• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

Scutellaria baicalensis G. was cultivated in plots of different soil textures which were sand loam(SL), loam(L) and clay loam(CL). Also three fertilizer conditions were used; non application (NA)treatment, rice straw manure(RSM) treatment and N-P-K, chemical fertilization(CF) treatment. The chemical-physical properties, such as organic matter, available phosphate, $K_2O$, CaO, clay contents and porosity ratio in CL plot with RSM application were the most proper in CL plot and RSM application for the culture of S. baicalensis plants. RSM had very high contents of total nitrogen, 2.25% and C/N ratios, 21.4. Thus the growth of shoot and root in loam plot with RSM treatment were greater compared to that of CL plot with NA treatment. Whereas, The highest baicalin, baicalein and wogonin contents in roots were found in CL plot with RSM treatment. There was significantly positive correlation between aerial and underground parts of plant, yield and contents of T-N, $K_2O$ but negatively correlated with the contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in S. baicalensis roots.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.259-264
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• 1999

A field experiment was carried out to determine the optimum application level of dicamba herbicide for efficient control of Calystegia japonica in silage corn field. Six treatments of application levels (0 ; control, $0.75{\ell},\;1.0{\ell},\;1.25{\ell},\;1.5{\ell},\;and\;2.0{\ell}/ha$) were arranged at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1995. The hybrid silage corn was DK 729, and dicamba herbicide was applied at 5~6 leaf stage of corn. The growth of corn was poor in control plot, and the days for tasseling and silking were delayed 1~4 days when compared with the plots of herbicide application. The control efficiency of Calystegia japonica was excellent as 74.3~94.6% in the plots of dicamba application. A slight injury of herbicide was observed at early stage of corn when applied at $1.25{\ell}$ and $1.5{\ell}$ of dicamba per ha, and severe injury was found at $2.0{\ell}$ of dicamba. Forage dry matter(DM) yield, and length of ear in the plots of dicamba treatments were significantly higher than those of control. The DM yield of control(4,866kg/ha) was only about 30% of dicamba treatment plot (14,960~16,340kg/ha). However, there was no yield difference among dicamba application level. The percentage of ear to total DM yield was ranged from 33.6 to 39.4%. With application of herbicide, the contents of crude protein and nitrogen free extract were increased, and that of crude fiber was decreased in stover. However, nutritive value of corn ear was very similar among all treatments, regardless of herbicide treatment. From the above results, it is recommended that optimum application level of dicamba herbicide was $0.75{\sim}1.0{\ell}/ha$ for efficient control of Calystegia japonica and for silage corn production without herbicide injury.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.178-185
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• 2006

This study was to investigate the effect of 0.1% chitosan-ascorbate (CA) prepared with different molecular weight (223, 746, 1,110 and 2,025 kDa) of chitosan on the changes in antioxidant activity of mul-kimchi during storage at $10^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Animal experiments were divided to 5 groups; normal control group (NC), high cholesterol diet group (HC), high cholesterol diet mul-kimchi diet group (HCKC), high cholesterol diet and CA2025 containing mul-kimchi administrated group (HCCA), and high cholesterol diet and 1/2 concentrated CA containing mul-kimchi administrated group (HC2CA). Mul-kimchi juice was administered 0.5 mL per 100 g body weight once a day and fed for 5 weeks. Electron donating activity of the 20 days-stored mul-kimchi with 0.1% CA showed higher activity (84.74~89.13%) than those of control and ascorbic acid mul-kimchi (35.04 and 75.04%). Superoxide dismutase activities of the kimchijuice with CA were higher in the higher molecular of chitosan. In the animal experiments, the average body weight of the HCCA and HC2CA group were lower 6.9% and 8.4% than that of HC control group, respectively. Hepatic glutathione content in HCCA and HC2CA group was increased 22.5% and 9.1% as compared to HC group. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activities were significantly increased in the HCCA (219.9%) and HC2CA group (153.8%) compared to NC group. Hepatic superoxide dismutase activity was highest in the HCCA group, and the activities in CA groups were higher than those of NC and HC group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.645-653
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• 1998

Twenty seven species of pufferfishes (family Tetraoaontidae) have been examined to find their generic characters based on vertebrae and pterygiophore characters of specimens collected in 20 localities along the coast of Korea from March, 1991 to March, 1994. It was divided by 3 groups based on vertebrae number as follow : the genera Lagocephalus, Pleurancanthus, Spheoides, Arothron, Chelonoeon and Canthigaster have 17$\~$19 vertebrae, genera Ephippion, Boesemanichthys and Feroxodon have 20 vertebrae, and genus Takifugu have 19$\~$25 vertebrae, The number of vertebrae ranged from 17 to 25 with the maximum of 25 in Takifugu obscurus. The modal number of vertebrae in Lagocephalus is 17 (L. lunaris), 18 (L. inermis), and 19 (L. gloveri, L. wheeleri, L. larigatus), with the lower number more specialized. Paired neural spines appear at number of the 1st$\~$5th vertebrae in Takifugu pardalis, Takifugu obscurus and at number of the 1 st$\~$4 th vertebrae in the other species and genera. All of the species of Lagocephalus and Pleurancanthus have dorsal and ventral pterygiophores processes, and flat-shaped epural, while none of the abdominal vertebrae processes complete haemal arches. The neural and haemal spines of the last few caudal vertebrae aye shorter in Pleurancanthus than in the other genera, associated with the depressed caudal peduncle. The genus Canthigaster is distinguished the first pterygiophores of the dorsal and ventral fins is always much larger than the others genera. Based on the haemal arches and spines of the abdominal vertebrae, genus Canthigaster has different characters from the other genera of the family Tetraodontidae.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.165-173
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• 2013

To establishment of PT Program for Indoor air quality field that manufacture of confidential development PTMs (proficiency testing materials) and examined of proficiency testing evaluation included sampling process whether or not that is valid. Confirmation of homogeneity and stability of PTMs prepared. PTMs were confirmed to be homogeneous enough to be used as proficiency testing materials since withinbottle homogeneities of the RMs were lower than 0.3 times of targeted standard deviation of proficiency testing. The result of this study showed that the Robust RSD of proficiency testing for VOCs (volatile organic compounds) appeared 23~43% in concentration of 50~320 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for Method A(Distribution by adsorption in Tenax-tube of VOCs), but less 13~42% in concentration of 200~1200 ${\mu}g/m^3$, 16~31% in concentration of 100~450 ${\mu}g/m^3$ for Method B (distribution by VOCs of gas phase in 10L Tedalr bag), C (directly sampling of cylinder with high pressure) respectively. The result of this study showed that method C with sampling is most adequate to the proficiency testing for VOCs in indoor air.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 2013

Bibimbab (mixed rice) is a traditional Korean one-dish meal. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of raw and seasoned ingredients used in Bibimbab (Cucurbita moschata P., Platycodon grandiflorum A., Vigna radiata L., Porphyra yezonensis udea, Allium ampeloprasum L., Pterdium aguilinum, Raphanus sativus). Human mast cells (HMC-1) were pretreated with 70% ethanol extracts of Bibimbab and further cultured for an appropriate time after the addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and calcium ionophore A23187. Cell viability was determined by an MTT assay. None of the ingredients showed cytotoxic effects at a concentration of 1.0 ${\mu}g/ml$. Anti-inflammatory effects were analyzed at 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/ml concentrations of the raw, seasoned ingredients of PMA. A23187 stimulated HMC-1. Among the various ingredients, seasoned A. ampeloprasum L. extract showed the highest inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion (90% and 93%, respectively) at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. The R. sativus extract showed the highest inhibition (85%) of IL-8 secretion. DPPH analysis of the antioxidation properties of the ingredients showed that raw and seasoned A. ampeloprasum extracts exhibited the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (67.50 and 73.65%, respectively). These results suggest that seasoned ingredients used in Bibimbab have lower anti-inflammatory effects in relation to TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 secretion than raw ingredients in PMA- and A23187-treated HMC-1. In addition, the seasoned ingredients showed a tendency to increase antioxidative activity. Therefore, the ingredients used in Bibimbab have potential as anti-inflammatory and antioxidation agents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2018

To maintain the best quality of kimchi during long-term storage, we developed a fermentation storage mode for the kimchi refrigerator. The optimal kimchi fermentation temperature was determined to be $6^{\circ}C$ with fermentation time of 4-7 days in winter and 3-5 days in spring and fall. Based on these results, the fermentation storage mode conditions were programmed to consist of a fermentation temperature of $6^{\circ}C$ and fermentation times of 111 h in winter and 58 h in spring/fall. When kimchi was stored under the developed fermentation storage mode conditions, the total acidity of kimchi was almost the same as that of the control kimchi (stored $-2-\;-1^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks). However, the number of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Leuconostoc sp. in kimchi were higher ($10^1-10^2CFU/mL$) than those in the control kimchi during storage. In addition, kimchi fermented and stored under the fermentation storage mode clearly received higher scores for overall preference than the control kimchi.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3444-3451
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• 2012

Safety and health related information for the proper use and handing of pesticides is usually printed on the surface of the pesticide products in the form of texts. But, the guidelines or standards for the appropriate presentation of the texts for the pesticide products are most vague or not practical. Thus, this study aimed to provide the preliminary guidelines for the text sizes based on the legibility experiments. To achieve the objective legibility evaluation experiments were conducted to test the effects of different near vision (0.6, ${\geq}0.8$), gender, font type(thick gothic-type and fine gothic-type), thickness of font(plain and bold), and number of syllables(2 and 3 syllables) in the same age group of 20s. The results showed that legibility was different according to the visual acuity (p<0.05), and no other main effects showed statistically significant effects. The 'maximum illegible size' to read at least one word correctly in all the text conditions was 2 pt when the near vision was ${\geq}0.8$, and 2 pt or 3 pt when the near vision was 0.6. The 'minimum legible size' for 100% correct answer was 9 pt for the near vision of 0.6, and 5.3 pt for ${\geq}0.8$, respectively. Mean character size does not read any discomfort in 0.6 was 15.5 pt in both male and female but male was mean 8.5 pt, female was 10 pt in ${\geq}0.8$. Considering these experimental results, it was recommended that the 16 pt or larger characters should be used the important information such as 'Pesticides' or toxicity, and the minimum character size was 9 pt for the less important information.

• Korean Journal of Dental Materials
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.273-280
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• 2017

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of specimen dimension on the flexural properties and testing reliability of dental composite resin. The composite resin was prepared experimentally by mixing a resin matrix with silanated micrometer glass filler at 50 vol%. Flexural specimens with various dimension in specimen's width were fabricated by light curing using a split metal mold; $25{\times}2{\times}2mm$, $25{\times}2{\times}4mm$, $25{\times}2{\times}6mm$ in length ${\times}$ height ${\times}$ width. The flexural strength and modulus were determined according to ISO 4049 test protocol at a span length of 20 mm (normal-flexural strength; NFS). Another flexural test was conducted using mini-sized specimens ($12{\times}2{\times}2mm$, $12{\times}2{\times}4mm$, $12{\times}2{\times}6mm$) from the broken specimens at a span length of 10 mm (mini-flexural strength; MFS). Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan's post-hoc test and the test reliability was evaluated by Weibull analysis. Results showed that there are generally no significant difference in flexural strength with the increase in the specimen width in NFS and MFS tests. However, the test reliability of flexural strength based on Weibull analysis was largely changed with the variables in the dimension of width and span length. The flexural modulus of NFS was increased as the dimension of specimens width increased while there was no trend in flexural modulus of MFS test. Overall results recommend that the evaluation of flexural properties and the reliability of dental composite resins should be performed with more than one test method.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.179-190
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• 2012

This study was performed to obtain a heat saving effect and enhance the efficiency of a greenhouse by using a hot water piping in order to minimize the operating costs of a greenhouse as oil prices continue to rise. This method also reduces the likelihood of accidents caused by snowdrifts in regions with heavy snowfall. In general, the experimental plot was $2.0{\sim}6.0^{\circ}C$ higher than the control plot. When the skylight felt was opened, the minimum temperature was in the range of $3.0{\sim}12.0^{\circ}C$. Therefore, we judged that damage caused by snowdrifts may be prevented partly by active heating. The temperature difference inside of the greenhouse by height was insignificant. The maximum heating load of the greenhouse according to crop was respectively about $37,000kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$ and $41,700kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$. During the experiment, the heat value of each designed temperature in the range of the minimum ambient temperature $-11.9{\sim}4.0^{\circ}C$ was about 95,000~322,000 kcal and it was in the range of $6,050{\sim}20,900kcal{\cdot}h^{-1}$. If it is compared with the maximum heating load, it can be shown that about 15~56% of the heating energy can be supplied. The total heat value and the amount of power consumption were 2,629,025 kcal and 677.3 kWh respectively during the experiment. If it is heated with diesel, a fossil fuel, the consumption during the experiment was 291 L and the cost was 331,700won. Total cost of using electric power was about 24,400 won and it is shown that it is about 7.5% of the cost of diesel consumption. Also, if the total amount of power consumption is converted into energy, it is approximately 582,200 kcal and the energy was just about 22% of the total heat value.