• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.89-98
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• 2007

Kyungisan (KGS) has been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent for treatment of stroke caused by deficiency of qi(氣虛). This study was performed to evaluate effects of KGS extract on the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) in rats. The result of this study were as follow ; 1. KGS significantly increased rCBF irrelevant to MABP in normal rats, 2. To prescribe KGS after pretreatment with indomethacin(IDN) decreased rCBF as compared with control group to administered only KGS in normal rats. But the change of MABP is not significantly as compared with control group. 3. To prescribe KGS after pretreatment with methylen blue( MTB) decreased MABP and rCBF as compared with control group to administered only KGS in normal rats. Especially, it significantly decreased rCBF. These results suggest that KGS increase rCBF by enlargement diameter of pial artery in brain. The active mechanism of KGS is related with prostaglandin activated by cyclooxygenase. So, I suggest that KGS has an anti-ischemic effect through the improvement of cerebral blood flow and can be used for stroke.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.411-415
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the protective action of glucuronopyranoside flavonoids (QGC, AGC, LGC) on gastritis in rats. QGC, AGC and omeprazole decreased the gastric volume significantly, and each $ID_{50}$ was 0.75, 0.54 and 8.5 mg/kg, respectively, thus the order of potency was AGC, QGC and omeprazole. They also decreased acid output, and each $ID_{50}$ was 7.81, 0.58 and 6.71 mg/kg, respectively, thus the order of potency was AGC, omeprazole and QGC. They inhibited gastritis induced by indomethacin, and it recovered significantly by increasing the GSH levels in gastritis. The gastric MPO activity in the gastritis group increased more than in the normal group. QGC, LGC, or AGC administration reduced moderately the MPO activity in a dose-dependent manner. This study demonstrated that AGC, QGC, or LGC showed potent efficacy on the gastritis, by preventing oxidative stress. These results suggest that QGC, AGC, or LGC have gastroprotective effect in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.81-87
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• 2013

Quercetin-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucuronopyranoside (QGC) is a flavonoid glucoside extracted from Rumex Aquaticus Herba. In the present study, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of QGC were tested in vitro. Epithelial cells obtained from cat esophagus were cultured. When the cells were exposed to acid for 2 h, cell viability was decreased to 36%. Pretreatment with 50 ${\mu}M$ QGC for 2 h prevented the reduction in cell viability. QGC also inhibited the productions of intracellular ROS by inflammatory inducers such as acid, lipopolysaccharide, indomethacin and ethanol. QGC significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, and also induced the expression of SOD2, while it restored the decrease of catalase expression in cells exposed to acid. QGC inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ translocation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression and $PGE_2$ secretion in cells exposed to acid, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of esophagitis. The data suggest that QGC may well be one of the promising substances to attenuate oxidative epithelial cell injury and inflammatory signaling in esophagus inflammation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.232-236
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• 2003

Elsholtzia splendens Nakai has been used in North-East Asia as an ingredient of folk medicines for treating cough, headache and inflammation. The present investigation was carried out to establish its in vivo anti-inflammatory activity using several animal models of inflammation and pain. The 75% ethanol extract of the aerial part of E. splendens significantly inhibited mouse croton oil-induced, as well as arachidonic acid-induced, ear edema by oral administration (44.6% inhibition of croton oil-induced edema at 400 mg/kg). This plant material also showed significant inhibitory activity against the mouse ear edema induced by multiple treatment of phorbol ester for 3 days, which is an animal model of subchronic inflammation. In addition, E. splendens exhibited significant analgesic activity against mouse acetic acid-induced writhing (50% inhibition at 400 mg/kg), while indomethacin (5 mg/kg) demonstrated 95% inhibition. E. splendens ($5-100{\;}{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited $PGE_2$ production by pre-induced cyclooxygenase-2 of lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting that cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition might be one of the cellular mechanisms of anti-inflammation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2012

Previously, we have reported that arachidonic acid (AA) appears to be involved in the induction of apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells. In this study we investigated the possible role of the NADPH oxidase, a membranebound enzyme generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the mechanism of AA-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Apoptotic cell death induced by AA was significantly suppressed by various inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase, diphenylene iodonium (DPI), apocynin (Apo) and neopterine (NP). In addition, these inhibitors of the NADPH oxidase completely blunted the AA-induced ROS elevation. Next, we investigated the implication of metabolic pathway of AA in these AA actions. Both apoptosis and ROS production induced by AA were not significantly altered by treatment with indomethacin (Indo) or nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX), respectively, suggesting that AA metabolites produced by COX or LOX may not have an essential role in the AA-induced apoptosis and ROS generation. Collectively, these results suggest that the NADPH oxidase may be a key player in the mechanism of AA-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. These results further suggest that NADPH oxidase may be a good target for the management of human hepatomas.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1997

Our previous study showed that in vivo treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with protopanaxatriol ginsenosides (PPT) reduces the blood pressure and inhibits the con- tractions induced by endothelium-derived contracting factor (prostaglandin endoperoxide ($PGH_2$) and superoxide anion) in aorta isolated from SHR. The aim of the present study is to examine whether PPT improves endothelial functions in the isolated thoracic aorta of SHR in vitro. Treatments of aortic rings with PPT, purified ginsenoside $Rg_1$ ($Rg_1$) or indomethacin normalized endotheliuln-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, but not with protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (PPD) and purified ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1). The effects of PPT were dose-dependent. PGH,- and oxygen free radical-inducted contractions in rat aorta without endothelium were inhibited by PPT or $Rg_1$, but not by PPD or $Rb_1$. Contractions induced by PGF2$\alpha$, U-46619, a stable thromboxane A2 agonist or KCI (60 mM) were not inhibited by PPT, $Rg_1$ or $Rb_1$. These findings demonstrate that PPT but not PPD scavenges the oxygen-derived free radicals and/or antagonize the effects of $PGH_2$ in the vascular smooth muscle and may explain the hypotensive effect of ginseng in the SHR.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.300-311
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• 2016

Recently gene delivery has been designed newly using bioactive biomaterial and applied in the various field by many researchers. In this study, we proposed a new gene delivery system which has the capability of targeting effect in the specific tissue and remarkably enhanced transfection efficiency. We investigated $^1H-NMR$ spectroscopy, particle size analyzer and gel retardation to confirm the correct preparation of gene delivery. Also, we identified the hemo-compatibility of gene delivery by hemolysis assay, non-cytotoxicity by MTT test and transfection efficiency. The uptake mechanism of the gene carrier was confirmed using inhibitor agent such as sodium azide, indomethacin, quercetin, colchicine, and chloropromazine. As a results, it was identified that gene carrier prepared by in this study entered in the cell by the microtubule-dependent, energy-dependent and clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-262
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• 2009

Objectives This study is designed to investigate the effects of Jujadokseo-hwan on the brain ability and inducing oxidative stresses. Methods We measured the changes of regional cerebral blood flow and mean arterial blood pressure. Then we analyzed histological examination, immunohistochemistric response and anti-oxidant activity of Jujadokseo-hwan. Results 1. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow but decreased mean arterial blood pressure. 2. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan-induced increase of regional cerebral blood flow was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with indomethacin (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase. 3. In histological examination through TTC stain, group I was no change, but group II showed that discolored in the most cortical part. Group III showed that decreased discolor in the cortical part. 4. In immunohistochemistric response of BDNF, group II showed that lower response effect. Group III showed that increase response effect. 5. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan increased proliferation rates of Glial cell effectively 6. Treatment of Jujadokseo-hwan accelerated proliferation rates of C6 cells in vitro. In addition, protective effects on cell death induced by paraquat, rotenone and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, activity of SOD were increased by treatment with Jujadokseo-hwan. Conclusions In conclusion, Jujadokseo-hwan can improve of the brain ability, learning ability, memory ability and induce ischemic brain injuries.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2012

The stem of Lindera obtusiloba (Lauraceae), has been widely used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of abdominal pain, bruise and hepatocirrhosis. In the present study, antinociceptive and sedative properties of the methanol extract of L. obtusiloba (MLO) were evaluated. MLO demonstrated strong and dose-dependent antinociceptive activities on various experimental pain models including thermal nociception and chemical nociception, compared to tramadol and indomethacin, reference drugs. In combination test using naloxone, the diminished analgesic activity of MLO was observed, indicating the relation with opioid receptor. Moreover, MLO also decreases pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and increases sleeping time suggesting its hypnotic and sedative action. The present results indicate that MLO could be used as valuable antinociceptive and sedative agent for the treatment of various diseases.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.906-911
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• 2003

We previously reported that the butanol (BuOH) fraction of the head of Panax ginseng exhibited gastroprotective activity in peptic and chronic ulcer models. In order to identify the active constituent, an activity-guided isolation of the BuOH faction was conducted with a HCI$.$ethanol-induced gastric lesion model. The BuOH fraction was passed through a silica-gel column using a chloroform-methanol gradient solvent system, and six fractions (frs. 1-6) were obtained. The active fr. 5 was further separated by silica-gel column, to yield 6 subfractions (subfrs. a-f). Subfr. d was composed of ginsenosides Re, Rc and $Rb_1$. The most active constituent was ginsenoside $Rb_1$ ($GRb_1$), a protopanaxadiol glycoside, which was investigated for its anti-ulcer effect. Gastric injury induced by HCI$.$ethanol, indomethacin and pyloric ligation (Shay ulcer) was apparently reduced with oral $GRb_1$ doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. $GRb_1$ at these dosage significantly increased the amount of mucus secretion in an ethanol-induced model. The anti-ulcer effects were consistent with the result of histological examination. These results suggest that the major active constituent in the head of Panax ginseng is $GRb_1$ and that anti-ulcer effect is produced through an increase in mucus secretion.