• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2001

Background and Objectives： Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive, often indolent tumor, with a high incidence of distant metastasis (DM). Relatively little has been written about the factor that influence distant spread and subsequent survival because it is uncommon and has protracted clinical course. We attempted to reemphasize the biologic behavior of ACC by investigating the relationship between the clinical features and prognosis. Materials and Methods : We have retrospectively studied 24 determinate patiens who received definitive treatment in our hospital between 1984 and 1995 for ACC in all salivary sites. Inclusion criteria were no prior treatment elsewhere other than excisional biopsy and eligibility for follow-up of at least 5 years. Variables assessed for their impact on distant metastasis included age, gender, size, node status, stage, histologic pattern, locoregional treatment failure. Results : Treatment failure occurred in a total of 16 of 24 determinate Patients (64%), 12 of whom had DM (50%). This was usually associated with locoregional recurrence (8 patients), but DM was the only indication of failure in 4 whose primary tumor was controlled. Of the 12 patients with known DM, the lung was recored as the only involved site in 7 Patients, lung was involved in addition to other sites in 1, bone and liver metastasis occurred in 2 respectively. Disease-free intervals varied from 3 month to 14 years (median 3 years). The only significant factors influencing survival were the size of the primary tumor, locoregional recurrence. Conclusion : The high incidence of DM with locoregional failure confirms the importance of aggressive initial surgery. combined with irradiation, for high-stage tumors or involved surgical margins. Large tumor size and locoregional recurrence, rather than microscopic appearance, were predictive of DM.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.333-346
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was designed to test and develope the structural model that explains health promoting behaviors among college students in Korea. The hypothetical model was constructed on the Pender's Health promotion Model(l996) and the inclusion of some influential factors for life satisfaction. The conceptual framework was built around eight constructs. Exogenous variables included in the model were self-esteem, perceived health status, self-efficacy, internal locus of control, chance locus of control. powerful other locus of control. Endogenous variables were health promotion behaviors and life satisfaction. The results are as follows; 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate <$x^2$=4.18(df=11. p=0.041), GFI= 0.99, AGFI= 0.76, RMR= 0.019, CFI= 0.99, CN= 248.50> 2. Path and variable of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and statistical significance of parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model. the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data expected in a chi-square value <$x^2$=8.43( df= 16, p=0.21), GFI= 0.99, AGFI= 0.92., RMR= 0.024, CFI= 0.99, CN= 312.01> 3. Some of the predictive factors. especially self efficacy. self esteem. powerful others locus of control. perceived health status revealed the direct effects on health promoting behaviors. Of these variables. self-efficacy was the most signigicant factor. These predictive variables of health promoting behaviors explained 59% of total variances in the model. 4. Health promoting behaviors, self-esteem. and perceived health status revealed direct effect on the life satisfaction. Self-efficacy was identified as an important variable that contributed indirectly to improve life satisfaction by enhancing health promoting behaviors. These predictive variables of life satisfaction explained 42% of total variances in the model. In conclusion. the derived model in this study is considered appropriate in explaining and predicting health promoting models and life satisfaction among college students in Korea and could effectively be used as a reference model for further studies by suggesting a direction in health promoting nursing practices.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-85
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• 2021

This study reviewed the research in China on music interventions for adult brain injury patients. Eighty-three studies that met the inclusion criteria were included for analysis. Our review revealed that the number of intervention studies using music with adult brain injury patients has been on the rise since 2012, and random control research design methods have been dominant. Studies focused on the physical domain and emotional domain together were most common. Researchers in fields outside of music therapy conducted 43 of the studies, and music therapists carried out 14 of the studies as intervention providers. Most of the studies carried out by experts in fields other than music therapy used listening activities involving preexisting recorded music. However, most of the studies conducted by music therapists adopted reconstructed music and played it live during their intervention. The specificity of the described content of the interventions and level and relevance of stated rationale to the target goal of the intervention suggests that high quality of intervention was conducted with a therapist/investigator who has completed adequate professional education/training, which would emphasize the importance of music therapy professionalism. This study provides the baseline data for how music intervention research has been implemented in China and presents implications for future clinical practice and research.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.76-83
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• 2021

This study examines the bending behavior of lap-spliced ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete members and evaluates the safety of the design codes for ultra-high-strength fiber-reinforced concrete structures. An experiment on a total of six beams was performed. The main variables were the fiber-inclusion and the lap-spliced length at the center of the beams. The steel fibers in a volume fraction of 2% were used, and the lap-splice lengths were determined to be 8db and 16db. As a result of the test, the specimens not reinforced with fiber lost abrupt load-bearing capacity at the lap region and did not experience yielding of the reinforcing bar. In the case of fiber-reinforced concrete, if a lap-splice length of 16db is secured, the yielding of the main reinforcing bar can be experienced, and appropriate flexural strength can be expressed. Based on the experimental results of this study, as a result of reviewing the lap-splice length calculation formulas of the current design standards and the ultra-high-strength concrete structural design recommendations, it was found that all of them were evaluated conservatively.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-72
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• 2019

This study reviewed and analyzed English-written studies using a rhythmic tapping task for motor control of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Inclusion criteria for the participants were children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children. The keywords used for the outcome variables included rhythmic tapping, timed movement, and synchronization. Ten studies were included in the final analysis. The included studies were analyzed in terms of target variables, auditory stimuli, and measurements. A meta-analysis was also conducted to examine how children with ASD performed rhythmic tapping tasks compared to children with TD. In the identified studies, five variables were used: timed movement control, timing reproduction, bimanual coordination, synchronization, and interpersonal synchronization. It was found that rhythmic tapping performance was analyzed in terms of accuracy and precision of the movement and reported as significantly correlated to social skills measures. The meta-analysis results showed that there were no significant differences between the ASD and TD groups in continuing rhythmic movements when the presented auditory stimuli ended, whereas there were significant group differences in their ability to maintain their motor performance consistently and to synchronize with auditory cue or with others. These results support the rhythmic tapping task as an effective measure for not only motor control but also social skills development in children with ASD.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.430-444
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• 2021

Purpose: This study is an integrated literature review to analyze health problems and social determinants of multicultural adolescents in South Korea. Methods: An integrative review was conducted according to Whittemore & Knafl's guideline. An electronic search that included publications from 2018 to 2020 in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, RISS, and KISS databases was conducted. Of a total of 67 records that were identified, 13 finally met full inclusion criteria. Text network analysis was also conducted to identify keywords network trends using NetMiner program. Results: The health problems of multicultural adolescents were classified into mental health (depression, anxiety, suicide and acculturative stress) and health risk behaviors (smoking, risky drinking, smartphone dependence and sexual behavior). As social determinants affecting the health of multicultural adolescents, the biological factors such as gender, age, and visible minority, and the psychological factors such as acculturative stress, self-esteem, family support, and ego-resiliency were identified. The sociocultural factors were identified as family economic status, residential area, parental education level, and parents' country of birth. As a result of text network analysis, a total of 41 words were identified. Conclusion: Based on these results, mental health and health risk behaviors should be considered as interventions for health promotion of multicultural adolescents. Our findings suggest that further research should be conducted to broaden the scope of health determinants to account for the effects of the physical environment and health care system.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.273-281
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• 2022

Mantle heterogeneity is closely related to the distribution and circulation of volatile components in the Earth's interior, and the behavior of volatiles in the mantle strongly influences the rheological properties of silicate rocks. In mantle xenoliths, these physicochemical properties of the upper mantle can be recorded in the form of microstructures and fluid inclusions. In this paper, I summarized and reviewed the results of previous studies related to the characteristics of microstructures and fluid inclusions from peridotite xenoliths beneath the Rio Grande Rift (RGR) in order to understand the evolution and heterogeneity of upper mantle. In the RGR, the mantle peridotites are mainly reported in the rift axis (EB: Elephant Butte, KB: Kilbourne Hole) and rift flank (AD: Adam's Diggings) regions. In the case of the former (EB and KB peridotites), the type-A lattice preferred orientation (LPO), formed under low-stress and low-water content, was reported. In the case of the latter (AD peridotites), the type-C LPO, formed under low-stress and high-water content, was reported. In particular, in the case of AD peridotites, at least two fluid infiltration events, such as early (type-1: CO₂-N₂) and late (type-2: CO₂-H₂O), have been recorded in orthopyroxene. The upper mantle heterogeneity recorded by these microstructures and fluid inclusions is considered to be due to the interaction between the North American plate and the Farallon plate.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.77-85
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• 2007

This paper investigates the mechanical characteristics of composite geo-material which was developed to reuse both dredged soils and bottom ash. The composite geo-material used in this experiment consists of dredged soil taken from the construction site of Busan New Port, cement, air foam and bottom ash. Bottom ash is a by-product generated at the Samcheonpo thermal power plant. Several series of laboratory tests were performed to investigate behavior characteristics of composite gee-material, in particular the reinforcing effect by mixing bottom ash. The experimental results of composite geo-material indicated that the stress-strain relationship and the unconfined compressive strength are strongly influenced by mixing conditions. Especially it was observed that the compressive strength of composite geo-material increased with an increase in bottom ash content due to reinforcing effect by the bottom ash. Compressive strength of composite geo-material increased with the increase in curing time. The 28-day strength of composite geo-material is $1.7{\sim}1.8$ times higher than the 7-day strength. The moist unit weight strongly depended on air-foam content as well as bottom ash content added to the composite goo-material. In composite geo-material, secant modulus ($E_{50}$) also increased as its compressive strength increased due to the inclusion of bottom ash.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.244-257
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• 2002

A thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer(TLCP) which has flexible butylene/hexylene spacers in the main chain and a triad aromatic ester type mesogenic unit containing a naphthyl group was prepared by solution polycondensation. The in-situ composites based on poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer(TLCP) were prepared and melt spun at different TLCP contents and different draw ratios to produce monofilaments. Blends of the TLCP with PEN were investigated in terms of thermal, mechanical properties and morphology. The TLCP synthesized showed nematic mesophasic behavior and its transition temperature to isotropic melt from mesophase was 249℃. The blends showed well dispersed TLCP phases in the PEN matrix without macroscopic phase separation. Inclusion of TLCP in the blends decreased the cold crystallization temperature of PEN in the blend, therefore, the TLCP acts as a nucleating agent in the blend and showed good interfacial adhesion between the dispersed LCP phases and PEN matrix with domain sizes 40~50 nm in diameter and well developed fibrillation in the monofilaments. The TLCP acted effectively as a reinforcing material in the PEN matrix at the 10wt% level, it led to an increase of initial modulus up to 270% and tensile strength by 235%, while the elongation rate increasing with higher draw ratios.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-14
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• 2008

According to technology acceptance model(TAN) which is one of the most important research models for explaining IT users' behavior, on intention of using IT is determined by usefulness and ease of use of it. However, TAM wouldn't explain the performance of using IT while it has been considered as a very good model for prediction of the intention. Many people would not be confirmed in the performance of using IT until they can control it at their will, although they think it useful and easy to use. In other words, in addition to usefulness and ease of use as in TAM, controllability is also should be a factor to determine acceptance of IT. Especially, there is a very close relationship between controllability and ease of use, both of which explain the other sides of control over the performance of using IT, so called perceived behavioral control(PBC) in social psychology. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between ease of use and controllability, and analyse the effects of both two beliefs over performance and intention in using IT. For this purpose, we review the issues related with PBC in information systems studies as well as social psychology, Based on a review of PBC, we suggest a research model which includes the relationship between control and performance in using IT, and prove its validity empirically. Since it was introduced as qa variable for explaining volitional control for actions in theory of planned behavior(TPB), there have been confusion about concept of PBC in spite of its important role in predicting so many kinds of actions. Some studies define PBC as self-efficacy that means actor's perception of difficulty or ease of actions, while others as controllability. However, this confusion dose not imply conceptual contradiction but a double-faced feature of PBC since the performance of actions is related with both self-efficacy and controllability. In other words, these two concepts are discriminated and correlated with each other. Therefore, PBC should be considered as a composite concept consisting of self-efficacy and controllability, Use of IT has been also one of important areas for predictions by PBC. Most of them have been studied by analysis of comparison in prediction power between TAM and TPB or modification of TAM by inclusion of PBC as another belief as like usefulness and ease of use. Interestingly, unlike the other applications in social psychology, it is hard to find such confusion in the concept of PBC in the studies for use of IT. In most of studies, controllability is adapted as PBC since the concept of self-efficacy is included in ease of use explicitly. Based on these discussions, we can suggest perceived use control(PUC) which is defined as perception of control over the performance of using IT and composed of controllability and ease of use as sub-concepts. We suggest a research model explaining acceptance of IT which includes the relationships of PUC with attitude and performance of using IT. For empirical test of our research model, two user groups are selected for surveying questionnaires. In the first group, there are freshmen who take a basic course for Microsoft Excel, and the second group consists of senior students who take a course for analysis of management information by Excel. Most of measurements are adapted ones that have been validated in the other studies, while performance is real score of mid-term in each class. In result, four hypotheses related with PUC are supported statistically with very low significance level. Main contribution of this study is suggestion of PUC through theoretical review of PBC. Specifically, a hierarchical model of PUC are derived from very rigorous studies in the relationship between self-efficacy and controllability with a view of PBC in social psychology. The relationship between PUC and performance is another main contribution.