• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.15.1-15.17
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• 2023

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical immune-response mediators. Although they largely reside in mucosal tissues, the kidney also bears substantial numbers. Nevertheless, kidney ILC biology is poorly understood. BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice are known to display type-2 and type-1 skewed immune responses, respectively, but it is unclear whether this extends to ILCs. We show here that indeed, BALB/c mice have higher total ILCs in the kidney than C57BL/6 mice. This difference was particularly pronounced for ILC2s. We then showed that three factors contributed to the higher ILC2s in the BALB/c kidney. First, BALB/c mice demonstrated higher numbers of ILC precursors in the bone marrow. Second, transcriptome analysis showed that compared to C57BL/6 kidneys, the BALB/c kidneys associated with significantly higher IL-2 responses. Quantitative RT-PCR also showed that compared to C57BL/6 kidneys, the BALB/c kidneys expressed higher levels of IL-2 and other cytokines known to promote ILC2 proliferation and/or survival (IL-7, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin). Third, the BALB/c kidney ILC2s may be more sensitive to the environmental signals than C57BL/6 kidney ILC2s since they expressed their transcription factor GATA3 and the IL-2, IL-7, and IL-25 receptors at higher levels. Indeed, they also demonstrated greater responsiveness to IL-2 than C57BL/6 kidney ILC2s, as shown by their greater STAT5 phosphorylation levels after culture with IL-2. Thus, this study demonstrates previously unknown properties of kidney ILC2s. It also shows the impact of mouse strain background on ILC2 behavior, which should be considered when conducting research on immune diseases with experimental mouse models.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2006

Saemangeum reclamation project was started in 1991 with the purpose of eco-friendly reclamation, but without clear definition of eco-friendliness. This study was carried out to find out the environmental indicators to define and evaluate the eco-friendliness of Saemangeum project. The methodology to identify the indicators included the analysis of similar reclamation projects, professional discussions, and Delphi survey. The eco-friendly indicators are theoretically based on the five elements of eco-friendliness; 1) resource consumption, 2) energy consumption, 3) pollution emission, 4) bio-diversity, 5) social amenity. The 69 indicators were explained in detail for the convenient use of the indicators by the potential users. The 69 indicators were classified into three categories such as pre-evaluation, process evaluation, and post-evaluation. In terms of spatial consideration, the 69 indicators were classified into two categories such as direct influence area and indirect influence area. Also the 69 indicators were classified into 7 categories: 1) sea, 2) lake, 3) agricultural land use, 4) industrial land use, 5) residential land use, 6) tourism land use, and 7) environmental land use. Twenty core indicators were selected from the 69 indicators by surveying the importance of each indicator. The core indicators are recommended in case of time and budget strain. When there are few quantitative data accumulated for the reclamation project, 5 macro indicators are recommended to be used. Macro indicators are qualitative in nature, and may be used in order to evaluate the overall eco-friendliness of a reclamation project.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.87-100
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• 2006

A kinematically constrained microplane constitutive model is developed for intact granite. The model is verified by fitting the experimented data of Westerly granite and Bonnet granite. Using the model with the standard finite element method, the behavior of the intact granite subjected blasting impact is studied. What is studied includes the attenuation of the blasting waves, the size of the fractured zone and the effect of the charge condition to avoid overbreak of the rock mass. The model developed captures the energy loss due to the inelastic behavior and the microcracking of granite during blasting very well. The attenuation of the blasting waves calculated based on the model is much more than that based on the linear-elastic constitutive law. The size of damaged (or fractured) zone is calculated directly from the principal strain as blasting impact is spreading, not like in the case with the linear elasticity model.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.583-588
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• 2002

The purpose of the study is to evaluate fracture toughness on the Laser and the electron beam welded joints of high tensile steels (HT500, HT550, HT650) by using 3-point bend CTOD and Charpy impact test. WM (weld metal) CTOD tests have been carried out using two kinds of CTOD specimen, the Laser beam welding (108mm length, and 24mm width, and 12mm thickness) and the electron beam welding (l71mm length, and 38mm width, and 19mm thickness). WM Charpy impact specimen is a standard V-notch type, and the temperature of the experiment is changed from -45 to 20 degree of centigrade. FE-analysis is also performed in order to investigate the effect of stress-strain fields on fracture characteristics. Results of the standard V-notch Charpy test are influenced by strength mis-match effect and the absorbed energy vE depends on crack path, and The transition temperature of Laser beam welded joints is more higher than that of electron beam welded joints. Results of the 3-point bend test give low critical CTOD and the crack path is in the weld metal of al specimens. These results indicate fracture toughness characteristics of the welded joints and transition temperature of HT500 are similar both a Laser beam welded joint and an electron beam welded joint. But the fracture toughness and the transition temperature of the electron beam welded joints of HT550 and HT650 are higher than those o the Laser beam welded joints.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.402-410
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• 2022

The present study introduces a calibration method of the CSC model implemented in the LS-DYNA program for considering the material properties of ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC). Based on previous experimental studies, various parameters, which constitute three shear failure surfaces, pressure-volumetric strain curve, fracture energy, dynamic increase factor(DIF), and so on, are modified. Then, the proposed calibration method is verified by comparing the numerical result with the experimental data through the single element analysis. In addition, based on the established finite element models, the applicability of the calibrated CSC model is examined for UHPC structures subjected to impact and blast loadings.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objectives: Previous studies have reported that people with disabilities are more likely to be impoverished and affected by excessive medical costs than people without disabilities. Public transfer income (PTI) reduces financial strain in low-income households. This study examined the impact of PTI on catastrophic health expenditures (CHE), focusing on low-income households and households with Medical Aid beneficiaries that contained people with disabilities. Methods: We constructed a panel dataset by extracting data on registered households with disabilities from the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2012-2019. We then used a generalized estimating equation model to estimate the impacts of PTI on CHE. A subgroup analysis was carried out to assess the moderating effects of family income levels and health insurance types. Results: As PTI increased, the odds ratio (OR) of CHE in households that contained people with disabilities decreased significantly (OR, 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89 to 0.94; p<0.001). In particular, PTI effectively reduced the likelihood of CHE for low-income households (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.89; p<0.001) and those who received medical benefits (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.89; p<0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the positive effect of PTI on decreasing CHE. Household income and the health insurance type were significant effect modifiers, but economic barriers seemed to persist among low-income households with non-Medical Aid beneficiaries. Federal policies or programs should consider increasing the total amount of PTI targeting low-income households with disabilities that are not covered by the Medical Aid program.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

A bond-based peridynamic model has been reported dynamic fracture characteristic of brittle materials through a simple constitutive model. In the model, each bond is assumed to be a simple spring operating independently. As a result, this simple bond interaction modeling restricts the material behavior having a fixed Poisson's ratio of 1/4 and not being capable of expressing shear deformation. We consider a state-based peridynamics as a generalized peridynamic model. Constitutive models in the state-based peridynamics are corresponding to those in continuum theory. In state-based peridynamics, thus, the response of a material particle depends collectively on deformation of all bonds connected to other particles. So, a state-based peridynamic theory can represent the volume and shear changes of the material. In this paper, the perfect plasticity is considered to express plastic deformation of material by the state-based peridynamic constitutive model with perfect plastic flow rule. The elastic-plastic behavior of the material is verified through the stress-strain curves of the flat plate example. Furthermore, we simulate the high-speed impact on 3D granite model with a nonlocal contact modeling. It is observed that the damage patterns obtained by peridynamics are similar to experimental observations.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.259-262
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• 2012

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a highly contagious disease among swine that has an important economic impact on worldwide. One clinical symptom of CSF is leukopenia, in particular lymphopenia, which is a characteristic event that occurs early in the course of CSF. Though lymphopenia associated with apoptosis, the pathogenic mechanism underlying the lymphopenia has not been well studied. To understand these mechanisms, we investigated the response of porcine B cell lines to infection with SW03, virulent strain isolated from swine tissue in Korea. This study demonstrated that SW03-infected L35 cell were induced apoptosis through the detection of activated caspase-3. In addition, SW03 infection leaded to alterations in pro-apoptotic, Bax, and anti-apoptotic, Bcl-xL proteins of Bcl-2 family. Our results would suggest that SW03-infected L35 cells induced apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2018

This study proposes an empirical formulation to predict the maximum deformation of offshore blast wall structure that is subjected to impact loading caused by hydrocarbon explosion. The blast wall model is assumed to be supported by a simply-supported boundary condition and corrugated panel is modelled. In total, 1,620 cases of LS-DYNA simulations were conducted to predict the maximum deformation of blast wall, and they were then used as input data for the development of the empirical formulation by regression analysis. Stainless steel was employed as materials and the strain rate effect was also taken into account. For the development of empirical formulation, a wide range of parametric studies were conducted by considering the main design parameters for corrugated panel, such as geometric properties (corrugation angle, breadth, height and thickness) and load profiles (peak pressure and time). In the case of the blast profile, idealised triangular shape is assumed. It is expected that the obtained empirical formulation will be useful for structural designers to predict maximum deformation of blast wall installed in offshore topside structures in the early design stage.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.407-411
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• 2013

Hydrogen producing bacterium, strain AS12 was isolated from the sludge of the anaerobic wastewater treatment process of south sewage treatment plant, Busan city. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence studies indicated that AS12 belonged to the genus Escherichia coli sp.. The optimum temperature and pH for hydrogen production were $35^{\circ}C$ and 8.0, respectively. The impact of the types and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources in the media on hydrogen production was investigated. The optimum carbon and nitrogen concentrations were 10 g/L of galactose and 5 g/L of peptone, respectively.