• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• 제39권8호
• /
• pp.626-632
• /
• 2006

Background: Pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic pulmonary embolism is underrecognized and carries a poor prognosis. Medical therapy is generally unsatisfactory and palliative. With the improvement of operative technique and postoperative management, pulmonary endarterectomy has been the treatment of choice for this condition. Material and Method: Between January 2001 and December 2005, eleven patients were received pulmonary endarterectomy. All patients had chronic dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Diagnosis was made with cardiac echocardiography, lung perfusion scan and computed tomography. Before the operation, Greenfield vena cava filter were placed in all patient except one. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest was used for the distal-most portion of the endarterectomy procedure. More than moderate degree of tricuspid reguirgitation was repaired during operation. Result: There was no early and late death. Right ventricular systolic pressure was reduced significantly after operation from $91{\pm}21$ mmHg to $40{\pm}17$ mmHg on echocardiography (p=0.001). NYHA class and tricuspid reguirgitaion were improved postoperatively. Although mild reperfusion injury in three case and postoperative delirium in one case were observed, all of them recovered without complication. Conclusion: Pulmonary thromboendarterctomy offers to patient an acceptable morbidity rate and anticipation of clinical improvement. This method is safe and effective operation for pulmonary hypertension caused by chronic pulmonary thromboembolism.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.93-102
• /
• 2011

With the increasing interest in boosting conventional markets, many authors have paid considerable attention to the roles of shop owners, store image improvement, and how to attract or maintain customers. Nevertheless, it is not easy to find papers related to the relationship between shop owners and their contribution to trading areas, directly or indirectly, in the academic world. Accordingly, research for answering the following question has been initiated: what kind of roles do shopkeepers should play in revitalizing poor conventional markets? Based on the previous studies focusing on enhancing traditional markets, this research was approached from the new insights that have been obtained concerning how to boost conventional markets, that is, from the perspectives of a shop owner and a trader. Therefore, this research aims at identifying some resolutions associated with the roles of shop owners to enhance a shopping district in a specific area, classifying their business roles into a few categories, depending on the degree of their participation in improving the shopping environment. Compared with previous studies focusing on emphasizing the importance of improving customer services from a shopkeeper's perspective, this research provides a new insight as far as how to boost conventional markets. It is, furthermore, necessary to note how market participants, particularly shop owners as they are the key players, can contribute to rebuilding their business area together with their customers. As a research technique for effectively achieving the research goal, the authors adopted a documentation methodology based on a large amount of the existing literature for studying how to rebuild traditional markets. Concerned about the ways to revitalize conventional markets, many authors have proposed a variety of strategies, and have suggested more detailed action plans from a practitioner's perspective. By analyzing these research results, the authors will have accomplished the research aim. Rather than simply identifying the roles of shop owners, the author found that they had to understand their social contribution for enhancing their trading areas, as well as their functional roles, in forming a regional society. The conventional market should be, thus, regarded as the place to share regional culture. Consequently, the authors draw some conclusions from the research results. In order to answer the above question, it was found that the roles of shop owners have been considered as one of the most important ways for revitalizing traditional markets. With respect to their roles, it is evident that their business activities are closely related to the improvement of the trading area in terms of sociality, regional development, and market revitalization, by selling products or services to the customers visiting that area. In a word, this implies that shop owners have to actively take part in boosting conventional markets as a core player. Although the authors have properly achieved the research aim, this study has a limitation, like most other research, in adopting a documentation method. Because the research is based on existing data results provided by the prior research conducted a long time ago, whether the research findings are applicable in a contemporary market should be re-examined in future research from a practitioner's perspective, rather than from an academic's perspective.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• 제45권5호
• /
• pp.704-710
• /
• 2012

The lower portion of sloping paddy fields normally contains excessive moisture and the higher water table caused by the inflow of ground water from the upper part of the field resulting in non-uniform water content distribution. Four drainage methods namely Open Ditch, Vinyl Barrier, Pipe Drainage and Tube Bundle for multiple land use were installed within 1-m position from the lower edge of the upper embankment of sloping alluvial paddy fields. This study was conducted to evaluate soil physical characteristics by drainage improvement in poorly drained sloping paddy field. The results showed that subsurface drainage by Pipe Drainage improves the productivity of poorly drained soils by lowering the water table and improving root zone soil layer condition. In an Pipe drainage plot, soil moisture drained faster as compared to the other drainage methods. Infiltration rate showed high tendency to Piper Drainage method about $20.87mm\;hr^{-1}$ than in Open Ditch method $0.15mm\;hr^{-1}$. And Similarly soil water and degree of hardness and shear strength phase of soil profile showed a tendency to decrease. From the above results, we found that when an subsurface drainage was established with at 1m position from the lower edge paddy levee of the upper field in sloping poorly drained paddy fields Pipe Drainage was the most effective drainage system for multiple land use.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2017

This study was performed to analyze education contents related to milk in current home economics textbooks of middle school, and to investigate intake status, consumption behaviors, perception and nutritional knowledge of milk and dairy products among 364 middle school students in Gongju for improvement of milk education in home economics subjects and milk intake of adolescents. As a result, education contents of milk and dairy products in home economics textbooks currently applied in middle school were major nutrients, consumption method for balanced diet, and selection and storage of milk and dairy products, thus it tended not to match current food trend. Only 30.5% of subjects met 2 cups of milk a day, the recommended level. The main reason for drinking milk was to 'be taller' and 'to quench thirst' and there was a difference by gender(p<0.01). The rate of not participating in school milk program was 23.1% of total and its satisfaction was moderate. The most popular dairy products by subjects were ice cream, followed by yogurt and cheese, and the choice of milk was focused on 'taste' or 'expiration date'. The rate of knowing certification mark of K-MILK was low at 28.8%, and most subjects knew as 'domestic milk use'. In home economics class, experience-based learning such as cow ranch experience was the most preferred instruction method for milk followed by laboratory practice and lecture, and there was a difference by gender(p<0.001). Perception degree of milk and dairy products was moderate and male subjects were more positively perceived than female subjects(p<0.01). Nutritional knowledge level of milk and dairy products was moderate and female subjects were higher than male subjects(p<0.01). Therefore, education contents of milk and dairy products of home economics textbooks of middle school should be centered on real life in accordance with food trend, and applied student participation-based instruction methods such as experience-based learning. In addition, it is necessary to enhance taste and merchandise of milk and to provide them with preferred milk and dairy products in school milk program for improvement of milk intake of adolescents.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
• /
• 제5권
• /
• pp.25-42
• /
• 2004

This study set out to investigate the relations between middle school students' perception of body image and their allowance for plastic surgery, to understand their perception of body image and desire for plastic surgery, and provide some data needed to warn against reckless plastic surgery and guide the students effectively. For those purposes, an examination was conducted of the relationships between the individual characteristics and perception levels of body image, the individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery, and perception levels of body image and allowance for plastic surgery. The subjects were drawn from sour middle schools located in two regions of Gyeonggi Province. Total 922 boys and girls were surveyed on a questionnaire, which was developed based on the pretest of previous literature, reviewed for appropriateness, and tested for reliability and reasonableness. The body image on the five scale was greater as the perception level was higher. The allowance for plastic surgery was also greater as the scores were more. The findings were as follows: First, the relationships between individual characteristics and perception levels of body image were examined. The third graders showed the highest perception level, being followed by the first and second graders. The girls were more perceptive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more perceptive than those who were introvert. Those students whose parents earned 2 million won or more a month and who adapted themselves to the environmental changes had a higher perception level. In a word, the girls from the middle class that were well adapted, felt happy, and were extrovert had a higher perception level of body image. Second, the connections between individual characteristics and allowance for plastic surgery were investigated. The third graders were the most admissive of plastic surgery, followed by the second and first graders. That is, the upper graders were more admissive of plastic surgery. In addition, the girls were more admissive than the boys, and those who were extrovert were more than those who were introvert. There were no significant differences according to the monthly income of the parents, grades, adaptability to surroundings, and happiness, which results almost resembled the findings of a study conducted on adults. Third, there were negative correlations found between the perception levels of body image and the allowance for plastic surgery. To elaborate, the higher the perception levels were, the lower the allowance was, and vice versa. As for the items, the subjects showed more allowance for plastic surgery when they scored less in the item of caring about appearance, importance of looking pretty to others, and efforts to improve appearance. When they had a low value of body and easily felt tired, they were highly acceptive of plastic surgery. The allowance for plastic surgery was also great when their perception was much of how healthy they felt, how important they felt about their bodies, how they were satisfied with their current appearances, how they evaluated the appearance of others, how much they were satisfied physically, and how much demanding they were for physical changes. Meanwhile, there were no correlations between the allowance and physical attraction, the degree for one's activities to be hindered, and sickness. In short, the demand for plastic surgery was 41% for the girls and 20.2% for the boys. Just as the study on adults reported, those who had a low or negative perception of body image were more acceptive of plastic surgery. The middle school students were generally positive about their bodies with the lowest perception level at 2.91 and the highest at 3.21. Their individual allowance for plastic surgery was related to their individual body images, which were in turn affected by the mass communication, surrounding environments, and social values. Thus it's necessary for the entire society to try to improve or change the overall perception. Helping measures should be taken so that the students can form right sense of values about their bodies, avoid the obsession with appearance and appearance-based evaluation, and exercise righteous criteria against humans beings and things. In conclusions, the following suggestions were made: they need to develop such questionnaires or tools as can measure the body image of teens and fit the reality. Moreover, body image improvement programs should be more diverse and more applicable to teens. Despite the consistent reports that prove the correlations between body image and plastic surgery, there has been little effort to apply such factors as experience of the life of the disabled, volunteer activities for the disabled and at the hospitals, and others that can induce changes to body image to the body image improvement programs. In the future, comparative research should be carried out on body image and plastic surgery.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.85-95
• /
• 1996

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome(OSAS) in childhood is unique and different n-om that in adulthood in several aspects, including pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, complications, management, and prognosis. Characteristic features of childhood OSAS in comparison with the adult form are the variety of severe complications such as developmental delay, more prominent behavioral and cognitive impairments, vivid cardiovascular symptoms, and increased death risk, warranting a special attention to the possible diagnosis of OSAS in children who snore. However, the childhood OSAS is often neglected and unrecognized. We, therefore, report a case of very severe OSAS in a 5-year-old boy who was sucessfully treated with continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) treatment. Interestingly, the patient was comor-bid with the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prior to the initial visit to us, adenotonsillectomy had been done at the age of 4 with no significant improvement of apneic symptoms and heavy snoring. On the initial diagnostic procedures, marked degree of snoring was audible even in the daytime wake state and the patient was observed to be very hyperactive. Increased pulmonary vascularity with borderline cardiomegaly was noted on chest X-ray. The baseline polysomnography revealed that the patient was very sleep-apneic and snored very heavily, with the respiratory disturbance index(RDI) of 46.9 per hour of sleep, the mean SaO2 of 78.8%, and the lowest SaO2 of 40.0%(the lowest detectable oxygen level by the applied oxymeter). The second night polysomnography was done for CPAP titration and the optimal pressure turned out to be $8.0\;cmH_2O$. The applied CPAP treatment was well tolerated by the patient and was found to be very effective in alleviating heavy snoring and severe repetitive sleep apneas. After 18 months of the CPAP treatment, the patient was followed up with nocturnal polysomnography(baseline and CPAP nights) and clinical examination. Sleep apneas were still present without CPAP on the baseline night. However, the severity of OSAS was significantly decreased(RDI of 15.7, mean SaO2 of 96.2%, and the lowest SaO2 of 83.0%), compared to the initial polysomnographic findings before initiation of long-term CPAP treatment. Wechsler intelligence tests done before and after the CPAP treatment were compared with each other and surprising improvement of intelligence(total 9 points, performance 16 points) was noted. Clinically he was found to be markedly improved in his attention deficit hyperactive behavior after CPAP treatment, but with minimal change of TOVA(test of variables of attention) scores except conversion of reaction time score into normal range. On the chest X-ray taken after 18 months of CPAP application, the initial cardiopulmonary abnormalities were not found at all. We found that the CPAP treatment in a young child is very effective, safe, and well-tolerated and also improves the co-morbid attention deficit hyperactive symptoms. Overall, the growth and development of the child has been facilitated with the long-term use of CPAP. Cardiovascular complications induced by OSAS have been also normalized with CPAP treatment. We suggest that early diagnosis and active treatment intervention of OSAS in children are crucial in preventing and ameliorating possible serious complications caused by repetitive sleep apneas and consequent hypoxic damage during sleep.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.261-279
• /
• 1997

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for improvement of raw milk from Jan. to Dec. in 1996. Sampling the milk of 367 cows(1, 406 quarters) from 5 herds in Inchon and were carried out California mastitis test(CMT), somatic cell count(SCC), isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results were summarized as follows, 1. The number of bovine mastitis was 177 cows(48.2%) and 371 quarters(26.4%) : clinical mastitis : 25 cows(6.8%), 32 quarters(2.3%) and subclinicsl mastitis : 152 cows(41.4% ), 339 quarters(24.1%). Incidence rate of mastitis by season were Summer 52.0%, Fall and Winter 48% and Spring 41%. Incidence rate of mastitis by quarters were Summer 30%, Fall 28%, Winter 25% and Spring 21%, respectively. 2. In the distribution of CMT degree by quarter, CMT positive(CMT$\pm$) of 1, 406 quarters milk were 50.1% (704 quarters). The ratio of CMT positivity by quarter were left front quarter 55.8%, right front quarter 48.9%, right hind quarter 48.6% and left hind quarter 47% The ratio of CMT positivity by season were Summer 54.1%, Fall 49.7%, Spring 48.5% and Winter 48% 3. The highest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "A" herd. Mean SCC (cell/ml) of A herd were Summer 2, 032, 000cells/ml, Fall 1, 109, 000cells/ml, Winter 782, 000cells/ml and Spring 577, 000cells/ml. The lowest mean SCC by season among 5 herds was "E" herds. Mean SCC of E herd were Summer 1, 064, 000cells/ml, Spring 795, 000cells/m1, Fall 429, 000cells/ml and Winter 400, 000cells/ml. Mean SCC of the other herds by season were little difference. 4. The milk samples of "A" herd were collected from 10 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 2 and 3 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 8 cows were than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 4 cows, Winter 3 cows, Spring and Fall 1 cow respectively. The milk samples of "B" herd were collected from 14 cows. In 3 seasons, mean SCC of No. 1 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 5, 9 and 14 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, No. 3, 6 and 7 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Fall and Winter 4 cows respectively, Summer 3 cows and Spring 1 cow. The milk samples of "C" herd were collected from 18 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 16 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 6, 7, 13, 15 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml respectively. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows by season were distributed Summer 5 cows, Fall 3 cows, Spring 2 cows and Winter 1 COW. The milk sampes of "D" herd were collected 24 cows. In 3 season, mean SCC of No. 14 cow was more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 14 and 18 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 1, 2, 3, 8, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Fall 15 cows, Spring and Winter 4 cows respectively and Summer 3 cows. The milk samples of "E" herd were collected from 27 cows. In 2 seasons, mean SCC of No. 6, 7 and 21 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. In 1 season, mean SCC of No. 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16 and 23 cows were more than 1, 000, 000cells/ml. The more than mean SCC 1, 000, 000cells/ml of cows were distributed Spring and Fall 5 cows respectively, Summer and Winter 2 cows, respectively. 5. The rate of isolated pathogenic microorganisms from bovine mastitis were summarized as follows : Staphylococcus sp 168 strains(45.8%), Streptococcus sp 82 strains(22.3%), Gram(-) sp 45 strains(12.3%), Gram(＋) sp 51 strains and the other sp 21 strains(5.7%). 6. The highest of antibiotic sensitivity test of each microorganism was summarized as follows : Staphyolcoccus sp - cephalosporin 76%, gentamicin 55%, Streptococcus sp - ampicillin 61%, cephalosporin 63%, Gram(-) sp - gentamicin 58%, Gram(＋) sp - cephalosporin 63%, The other sp - cephalosporin 90%. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin. Microorganisms showed the highest sensitivity(68%) to cephalospsorin.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
• /
• 제18권3호
• /
• pp.569-589
• /
• 2008

One of the main factors that affect the improvement of G/T education is the number and the level of quality of the professionals who are working for the gifted. The professionals vary depending on the role they play for the gifted from the classroom teacher, coordinator, to consultant. Since the legislation of the law for the enhancement of the gifted education in Korea, the in-service training for the classroom teacher has been expanded in number throughout the country. Nowadays, the gifted education is about to be expanded into the general school population, and it becomes more necessary that the training at the level of university graduate program be expanded beyond the short-term in-service training so far. In this vein, the number of universities in Korea that offer the staff development for the gifted education at the graduate level has been increased. However, the problem is whether those programs meet the need to produce the quality professionals. Based on this problem awareness, the study analyzed the graduate programs of 8 universities in Korea by comparing their course descriptions with the graduate-level training program standards of the United States and Europe. It was found that most of the universities fulfilled the areas that both standards commonly consider import, such as "concept and development of giftedness", "curriculum development for the gifted", "teaching methods for the gifted." However, the number of the offered subjects was different among the universities, which indicates that it is suspicious that the universities equally satisfy the areas both standards require. Furthermore, it was also found that the universities differ in satisfying the other standards, From these findings, several suggestions were made for the improvement of the university graduate programs in Korea.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• 제14권9호
• /
• pp.598-612
• /
• 2014

The present study is aimed at inquiring into the meaning of experience of action learning program for adult learners who participated in action learning program of H financial company which was carried out as a means of corporate training. The goal of study is to examine the essential factors of action learning program impacting on the increase of motivation for learning and the improvement of job-related problem-solving ability of the learners who participated in the learning as well as on the increase of motivation for learning and the improvement of job-related problem-solving ability among the components of action learning program. As for research method, 3 main questions and 15 sub-questions about motivation for learning, job-related problem-solving ability, and components of action learning were prepared for 9 learners who participated in the action learning program, and then focus group interviews (F.G.I) were conducted. The results show that action learning program increased motivation for learning by combining concentration of attention and relevance to job, and the degree of organization of learning team was a key element to improving motivation for learning. Also, through development of alternatives and planning/execution, it impacted on improving job-related problem-solving ability of participants. And the interest and support of the administrator were key elements to improving job-related problem-solving ability. In conclusion, the results show that action learning program in corporate job training activities improves motivation for learning of the participants. Therefore, in order to improve job-related problem-solving ability of the participants in job training, more focus should be put on concentration of attention and reinforcement of relevance to the job and more interest and support should be given to organization of appropriate learning teams among components of action learning program. Along with this, the administrator needs to grasp participants' awareness of problems and pay attention and give support to the participants to enhance the performance of planning/execution.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제59권2호
• /
• pp.164-178
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study was to design a teaching and learning method conductive to the development of creative thinking skills and investigate its effects. It has been developed integrated mind map with feature of visualizing the divergent thinking to the aspects of Science (S), Technology (T) & Engineering (E), Arts (A), Mathematics (M). Integrated mind map can be divided into four types of STEAM type, STEA type, STEM type, STE type depending on the category of key words in the first branch. And Integrated mind map can be divided into three levels of guided, intermediate, open depending on the teacher's guide degree. And also integrated mind map activities were carried out in the form of group, class share as well as individual. This study was implemented during a semester and students in experiment group experienced individual-integrated mind map activity 10 times, group-integrated mind map activity 10 times, class share-integrated mind map activity 3 times. The results indicated that the experimental group presented statistically meaningful improvement in creative thinking skills (p<.05). And there was a statistically meaningful improvement in fluency, flexibility, originality as a sub-category of creative thinking skills(p <.05). Also creative thinking skills are not affected by the level of cognitive, academic performance, gender (p<.05). In conclusion, it was found that 'integrated mind map activity' improved student's creative thinking skills. There was no interaction effect about creative thinking skills between the teaching strategy and cognitive level, achivement, gender of those students.