• 제목/요약/키워드: Index n

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Plastochron 에 의한 Amaranthus retroflexus 와 Chenopodium album 의 잎의 성장 해석 1. Plastochron Index 의 유도 (The Development of Leaves in Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album Represented by the Plastochron(I. The Derivation of the Plastochron Index))

  • Park, Bong-Kyu;Joung-Hee Kim
    • The Korean Journal of Ecology
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    • 제8권1호
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    • pp.1-5
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    • 1985
  • The plastochron index (PI) provides possibility on studies of the effects of various environmental factors on morphological and physiological development of plants. The PI of Erickson and Michemlini(1957) could be used merely when leaf n is longer an leaf n+1 is smaller than the references length at any time. If both the lengths of leaf n and n+1 are smaller or longer than the reference length, it could not estimated. In this study, the PI of Erickson and Michelini was complemented and the linear patterns according to leaf arrangement was represented, PI is n-(lnLR-lnLn)/(lnLn-lnLn+1). And when both the lengths of leaf n and n+1 are longer than the length of reference, PI is n+1+(ln Ln+1-lnLR)/(lnLn-lnLn+1). The linear model of PI is changed by the various environmental factors and the linear patterns are different according to leaf arrangement. According to leaf arrangement, the equation of the general regression lines is Yin-(i-j)=a-(n-1)(q1+...+qi-1)-(q1+...+qj-1)+rt+$\varepsilon$. Where Y:the logarithmic of the leaf length in question, i:leaf number hang on the one node, n:the number counting from base, q:spacing on the Y-axis, j:0, 1, 2, ..., r:slope, t:time, $\varepsilon$:error.

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시화지구 북동지역에서의 콘 계수 연구 II:신뢰도 및 토질정수 (A Study on Cone Factors for Northeastern Part of Shiwha Area II:Reliability and Soil Properties)

  • 김대규
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제12권12호
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    • pp.5957-5962
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    • 2011
  • 본 연구에서는, 시화지구 북동지역 지반에 대하여 네 가지 종류의 콘계수 값들($N_{kt}$, $N_{ke}$, $N_{{\Delta}u}$, 최근 제안된 $N_e$)과 지반의 특성치들과의 관계를 고찰하였다. 다양한 실험결과를 활용하여 계산한 비배수강도와 실제 측정된 비배수강도를 비교하였으며, 이들 값들과 소성지수와의 관계를 분석하였다. $N_{{\Delta}u}$를 활용하여 구한 비배수강도는 의외로 좋은 결과를 보여주지 못했으며, 소성지수 값이 커질수록 콘계수 값이 커지는 현상이 고찰되었다.

Surface Emissivity Derived From Satellite Observations: Drought Index

  • Yoo, Jung-Moon;Yoo, Hye-Lim
    • 한국지구과학회지
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    • 제27권7호
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    • pp.787-803
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    • 2006
  • The drought index has been developed, based on a $8.6{\mu}m$ surface emissivity in the $8-12{\mu}m$ MODIS channels over the African Sahel region (10-20 N, 13 W-35 W) and the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA: 37.2-37.7 N, 126.6-127.2 E). The emissivity indicates the $SiO_2$ strength and can vary interannually by vegetation, water vapor, and soil moisture, as a potential indicator of drought conditions. In a well-vegetated region close to 10 N of the Sahel, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) showed high sensitivity, while the emissivity did not. On the other hand, the NDVI experienced negligible variability in a poorly vegetated region near 20 N, while the emissivity reflected sensitively the effects of atmospheric water vapor and soil moisture conditions. Seasonal variations of the emissivity (0.94-0.97) have been examined over the SMA during the 2003-2004 period compared to NDVI (or Enhanced Vegetation Index; EVI). Here, the dryness was more severe in urban area with less vegetation than in suburban area; the two areas corresponded to the north and south of the Han river, respectively. The emissivity exhibiting a significant spatial correlation of ${\sim}0.8$ with the two indices can supplement their information.

THE NORMALIZED LAPLACIAN ESTRADA INDEX OF GRAPHS

  • Hakimi-Nezhaad, Mardjan;Hua, Hongbo;Ashrafi, Ali Reza;Qian, Shuhua
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • 제32권1_2호
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    • pp.227-245
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    • 2014
  • Suppose G is a simple graph. The ${\ell}$-eigenvalues ${\delta}_1$, ${\delta}_2$,..., ${\delta}_n$ of G are the eigenvalues of its normalized Laplacian ${\ell}$. The normalized Laplacian Estrada index of the graph G is dened as ${\ell}EE$ = ${\ell}EE$(G) = ${\sum}^n_{i=1}e^{{\delta}_i}$. In this paper the basic properties of ${\ell}EE$ are investigated. Moreover, some lower and upper bounds for the normalized Laplacian Estrada index in terms of the number of vertices, edges and the Randic index are obtained. In addition, some relations between ${\ell}EE$ and graph energy $E_{\ell}$(G) are presented.

THE COMPETITION INDEX OF A NEARLY REDUCIBLE BOOLEAN MATRIX

  • Cho, Han Hyuk;Kim, Hwa Kyung
    • 대한수학회보
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    • 제50권6호
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    • pp.2001-2011
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    • 2013
  • Cho and Kim [4] have introduced the concept of the competition index of a digraph. Similarly, the competition index of an $n{\times}n$ Boolean matrix A is the smallest positive integer q such that $A^{q+i}(A^T)^{q+i}=A^{q+r+i}(A^T)^{q+r+i}$ for some positive integer r and every nonnegative integer i, where $A^T$ denotes the transpose of A. In this paper, we study the upper bound of the competition index of a Boolean matrix. Using the concept of Boolean rank, we determine the upper bound of the competition index of a nearly reducible Boolean matrix.

PECVD의 주파수 조건에 따른 $SiN_x$막 증착 (The Silicon Nitride Films according to The Frequency Conditions of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition)

  • 최정호;노시철;정종대;서화일
    • 반도체디스플레이기술학회지
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.21-25
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    • 2014
  • The silicon nitride ($SiN_x$) film for surface passivation and anti-reflection coating of crystalline silicon solar cell is very important and it is generally deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). PECVD can be divided into low and high frequency method. In this paper, the $SiN_x$ film deposited by low and high frequency PECVD method was studied. First, to optimize the $SiN_x$ film deposited by low frequency PECVD method, the refractive index was measured by varying the process conditions like $SiH_4$, $NH_3$, $N_2$ gas rate, and RF power. When $SiH_4$ gas rate was increased and $NH_3$ gas rate was decreased, the refractive index was increased. The refractive index was also increased with RF power decline. Second, to compare the characteristics of the low and high frequency PECVD $SiN_x$ film, the refractive index was measured by varying $NH_3/SiH_4$ gas ratio and RF power and the minority carrier lifetime of before and after high temperature treatment process was also measured. The refractive index of both low and high frequency PECVD $SiN_x$ film was decreased with increase in $NH_3/SiH_4$ gas ratio and RF power. After high temperature treatment process, the minority carrier lifetime of both low and high frequency PECVD $SiN_x$ film was increased and increased degree was similar. The minority carrier lifetime of low frequency PECVD $SiN_x$ was increased from $11.03{\mu}m$ to $28.24{\mu}m$ and that of high frequency PECVD $SiN_x$ was increased from $11.60{\mu}m$ to $27.10{\mu}m$.

Effects of Nitrogen Level on Nitrogen Partitioning and Harvest Index in Brassica napus L.

  • Lee, Hyo;Zaman, Rashed;Lee, Bok-Rye;Kim, Tae-Hwan
    • 한국초지조사료학회지
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    • 제38권2호
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    • pp.140-144
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    • 2018
  • To investigate the impact of nitrogen (N) mineral on reproductive potential of Brassica napus L, plants were treated with different levels of N treatment ($N_0$; $N_{100}$; $N_{500}$). The half of N content for each treatment were applied at the beginning of the early vegetative stage and the rest was applied at the late vegetative stage. Nitrogen content in plant tissues such as root, stem and branch, leaf, pod and seed was analyzed and harvest index (HI) was calculated as percentage of seed yield to total plant weight. Biomass and nitrogen content were significantly affected by different levels of N supply. Biomass was significantly decreased by 59.2% in nitrogen deficiency ($N_0$) but significantly increased by 50.3% in N excess ($N_{500}$), compared to control ($N_{100}$). Nitrogen content in all organs was remarkably increased with nitrogen levels. N distribution to stem and branches, and dead leaves was higher in N-deficient ($N_0$) and N excessive plants ($N_{500}$) than in control ($N_{100}$). However, nitrogen allocated to seed was higher in control ($N_{100}$) than in other treatments ($N_0$ or $N_{500}$), accompanied by higher HI. These results indicate that the optimum level of N supply ($N_{100}$) improve HI and N distribution to seed and excessive N input is unnecessary.

Ganoderma lucidum균 전처리를 이용한 볏짚의 상압.소다펄프화

  • 주용찬;강진하
    • 펄프종이기술
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    • 제34권4호
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    • pp.51-60
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    • 2002
  • This study was carried out to develop the biochemical pulping method to enhance energy saving and decrease the capital cost through the soda pulping under atmospheric pressure (100%). Nonwood substrates, rice straw, were pretreated by white-rot fungi, Ganoderma Iucidum. It has acquired several basic data that can be applied in bio-soda pulping. The results of this study were as follow. Without any nutrients or with glucose, N and glucose+N the weight losses of rice straws inoculated by Canoderma Iucidum were 8.5~29.8%, 9.3~32% 11.8~30.1% and 11.8~24.4% respectively for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days incubation. The more extending incubation periods, the more increasing weight losses. The yield of untreated rice saw was 54.8% after pulping. When any nutrients was not added or glucose, N and glucose+N were added for the pretreatment, the total yields were ranged 50.6~38.5%, 48.6~34.4%, 47.2~38.4% and 49.5~42.6% respectively for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days incubation. The yields were gradually decreased based on extending of incubation. The physical properties of rice straw soda pulps without fungal treatment, the density, breaking length, burst index, tear index and folding endurance were 0.24 g/$\textrm{cm}^3$, 2.32 km, 0.91 kPa $m^2$/g, 56.7 mN.$m^2$/g and 35 times, respectively. After pretreatment without any nutrients or with glucose, N and glucose+N as nutrients the density was 0.27~0.30 g/$\textrm{cm}^3$, the breaking length 3.14~5.25 km, burst index 1.42~2.78 kPa.$\textrm{m}^2$/g, tear index45.8~64.5 mN.$\textrm{m}^2$/g and folding endurance 47~288 times at all incubating periods when pulping was done. The physical properties were increased with the increasing incubation periods. However, when glucose+N was added, the physical properties were shown superior results each incubating duration.

EDGE SZEGED INDICES OF BENZENE RING

  • Baig, Abdul Qudair;Naeem, Muhammad;Mushtaq, Muhammad;Gao, Wei
    • Korean Journal of Mathematics
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.613-627
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    • 2019
  • Consider a connected molecular graph G = (V, E) where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges. In G, vertices represent the atoms and edges represent the covalent bonds between atoms. In graph G, every edge (say) e = uv will be connected by two atoms u and v. The edge Szeged index is a topological index which has been introduced by Ivan Gutman. In this paper, we have computed edge Szeged indices of a hydrocarbon family called Benzene ring and is denoted by $(BR)_{n{\times}n}$.

남녀 대학생의 체질량지수에 따른 저작횟수와 식사속도 및 식품섭취량 비교 (The Relationships of Chewing Frequency, Eating Rates, and Food Consumption with the Body Mass Index and Gender of College Students)

  • 전승철;김윤정;김영숙;김수경;김동건;장은재
    • 대한영양사협회학술지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.103-111
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    • 2013
  • In this study, we examined chewing frequency, eating rates, and food consumption volume according to the body mass index of male and female college students. Twenty-five male college students were divided into a normal weight male group (<23 body mass index, n=14) and an obese male group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=11). Twenty-five female college students were divided into a normal weight female group (<23 body mass index, n=21) and an obese female group (${\geq}23$ body mass index, n=4). Subjects were provided with abundant fried rice and allowed to consume it at their own pace. Chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite were measured. There were no significant differences in chewing frequency, total mealtime, rate of eating, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese male groups. There were also no significant differences in chewing frequency, consumption volume, calorie intake, and the amount of one bite between the normal and obese female groups. However, the obese female group had a significantly shorter mealtime and significantly higher eating rate compared with the normal group. Thus, our study suggests that females who eat a meal for a longer time may reduce their food intake, consequently inducing body weight loss.