therefore, this study aims to examine the chemical composition information of Cotylelobium lanceolatum, Cotylelobium melanoxylon, and Vatica pauciflora woods based on their axial log positions (bottom, middle, and top). The wood chemical analysis was performed in terms of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) method. Furthermore, the analysis measured holocellulose, 𝛼-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, alcohol benzene extractive content, the extractive substance in hot and water, and solubility in NaOH 1%. The results indicated that the species and their log axial positions affected different chemical components, which included 𝛼-cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of C. lanceolatum amounting to 41.88%, 19.39%, and 28.68% respectively. Meanwhile, for C. Melanoxylon, they were 42.01%, 21.11%, and 24.76% respectively; and for V. pauciflora wood, they were 42.95%, 23.24%, and 30.11% respectively. The average values of the extractive contents including the solubility in 1: 2 ethanol benzene, NaOH, and hot water for C. lanceolatum, C. melanoxylon, and V. pauciflora wood were (10.58%, 27.62%, 8.13%), (14.54%, 28.22%, 7.82%), and (10.95%, 28.60%, 7.57%) respectively. The wood species had a significant effect on chemical components including lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, and extractive solubility in cold water. Furthermore, the axial log position had a significant effect on all the parameters of the chemical composition of the wood being tested.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 인도네시아산 주요 조림 4수종 목재의 기후열화에 대한 내구성을 평가하기 위하여 재색변화를 조사하였다. 자외선, 촉진내후시험 및 야외노출 등의 세 가지 조건에서 실험하였고 색차계를 이용하여 재색변화($L^*a^*b^*$)와 색변화량(${\Delta}E*ab$)을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 공시수종 목재 모두 자외선 조사에 의해 목재의 색이 뚜렷하게 변화되었다. 자외선 노출조건에서 명도는 거의 변화가 없었고, 4수종 목재 모두 적색화 및 황색화가 진행되었다. 촉진내후시험 조건에서 공시목재 모두 백색화가 진행되었고, 녹색화 및 청색화가 진행되었다. 야외폭로 조건에서 Albizia재와 Gmelina재는 백색도가 감소하였고, Mangium재와 Mindi재는 백색도가 오히려 상승하였으며, 4수종 모두 녹색화 및 청색화가 진행되었다. 색변화량은 자외선노출 조건에서 Albizia재와 Gmelina재가 컸고 Mangium재와 Mindi재는 다소 작았다. 또한, 목재의 색변화는 자외선과 더불어 수분의 존재상태에 크게 의존하는 것으로 생각되었다. 결론적으로, 자외선 조사는 목재의 색상을 뚜렷하게 하여 목재의 가치를 향상시킬 수 있는 하나의 방법으로 생각되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.451-458
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• 2019

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) is a fast-growing species that exhibits a lower natural resistance than that exhibited by the timber sourced from natural forests. Jabon's resistance to termite attack can be improved by impregnating its wood structure with poisonous organic materials. This study examined jabon's resistance to termite attack when impregnated with wood vinegar and an animal adhesive. The wood specimens were impregnated using sengon wood vinegar and an animal adhesive (8% and 10%, respectively) using a vacuum pressure machine. The specimens were tested for their resistance to subterranean and dry-wood termites according to Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7207-2014). The results denoted that jabon impregnated with wood vinegar and an animal adhesive concentration of at least 8% with the addition of 4% borate was effective to resist termite attacks. The impregnated jabon exhibited a lower weight loss and higher termite mortality when compared with those exhibited by the control specimens. Thus, the resistance class improved from class IV to class I.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.656-669
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• 2018

Tropical bamboo species, which have a very rapid growth rate, are considered as a promising non-timber forest product capable of exhibiting new functionality by carbonization technology. This study was conducted to compare the characteristics of carbonized bamboos from Andong (G. pseuudoarundinacea (Steudel) Widjaja), Hitam (G. atrovialacea), Tali (G. apus), Kuning (B. vulgaris Var. striata (Lodd. Ex Lindl)), and Ampel (B. vulgaris Scharad. ex Wendland), and Betung (D. asper). Each bamboo was carbonized at 200, 400, 600, 800, and $1,000^{\circ}C$, respectively, and their physical and anatomical characteristics were investigated. The result showed that the volume and weight of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature and showed the substantial changes of volume and weight between 200 and $400^{\circ}C$. The highest and the lowest density of carbonized samples were found in Ampel bamboo and Betung bamboo, respectively. The density of all carbonized bamboos tended to decrease after carbonization at 200 and $400^{\circ}C$ and relatively become constant afterwards. The carbonized bamboo prepared at 800 and $1,000^{\circ}C$ showed better refining degree. The results of the anatomical observation showed that the vascular diameter of carbonized bamboo decreased with increasing carbonization temperature, and the shrinkage in radial and tangential direction showed similar tendency. Statistical analysis showed that there was significant correlation between physical contraction and anatomical contraction. Based on the results of this study, comprehensive data about Indonesian bamboo charcoals could be obtained and it will be useful for future application studies.