• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1223-1230
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• 2008

To evaluate the potential of a new breed, Suweon-511, antioxidant components and antioxidant activities of the 70% ethanol extracts of Suweon-511 (SWE) and Ilpum (IPE) were measured. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 318.17 and 167.21 $\mu$g/g for SWE, which were higher than that of IPE (222.16 and 100.89 $\mu$g/g). Both $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherol contents were higher in SWE as well. The total tocopherol contents of SWE (1.31 mg/100 g) was higher than that of IPE (0.86 mg/100 g). The $\alpha$-, $\gamma$- and $\delta$-tocotrienol contents of SWE (0.10, 0.43, and 0.02 mg/100 g) that of IPE (0.09, 0.43, and 0.03 mg/100 g) showed little difference. For $\gamma$-oryzanol, Suweon-511, which contained 76.58 $\mu$g/g, contained ten times as much as I lpum (7.77 $\mu$g/g). The total antioxidant activity of SWE and IPE were 16.00 and 9.73 mg AA eq/g, respectively. For reducing power, at 5 mg/mL, both extracts were 0.18, but at 20 mg/mL, SWE showed 0.61 and that of IPE was 0.58. The DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of SWE were 42.00, 21.59, 23.27, and 17.13% at 5 mg/mL, and for IPE, they were 30.10, 22.37, 25.18, and 18.08%, respectively. These data, as well, did not show big difference between the two breeds. As indicated in the data above, the newly-bred Suweon-511 had higher content of antioxidant components compared to Ilpum, but similar or a little higher antioxidant activity.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

A geophysical mapping was performed for Hwasan caldera which is located in Euisung Sub-basin of the southeastern part of the Korean Peninsula. In order to overcome the limitation of the previous studies, remote sensing technic was used and dense potential data were obtained and analyzed. First, we analyzed geological lineament for target area using geological map, digital elevation model (DEM) data and satellite imagery. The results were greatly consistent with the previous studies, and showed that N-S and NW-SE direction are the most dominant one in target area. Second, based on the lineament analysis, highly dense gravity data were acquired in Euisung Sub-basin and an integrated interpretation considering air-born magnetic data was made to investigate the regional structure of the target area. The results of power spectrum analysis for the acquired potential data revealed that the subsurface of Euisung Sub-basin have two density discontinuities at about 1 km and 3-5 km depth. A 1 km depth discontinuity is thought as the depth of pyroclastic sedimentary rocks or igneous rocks which were intruded at the ring vent of Hwasan caldera, while a 3-5 km depth discontinuity seems to be associated with the depth of the basin basement. In addition, three-dimensional gravity inversion for the total area of Euisung Sub-basin was carried out, and the inversion results indicated two followings; 1) Cretaceous Palgongsan granite and Bulguksa intrusion rocks, which are located in southeastern part and northeastern part of Euisung Sub-basin, show two major low density anomalies, 2) pyroclastic rocks around Hwasan caldera also have lower density when compared with those of neighborhood regions and are extended to 1.5 km depth. However, a poor vertical resolution of potential survey makes it difficult to accurately delineate the detailed structure caldera which has a vertically developed characteristic in general. To overcome this limitation, integrated analysis was carried out using the magnetotelluric data on the corresponding area with potential data and we could obtain more reasonable geologic structure.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-204
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• 2010

Recently, the CO2 emission and energy consumption have become critical global issues to decide the future of nations. Especially, the spread of IT products and the increased use of internet and web applications result in the energy consumption and CO2 emission of IT industry though information technologies drive global economic growth. EU, the United States, Japan and other developed countries are using IT related environmental regulations such as WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS(Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance), REACH(Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals) and EuP(Energy using Product), and have established systematic green business/IT strategies to enhance the competitiveness of IT industry. For example, the Japan government proposed the "Green IT initiative" for being compatible with economic growth and environmental protection. Not only energy saving technologies but energy saving systems have been developed for accomplishing sustainable development. Korea's CO2 emission and energy consumption continuously have grown at comparatively high rates. They are related to its industrial structure depending on high energy-consuming industries such as iron and steel Industry, automotive industry, shipbuilding industry, semiconductor industry, and so on. In particular, export proportion of IT manufacturing is quite high in Korea. For example, the global market share of the semiconductor such as DRAM was about 80% in 2008. Accordingly, Korea needs to establish a systematic strategy to respond to the global environmental regulations and to maintain competitiveness in the IT industry. However, green competitiveness of Korea ranked 11th among 15 major countries and R&D budget for green technology is not large enough to develop energy-saving technologies for infrastructure and value chain of low-carbon society though that grows at high rates. Moreover, there are no concrete action plans in Korea. This research aims to deduce the priorities of the Korean green business/IT strategies to use multi attribute weighted average method. We selected a panel of 19 experts who work at the green business related firms such as HP, IBM, Fujitsu and so on, and selected six assessment indices such as the urgency of the technology development, the technology gap between Korea and the developed countries, the effect of import substitution, the spillover effect of technology, the market growth, and the export potential of the package or stand-alone products by existing literature review. We submitted questionnaires at approximately weekly intervals to them for priorities of the green business/IT strategies. The strategies broadly classify as follows. The first strategy which consists of the green business/IT policy and standardization, process and performance management and IT industry and legislative alignment relates to government's role in the green economy. The second strategy relates to IT to support environment sustainability such as the travel and ways of working management, printer output and recycling, intelligent building, printer rationalization and collaboration and connectivity. The last strategy relates to green IT systems, services and usage such as the data center consolidation and energy management, hardware recycle decommission, server and storage virtualization, device power management, and service supplier management. All the questionnaires were assessed via a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very little" to "very large." Our findings show that the IT to support environment sustainability is prior to the other strategies. In detail, the green business /IT policy and standardization is the most important in the government's role. The strategies of intelligent building and the travel and ways of working management are prior to the others for supporting environment sustainability. Finally, the strategies for the data center consolidation and energy management and server and storage virtualization have the huge influence for green IT systems, services and usage This research results the following implications. The amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of IT equipment including electrical business equipment will need to be clearly indicated in order to manage the effect of green business/IT strategy. And it is necessary to develop tools that measure the performance of green business/IT by each step. Additionally, intelligent building could grow up in energy-saving, growth of low carbon and related industries together. It is necessary to expand the affect of virtualization though adjusting and controlling the relationship between the management teams.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1865-1872
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• 2015

This study attempted to investigate consumer perceptions and attitudes towards reducing sugar intake by providing data to develop guidelines for the government and food-related industries to encourage Korean consumers to maintain appropriate levels of sugar intake. A survey was conducted on 238 adult consumers regarding their purchasing power for products with high sugar content in Seoul and Bundang, Gyeonggi area from September 1~30, 2013. Nutritional information on sugary products had a greater impact than media and others' recommendations on consumer awareness regarding need to reduce sugar intake. External factors such as health and weight control were stronger reasons for consuming reduced amounts of sugar or sugar-free products than internal factors such as sweetness. However, internal factors-such as taste-did not have a greater effect on consuming reduced amounts of sugar or sugar-free products than environmental factors-such as absence of purchase channels. Consumers indicated higher acceptance for 50% reduction in sweetness of existing commercial products. Regarding methods of lowering sugar intake, sugar replacement and reducing sugar consumption both generally and at home were preferred. In addition, consumers were likely to pay 10~14% more for sugar-reduced products than for existing products. Overall, consumers expressed positive attitudes towards reducing sugar intake in the future, although those in their twenties tended to be more passive than other age groups.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2009

In this study, a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor was used to study $CO_2$ capture from flue gas using a potassium-based dry sorbent. A dry sorbent, manufactured by the Korea Electric Power Research Institute, consists of 35% of $K_2CO_3$ for $CO_2$ absorption and 65% of supporters for mechanical strength. $H_2O$, a reactant of the carbonation reaction, was supplied in the reactor as a form of saturated water vapor at a given temperature. The experiment of the regeneration reaction was performed by raising up to a given temperature using $N_2$ as a fluidization gas. It was indicated that sorption capacity and regenerability of dry sorbents showed high-efficiency at $1.97\;mol\;H_2O/mol\;CO_2$ and $400^{\circ}C$, respectively. The regenerated sorbent samples were analyzed by TGA to confirm the extent of the reaction. When the regeneration temperature was $150^{\circ}C$, the regenerability of dry sorbents was about 60%, which was capable of applying those sorbents to a two-interconnected fluidized-bed reactor system with continuous solid circulation. The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for designing and operating a large scale $CO_2$ capture process with two fluidized-bed reactors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.785-793
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of red yeast rice addition on the physical characteristics of sourdough starters ($SD1{\sim}4$) and the quality characteristics of sourdough bread (CSB, $SDB1{\sim}3$). Moisture contents of red yeast rice, wheat flour, and rye flour were 6.15, 12.53, and 8.56%; ash contents were 0.15, 0.44, and 1.64%; protein contents were 7.30, 12.57, and 11.18%; crude lipid contents were 0.97, 1.16, and 2.49%, respectively. The pH decreased with increasing red yeast rice addition. Reducing sugar and total sugar increased with increasing red yeast rice addition. Lactic acid bacteria were not detected from 0 day for all samples and was maximum on the 2nd day. The yeast counts of SD1 were not detected from $0{\sim}4th$ day, but $SD2{\sim}4$ increased until the 3rd day. Peak time, peak value, and width of tail of CSB were higher than $SDB1{\sim}3$, and they increased with increasing red yeast rice contents of sourdough. The fermentation expansive power of $SDB1{\sim}3$ was higher than that of CSB. Baking loss and specific volume of SDB1 were higher than other samples and when baking loss of CSB and SDB1${\sim}$3 increased, the specific volume increased. L values decreased with increasing red yeast rice contents of sourdough bread whereas, a and b values increased. Springiness and brittleness of CSB and gumminess of SCB1 were lower than other samples. Springiness, brittleness, and gumminess increased with increasing red yeast rice content of sourdough bread. The sensory evaluation indicated that color, hardness, springiness, sweetness, and sourness increased with increasing red yeast rice content of sourdough bread. Aircell non-uniformity of SDB1 was lower than other samples, whereas off-flavor was higher than other samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.278-283
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• 2006

Styela clava was processed by four different kinds of method including FR (fresh S. clava), H1 (heat treated S. clava at $110^{\circ}C$ for 15 min) H2 (heat treated S. clava at $120^{\circ}C$ for 5 min), and FD (freeze dried S. clava). Each S. clava sample was treated with methanol, ethanol, acetone, and water, then antioxidant and anticancer activities of the extracts were evaluated. In extracts from non-dried S. clava (FR, H1, and H2), total extract yield decreased with increasing treated temperature. The extraction yield was in the order of ethanol>methanol>water>acetone among treated solvents. In case of dried S. clava (FR), the extraction yield was lower than non-dried samples, and was in the order of methanol>ethanol>water>acetone. The radical scavenging activity (RSA) of non-dried S. clava (FR, H1, and H2) was in the order of acetone>ethanol>methanol and heat treatment also decreased RSA. RSA of FD was the highest in ethanol extract, while acetone and water extracts did not show RSA. When antioxidant activity was determined by reducing power (RD), methanol extract of FR showed the highest values and heat treatment decreased RD, too. RD of FD was in the order of methanol>ethanol>water>acetone. The acetone extracts from FD showed significant anticancer activity against human colon cancer cell line HT-29. These results indicated that extraction yield and properties of extracts from S. clava were dependent on processing temperature, solvent and/or physicochemical state. The appropriate extraction process should provide some valuable bioactive materials from S. clava.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.366-372
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• 2006

This study is to investigate the physicochemical properties of differently pretreated chestnut starches during starch isolation and to examine their gelatinization properties by both heat and alkali treatments. One kind is starch A made by alkali method from peeled chestnut. The other is starch B made from chestnut with the outer layer. The results are as follows. Starch A has higher water binding capacity of 86.9% than starch B with 80.66%. Swelling powers of both starch A and B increased rapidly from $60^{\circ}C\;to\;80^{\circ}C$ in both, and since then it has changed a bit. Both began to show their solubility at $60^{\circ}C$ and increased continuously as the temperature went up. Starch A has higher swelling power and solubility than starch B. In iodine reaction, starch A has higher ${\lambda}max$ and absorbance at ${\lambda}max$ than starch B. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that starch A is type $C_b$ and that starch B is type B. Starch B has higher relative crystallinity of 37.0% than starch A with 36.2%. The results by differential scanning calorimetry revealed that starch A gelatinized from $66.95^{\circ}C$ to $77.5^{\circ}C$ and its enthalpy is 2.04 cal/g. And starch B gelatinized from $67.09^{\circ}C\;to\;77.5^{\circ}C$, and its enthalpy is 2.29 cal/g. Amylograms of chestnut starch at 6.5% concentration indicated that starch B needs higher onset temperature when beginning to gelatinize than starch A does. But starch A shows much higher peak viscosity, breakdown and setback than starch B does. Starch A shows higher viscosity, gel volume, and optical transmittance in gelatinization properties by alkali than starch B does.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.59-92
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• 2012

With accumulated research evidence, there is little doubt that leadership behavior is related to a wide variety of positive individual and organizational outcomes. Indeed, leadership behavior has been empirically linked to increased employee satisfaction, organizational commitment, extra effort, turnover intention, organizational citizenship behavior, and overall employee performance. Although leadership behavior has been linked to a number of positive organizational outcomes, research regarding the antecedents of such behavior is limited. Especially there is little research dealing with the antecedents of inter-organizational leadership behavior. This study interests in inter-organizational ethical leadership among marketing channel members. In both the mass media and the academic association, there has been a surge in interest in the ethical and unethical behavior of leaders. Although the corporate scandals in recent years may explain much of the mass media and popular focus, academics' interest has been limited by evidence that ethical leadership behavior is associated with both positive and negative inter-organizational processes and performances. This study tried to contribute to this body of knowledge by examining antecedents of ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is defined "the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-making." Ethical leaders not only inform individuals of the behefits of ethical behavior and the cost of inappropriate behavior, such leaders also set clear standards and use rewards and fair and balanced punishment to hold followers accountable for their ethical conduct. Despite the assume importance and prominence of ethical leadership among organizations, there are still many questions relating to its antecedents and consequences. One is whether the likelihood of an leading organization being perceived as an ethical leader among other following organizations in marketing channels can be predicted using its characteristics and inter-organizational relationship maintenance skills. Identifying trait and skill antecedents will aid in the development of strategies for selecting and developing ethical leaders and determining the best means to reinforce ethical behaviors. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of three categorized variables on ethical leadership of channel leader. To be concrete, this study develops a model of the antecedents of three conceptually distinct forms of channel leader characteristics, such as organizational traits, inter-organizational relationship maintenance strategies, and supplier management strategies, and tests the hypothesized differential effects on ethical leadership of marketing channel leaders. The reason why this study deals with discount store channel is that there is very strong inter-dependence between a discount store and its suppliers. Their strong inter-dependence makes their relationship as the relationship between a leader and suppliers and creates an atmosphere that leadership occur without difficulty. The research model is as follows. For the purpose of empirical testing, 295 respondents of suppliers of discount store channel in Korea were surveyed. The procedures included scale reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity were used to validate measures. Also, the reliability measurements traditionally employed, such as the Cronbach's alpha, were used. All the reliabilities were greater than .70. This study conducted confirmatory factor analyses to assess the validity of our measurements. All items loaded significantly on their respective constructs(with the lowest t-value being 15.2), providing support for convergent validity. We then examined composite reliability and average variance extracted(AVE). The composite reliability of each construct was greater than .70. The AVE of each construct was greater than .50. This study tested research model using Partial Least Square(PLS). The estimation of the structural equation model revealed an acceptable fit of the model to the data($r^2$=.851). Thus, This study concluded that the model fit was considered acceptable. The results of PLS are as follows. The results indicated that conscientiousness, openness, conflict management, social networks, training, fair reward had positive effects on ethical leadership of channel leaders. On the other hand, emotional insecure had negative effect and agreeableness, assurance, and inter-organizational communication had no significant effect on supply chain leadership.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: 18% of difenoconazole+iminoctadin triacetate microemulsion (3%+15%) formulation were mixed and sprayed as closely as possible to normal practice on the ten of farms located in the Youngju of South Korea. Patches, cotton gloves, socks, masks and XAD-2 resin were used to measure the potential exposure for applicators wearing standardized whole-body outer and inner dosimeter (WBD). This study has been carried out to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure to difenoconazole during preparation of spray suspension and application with a power sprayer on a grape orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: A personal air monitor equipped with an air pump IOM sampler and cassette and glass fiber filter were used for inhalation exposure. The field studies were carried out in a grape orchard. The temperature and relative humidity were monitored with a thermometer and a hygrometer. Wind speed was measured using a pocket weather meter. All mean field fortification recoveries were between 97.3% and 119.6% in the level of 100 LOQ (limit of quantification) while the LOQ for difenoconazole was $0.025{\mu}g/mL$ using HPLC-UVD. The arms exposure to difenoconazole for the mixer/loader (0.0794 mg) was higher than other body parts (head, hands, upper body, legs). The exposure to difenoconazole in the legs for applicator (3.78 mg) was highest in the parts of body. The dermal exposure for mixer/loader and applicator were 0.02 and 2.28 mg on a grape orchard, respectively. The inhalation exposure during application was estimated as 0.02 mg. The ratio of inhalation exposure to dermal exposure was equivalent to 0.9% of the dermal exposure. CONCLUSION: The inhalation exposure for applicator indicated $18.8{\times}10^{-3}mg$, which was level of 0.9% of the dermal exposure (2.28 mg). Operator exposure (0.004 mg/kg bw/day) to difenoconazole during treatment for grape is calculated as 2.5% of the established AOEL (0.16 mg/kg bw/day).