• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2024

North Korea's rapidly advancing drone development and operational capabilities have become a significant threat to South Korea's security. The drone incursions by North Korea in 2014, 2017, and 2022 demonstrate the technological advancement and provocative potential of North Korean drones. This study aims to closely analyze the military threats posed by North Korean drones and seek effective countermeasures. The research examines the development level of North Korean drone technology, its military applications, the characteristics and patterns of recent drone incursions, the adequacy and limitations of South Korea's current response systems, and future countermeasures. For this purpose, domestic and international research literature and media reports were reviewed, and specific North Korean drone incursion cases were analyzed. The results indicate that North Korea's small drones possess technological features such as small size, low altitude, low-speed flight, long-duration flight, and reconnaissance equipment. These drones pose threats that can be utilized for reconnaissance, surveillance, surprise attacks, and terrorism. Additionally, South Korea's current response systems reveal limitations such as inadequate detection and identification capabilities, low interception success rates, lack of an integrated response system, and insufficient specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, this study suggests various technical, policy, and international cooperative countermeasures, including the development of drone detection and identification technologies, the utilization of diverse drone neutralization technologies, the establishment of legal and institutional foundations, the construction of a cooperative framework among relevant agencies, and the strengthening of international cooperation. The study particularly emphasizes the importance of raising awareness of the North Korean drone threat across South Korean society and unifying national efforts to respond to these threats.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-126
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• 2024

During the clinkering stages of cement production, the chemical composition of fine raw materials such as limestone and clay, which include iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃), significantly influences the quality of the final product. Specifically, the chemical interaction of Fe₂O₃ with CaO, SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ during clinkerisation plays a key role in determining the chemical reactivity and overall quality of the final cement, shaping the properties of the concrete produced. As an extension, this study aims to investigate the physical effects of incorporating nanosized Fe₂O₃ particles as fillers in concrete matrices, and their impact on concrete structures, namely slabs. To accurately model the reinforced concrete (RC) slabs, a refined trigonometric shear deformation theory (RTSDT) is used. Additionally, the stochastic Eshelby's homogenization approach is employed to determine the thermoelastic properties of nano-Fe₂O₃ infused concrete slabs. To ensure comprehensive coverage in the study, the RC slabs undergo various mechanical loads and are exposed to temperature fields to assess their thermo-mechanical performance. Furthermore, the slabs are assumed to rest on a three-parameter viscoelastic foundation, comprising the Winkler elastic springs, Pasternak shear layer and a damping parameter. The equilibrium governing equations of the system are derived using the principle of virtual work and subsequently solved using Navier's technique. The findings indicate that while ferric oxide nanoparticles enhance the mechanical properties of concrete against mechanical loading, they have less favorable effects on its performance against thermal exposure. However, the viscoelastic foundation contributes to mitigating these effects, improving the concrete's overall performance in both scenarios. These results highlight the trade-offs between mechanical and thermal performance when using Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles in concrete and underscore the importance of optimizing nanoparticle content and loading conditions to improve the structural performance of concrete structures.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.487-497
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• 2024

Pore-scale reactive transport modeling is a powerful tool used to analyze micro-scale processes where fluid flow and geochemical reactions occur. Despite its capability to examine complex hydrological and geochemical system behavior, the high computational demands for these simulations present a significant limitation. To overcome this challenge, this study evaluated artificial neural network (ANN)-based surrogate models to replace geochemical reaction calculations, which consume the majority of computational time in reactive transport simulations. The study considered two ANN models: a combined model (CM) that simultaneously accounts for mineral dissolution/precipitation and solute adsorption reactions, and an independent model (IM) that treats these reactions independently. The performance of these models was compared using metrics, including mean squared error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and mass balance errors. Results indicate that IM demonstrates superior accuracy compared to CM. This finding suggests that instead of constructing a single complex model for the entire geochemical reaction network, pore-scale geochemical reactions can be effectively replaced by combining individual neural network models trained for specific reactions.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.803-808
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• 2024

As a service that creates graphic work images with AI, DALL-E2, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, BING image generator, and Playground AI are widely used. It is that graphic also enables learner-led customized education. With this, it is worth studying detailed design customized learning materials and methods for designing efficient design in future 2D graphic work, and it is necessary to explore the areas of application. The current situation is that it is necessary to develop a design education system that can indicate the lack of AI technology through text security and questions. In this study, a successful proposal for a process that is produced through a process of creating AI design work through proxy work can be presented as a conclusion. Design, advertisement, and visual content companies are already using and adapting, and the trend is to reflect the AI graphic utilization ability and results in the portfolio along with interviews when hiring new employees. In line with this, detailed consideration and research on visual and design production methods for AI convergence between instructors and learners are currently needed. In this paper, proposals and methods for image quality production were considered in the main body and conclusions, and conclusive directions were proposed for five alternatives and methods for future applications.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.133-138
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• 2024

SSD SSD are rapidly replacing HDD as the storage device of choice for modern computer systems due to their high speed and reliability. Since these SSD are used in large quantities in enterprise environments, the LED blinking method is used to check the status of each SSD. This method controls the blinking rate of the LEDs based on the behavior and status of the SSD. The traditional method of using LED in SSD simply controls the blinking speed and time of the LED to indicate power on, data transfer, error, etc. However, in recent years, various studies have been conducted to transmit data using the color and blinking of LED. In this paper, we propose a new communication method that uses the LED blinking of SSD to transmit signals according to a certain rule. In the proposed method, the signals are classified into numeric and character systems according to the duration of the on LED signal, and various information systems are designed by combining the classified signals. In addition, a protocol is designed to transmit these combined signals, and a method is designed to display the transmitted signals in an intuitively identifiable representation at the receiving end of the enclosure. This approach is expected to free up additional communication channels of existing SSD and increase the performance and efficiency of the system.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.227-252
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• 2018

The evolution of instant communication has mirrored the development of the Internet and messenger applications are among the most representative manifestations of instant communication technologies. In messenger applications, senders use emoticons to supplement the emotions conveyed in the text of their messages. The fact that communication via messenger applications is not face-to-face makes it difficult for senders to communicate their emotions to message recipients. Emoticons have long been used as symbols that indicate the moods of speakers. However, at present, emoticon-use is evolving into a means of conveying the psychological states of consumers who want to express individual characteristics and personality quirks while communicating their emotions to others. The fact that companies like KakaoTalk, Line, Apple, etc. have begun conducting emoticon business and sales of related content are expected to gradually increase testifies to the significance of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, despite the development of emoticons themselves and the growth of the emoticon market, no suitable emoticon recommendation system has yet been developed. Even KakaoTalk, a messenger application that commands more than 90% of domestic market share in South Korea, just grouped in to popularity, most recent, or brief category. This means consumers face the inconvenience of constantly scrolling around to locate the emoticons they want. The creation of an emoticon recommendation system would improve consumer convenience and satisfaction and increase the sales revenue of companies the sell emoticons. To recommend appropriate emoticons, it is necessary to quantify the emotions that the consumer sees and emotions. Such quantification will enable us to analyze the characteristics and emotions felt by consumers who used similar emoticons, which, in turn, will facilitate our emoticon recommendations for consumers. One way to quantify emoticons use is metadata-ization. Metadata-ization is a means of structuring or organizing unstructured and semi-structured data to extract meaning. By structuring unstructured emoticon data through metadata-ization, we can easily classify emoticons based on the emotions consumers want to express. To determine emoticons' precise emotions, we had to consider sub-detail expressions-not only the seven common emotional adjectives but also the metaphorical expressions that appear only in South Korean proved by previous studies related to emotion focusing on the emoticon's characteristics. We therefore collected the sub-detail expressions of emotion based on the "Shape", "Color" and "Adumbration". Moreover, to design a highly accurate recommendation system, we considered both emotion-technical indexes and emoticon-emotional indexes. We then identified 14 features of emoticon-technical indexes and selected 36 emotional adjectives. The 36 emotional adjectives consisted of contrasting adjectives, which we reduced to 18, and we measured the 18 emotional adjectives using 40 emoticon sets randomly selected from the top-ranked emoticons in the KakaoTalk shop. We surveyed 277 consumers in their mid-twenties who had experience purchasing emoticons; we recruited them online and asked them to evaluate five different emoticon sets. After data acquisition, we conducted a factor analysis of emoticon-emotional factors. We extracted four factors that we named "Comic", Softness", "Modernity" and "Transparency". We analyzed both the relationship between indexes and consumer attitude and the relationship between emoticon-technical indexes and emoticon-emotional factors. Through this process, we confirmed that the emoticon-technical indexes did not directly affect consumer attitudes but had a mediating effect on consumer attitudes through emoticon-emotional factors. The results of the analysis revealed the mechanism consumers use to evaluate emoticons; the results also showed that consumers' emoticon-technical indexes affected emoticon-emotional factors and that the emoticon-emotional factors affected consumer satisfaction. We therefore designed the emoticon recommendation system using only four emoticon-emotional factors; we created a recommendation method to calculate the Euclidean distance from each factors' emotion. In an attempt to increase the accuracy of the emoticon recommendation system, we compared the emotional patterns of selected emoticons with the recommended emoticons. The emotional patterns corresponded in principle. We verified the emoticon recommendation system by testing prediction accuracy; the predictions were 81.02% accurate in the first result, 76.64% accurate in the second, and 81.63% accurate in the third. This study developed a methodology that can be used in various fields academically and practically. We expect that the novel emoticon recommendation system we designed will increase emoticon sales for companies who conduct business in this domain and make consumer experiences more convenient. In addition, this study served as an important first step in the development of an intelligent emoticon recommendation system. The emotional factors proposed in this study could be collected in an emotional library that could serve as an emotion index for evaluation when new emoticons are released. Moreover, by combining the accumulated emotional library with company sales data, sales information, and consumer data, companies could develop hybrid recommendation systems that would bolster convenience for consumers and serve as intellectual assets that companies could strategically deploy.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.83-105
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• 2016

Measuring an individual's subjective wellbeing in an accurate, unobtrusive, and cost-effective manner is a core success factor of the wellbeing support system, which is a type of medical IT service. However, measurements with a self-report questionnaire and wearable sensors are cost-intensive and obtrusive when the wellbeing support system should be running in real-time, despite being very accurate. Recently, reasoning the state of subjective wellbeing with conventional sentiment analysis and unstructured data has been proposed as an alternative to resolve the drawbacks of the self-report questionnaire and wearable sensors. However, this approach does not consider contextual polarity, which results in lower measurement accuracy. Moreover, there is no sentimental word net or ontology for the subjective wellbeing area. Hence, this paper proposes a method to extract keywords and their contextual polarity representing the subjective wellbeing state from the unstructured text in online websites in order to improve the reasoning accuracy of the sentiment analysis. The proposed method is as follows. First, a set of general sentimental words is proposed. SentiWordNet was adopted; this is the most widely used dictionary and contains about 100,000 words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs with polarities from -1.0 (extremely negative) to 1.0 (extremely positive). Second, corpora on subjective wellbeing (SWB corpora) were obtained by crawling online text. A survey was conducted to prepare a learning dataset that includes an individual's opinion and the level of self-report wellness, such as stress and depression. The participants were asked to respond with their feelings about online news on two topics. Next, three data sources were extracted from the SWB corpora: demographic information, psychographic information, and the structural characteristics of the text (e.g., the number of words used in the text, simple statistics on the special characters used). These were considered to adjust the level of a specific SWB. Finally, a set of reasoning rules was generated for each wellbeing factor to estimate the SWB of an individual based on the text written by the individual. The experimental results suggested that using contextual polarity for each SWB factor (e.g., stress, depression) significantly improved the estimation accuracy compared to conventional sentiment analysis methods incorporating SentiWordNet. Even though literature is available on Korean sentiment analysis, such studies only used only a limited set of sentimental words. Due to the small number of words, many sentences are overlooked and ignored when estimating the level of sentiment. However, the proposed method can identify multiple sentiment-neutral words as sentiment words in the context of a specific SWB factor. The results also suggest that a specific type of senti-word dictionary containing contextual polarity needs to be constructed along with a dictionary based on common sense such as SenticNet. These efforts will enrich and enlarge the application area of sentic computing. The study is helpful to practitioners and managers of wellness services in that a couple of characteristics of unstructured text have been identified for improving SWB. Consistent with the literature, the results showed that the gender and age affect the SWB state when the individual is exposed to an identical queue from the online text. In addition, the length of the textual response and usage pattern of special characters were found to indicate the individual's SWB. These imply that better SWB measurement should involve collecting the textual structure and the individual's demographic conditions. In the future, the proposed method should be improved by automated identification of the contextual polarity in order to enlarge the vocabulary in a cost-effective manner.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1757-1763
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• 2011

The physico-chemical properties of broccoli sprouts cultivated in a plant factory system with different lighting conditions were investigated. We reported that there were significant differences among the chemical and nutritional properties of the broccoli sprouts grown under different light sources. Two kinds of sugars (glucose and fructose) were detected in the plants. The amount of glucose was 2.94~3.12% and that of fructose was 1.54~2.04%. Total chlorophyll was $1,157{\pm}0.004$ mg% and chlorophyll-a $777{\pm}0.01$ mg%. All over the test materials, 2 kinds of organic acids (citric acid and malic acid) were detected. The level of citric acid was 908~1,136 mg% and its highest level was under the (Blue LED) light source. The level of malic acid was 514~834 mg% and its highest level was under the (Red LED) light source. Seven different minerals were also analyzed. The amount of K was 518 mg% and its amount was significantly higher than that of Mg or Na. There were also negligible amounts of Zn, Fe and Cu. The amounts of vitamin A, C and E under the Red LED were, $860.62{\pm}0.02\;{\mu}gRE$, $134.570{\pm}0.14$ mg% and $1.44{\pm}0.1$ IU. The amounts under the Blue LED were, $432.48{\pm}0.05\;{\mu}gRE$, $137.05{\pm}0.1$ mg% and $1.11{\pm}0.12$ IU. The amounts under both Red and Blue LEDs were, $667.33{\pm}0.11\;{\mu}gRE$, $118.50{\pm}0.09$ mg% and $1.47{\pm}0.1$ IU. And finally, the amounts under a White LED were, $640.25{\pm}0.08\;{\mu}gRE$, $119.87{\pm}0.07$ mg% and $1.31{\pm}0.15$ IU. In this study, significant changes were shown in the chemical and nutritional properties of the broccoli sprouts. These findings indicate that LED light sources stimulated germination of the plants.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.5 s.76
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• pp.563-573
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability of computer system for the measurement of tooth size in the model analysis through the comparison of two measurements: One was to use a computer; and the other was to use vernier calipers. Twenty sets of casts were used, which showed a moderate degree of crowding and full eruption of all teeth. The mesio-distal width of 12 teeth from the left central incisor to the left first molar at each set of the casts were measured twice with vernier calipers and a computer respectively. This measurement was repeated two weeks later. First, for the reproducibility analysis, the two computer measurements were compared then the vernier calipers measurements were compared. Second, all the teeth were sepapated into the region of mesiodistal contact points and its width was measured by a micrometer to obtain standard measurements. For the accuracy analysis, these standard measurements were compared with the measurements from the dental casts using two methods. The difference between them was defined as the measurement error. To investigate the cause of measurement error, an examination was made for the presence and degree of contact point deviation on each tooth from the upper and lower occlusograms, and the mesio-distal angulation of each tooth was measured with TARG. Following results were obtained through statistical analysis. 1. In the analysis for reproducibility; the measurements with vernier calipers showed significant differences in three out of twelve teeth while the computer measurements showed significant differences in one out of twelve teeth. 2. In the analysis for accuracy; compared with the standard measurements, the measurements with vernier calipers showed significant differences in three out of twelve teeth while the computer measurements showed significant differences in two out of twelve teeth. 3. Compared with the standard measurements, the measurements with vernier calipers were apt to be larger at the upper first molar, and smaller at the lower first molar The computer measurements, however, were apt to be larger at both upper and lower first molars. 4. The measurements with vernier calipers showed the largest error at the lower first molar and the degree of error was variable according to the tooth while the difference of error was small in the computer measurements. 5. In the analysis for the correlation of the degree of measurement errors with the contact point deviation index and the mesio-distal crown angulation of each tooth, the measurements with vernier calipers did not show significant correlation while the measurements with computer showed slight Positive correlations. The results of this study indicate that a computer system may be useful for the measurement of tooth size in the model analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.29-42
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• 2016

Remote sensing allows acquisition of information across a large area without contacting objects, and has thus been rapidly developed by application to different areas. Thus, with the development of remote sensing, satellites are able to rapidly advance in terms of their image resolution. As a result, satellites that use remote sensing have been applied to conduct research across many areas of the world. However, while research on remote sensing is being implemented across various areas, research on data processing is presently insufficient; that is, as satellite resources are further developed, data processing continues to lag behind. Accordingly, this paper discusses plans to maximize the performance of satellite image processing by utilizing the CUDA(Compute Unified Device Architecture) Library of NVIDIA, a parallel processing technique. The discussion in this paper proceeds as follows. First, standard KOMPSAT(Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite) images of various sizes are subdivided into five types. NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is implemented to the subdivided images. Next, ArcMap and the two techniques, each based on CPU or GPU, are used to implement NDVI. The histograms of each image are then compared after each implementation to analyze the different processing speeds when using CPU and GPU. The results indicate that both the CPU version and GPU version images are equal with the ArcMap images, and after the histogram comparison, the NDVI code was correctly implemented. In terms of the processing speed, GPU showed 5 times faster results than CPU. Accordingly, this research shows that a parallel processing technique using CUDA Library can enhance the data processing speed of satellites images, and that this data processing benefits from multiple advanced remote sensing techniques as compared to a simple pixel computation like NDVI.