• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.123-132
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• 2024

Viral diseases cause enormous economic losses to the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) aquaculture industry in Korea. This study aimed to identify immune-related genes expressed in the kidney of olive flounder injected with Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly (I:C)). Thirty fish were divided into two groups by intraperitoneal injection of 100µl of diethylpyrocarbonate-treated water or poly I:C per fish. Kidney tissues at day 3 and 30 after the injection were used for RNA-seq analysis to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Poly I:C group upregulated il8, cfh, tnfaip2b, c3b.2, ly6d and cd38 genes at 3 days post-injection. Additionally, cd22, ccl34a.3, c9, cxcl19, ccl27a, ccl7, and cfh genes were upregulated at 30 days post-injection. Differential expression gene analysis showed that poly I:C has both short and long-term immune effects in olive flounder. This study provides a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of the short and long-term immune effects of poly I:C.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.3909-3919
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• 2013

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of A ferruginea extract on Dalton's lymphoma ascites (DLA) induced tumours in BALB/c mice. Experimental animals received A ferruginea extract (10 mg/kg.b.wt) intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days after DLA tumor challenge. Treatment with extract significantly increased the life span, total white blood cell (WBC) count and haemoglobin (Hb) content and decreased the level of serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (${\gamma}$-GT) and nitric oxide (NO) in DLA bearing ascites tumor models. In addition, administration of extract significantly decreased the tumour volume and body weight in a DLA bearing solid tumor model. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-1 beta (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), as well as pro-angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were elevated in solid tumour controls, but significantly reduced by A ferruginea administration. On the other hand, the extract stimulated the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) in animals with DLA induced solid tumours. Increase in $CD4^+$ T-cell population suggested strong immunostimulant activity for this extract. GC/MS and LC/MS analysis showed quinone, quinoline, imidazolidine, pyrrolidine, cyclopentenone, thiazole, pyrazole, catechin and coumarin derivatives as major compounds present in the A ferruginea methanolic extract. Thus, the outcome of the present study suggests that A ferruginea extract has immunomodulatory and tumor inhibitory activities and has the potential to be developed as a natural anticancer agent.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.233-237
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• 2009

Astragalus membranaceus has a long history of medicinal use in Chinese herbal medicine. It has been shown to have immunostimulant, tonic, antioxidant, antiperspirant, diuretic, anti-diabetic, expectorant properties, and a supplementary medicine during cancer therapy. In this study, we investigated the effect of anti-oxidation of Astragalus membranaceus root extract. The anti-oxidative activities of water, 80% methanol, and 100% methanol extracts from Astragalus membranaceus were analyzed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, Superoxide dismutase-like activity, reducing power, and crude ash. The water extract demonstrated to be more effective than methanol extract for a DPPH radicals scavenging activities and reducing power. Superoxide dismutase-like activity showed higher efficiency in 80% methanol extract. Our results indicate that Astragalus membranaceus extracts could be used as a source of antioxidant ingredients in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2010

Mistletoe (Viscum album) is a common name for many species of semi-parasitic plants which grow on deciduous trees all over the world. In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of the water-extract of Korean mistletoe fruits (KMFWE), was investigated on murine peritoneal macrophages. The culture supernatants of KMF-WE-stimulated murine peritoneal macrophages showed the increased production of IFN-$\gamma$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$, in a dose-dependent manner. KMF-WE also induced chemokine production from murine peritoneal macrophages such as RANTES, MCP-1, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ and MIP-$1{\beta}$, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production, in a dose-dependent manner. The gel filtration fraction revealed F-1, which is the early-eluted and high molecular weight product, is the major fraction of KMF-WE to activate the murine peritoneal macrophage to induce cytokines, chemokines and NO. The nature of F-1 fraction needs to be examined in detail in further studies to define the regulatory mechanisms of cytokine or chemokine induction by KMF-WE on macrophages. These results suggest that KMF-WE possess a potent immunostimulant activity and can be a promising candidate available for development of immunomodulators.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.785-792
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• 2013

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary nucleotides (NT) on the growth performance, hematological parameters, and innate immune responses of red seabream Pagrus major. In Expt I, six experimental diets were formulated: a control, four that contained each NT at a level of 0.15% (inosine monophosphate, IMP; adenosine monophosphate, AMP; guanosine monophosphate, GMP; and uridine monophosphate, UMP), and one with a 1:1:1:1 mixture of NTs (IMP, AMP, GMP, and UMP). In Expt II, five experimental diets were formulated that contained 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0% IMP (commercial product). Triplicate groups of juvenile (initial body weight 33.1 g) and growing (initial body weight 120 g) red seabream were fed one of the experimental diets to apparent satiation for 8 weeks in Expt I and 12 weeks in Expt II. In Expt I, fish fed diets with NT had higher growth performance than the control group. The nitroblue tetrazolium and lysozyme activities were higher in fish fed the mixed-NT diet, and lowest in the control group. In Expt II, the final body weight and feed utilization of fish fed the 0.1% IMP diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control or 1.0% IMP diets. Diet palatability was improved significantly when 0.1% IMP was added. The lysozyme activity was higher in fish fed diets with 0.4-1.0% than in the control group. These results suggest that supplementation of 0.15% IMP and Mixed-NTs in diet can enhance the growth and immune responses in juvenile red seabream. The optimum IMP level appears to be 0.2% in practical feed formulation for growing red seabream.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.6
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• pp.1117-1131
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• 2022

Previous studies reported that Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis HY8002 (HY8002) improved intestinal integrity and had immunomodulatory effects. Lactobacillus plantarum HY7717 (HY7717) was screened in vitro from among 21 other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and demonstrated nitric oxide (NO) production. The aims of this study were to investigate the individual and combined ex vivo and in vivo effects of LAB strains HY8002 and HY7717 at immunostimulating mice that have been challenged with an immunosuppressant drug. The combination of HY8002 and HY7717 increased the secretion of cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in splenocytes. In a cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression model, administration of the foregoing LAB combination improved the splenic and hematological indices, activated natural killer (NK) cells, and up-regulated plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Moreover, this combination treatment increased Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression. The ability of the combination treatment to upregulate IFN-γ and TNF-α in the splenocytes was inhibited by anti-TLR2 antibody. Hence, the immune responses stimulated by the combination of HY8002 and HY7717 are associated with TLR2 activation. The preceding findings suggest that the combination of the HY8002 and HY7717 LAB strains could prove to be a beneficial and efficacious immunostimulant probiotic supplement. The combination of the two probiotic strains will be applied on the dairy foods including yogurt and cheese.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1656-1664
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• 2015

The effects of lightyellow sophora, Sophora flavescens extract were tested on non-specific immune response and a disease resistance of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. For feeding trial, weight gain of fish fed different treated groups were not significant differences. Serum analysis of treated and control group did not demonstrated any differences. Lysozyme activity in the kidney and spleen of the 0.05% treated group on $4^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ week showed significant increase, respectively. In addition, phagocytic activity of the 0.05% treated group on $4^{th}$ and 8th week showed significant increase compared to the control group. Histopathology of the liver and kidney tissue of the administrated group for $4^{th}$, $8^{th}$ and $12^{th}$ week showed no particular signs of tissue degeneration. The treated group was higher than control group by analyzing the relative percent survival (RPS) of the experimental challenge of Edwardsiella tarda. Therefore, the lightyellow sophora showed effective in preventing fish-pathogenic edwardsiellosis for a certain period of time.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1997

The effect of $\beta$-glucan as an immunostimulant to increase resistance to bacterial diseases by enhancing non-specific defense mechanism in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) was examined by oral and bath administration. After oral or bath administration with $\beta$-glucan, the injection challenges with Vibro ordalii, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Edwardsiella tarda were performed to assess $\beta$-glucan efficacy. After injection of V. ordalii, oral administration for 30 days with 1% $\beta$-glucan showed 25% of survival rate. But all control fish died within 3 days after the injection. After injection of S, epidermidis, oral administration group for 20 and 30 days showed a remarkably increased survival rate of 95%. But oral administration of $\beta$-glucan to rockfish did not induce protection against experimental E. tarda infection. $\beta$-Glucan bath administration with or without formalin-killed V. ordalii showed that no protection was observed at 10 days after challenge. The results show that $\beta$-glucan to rockfish was effective to increase survival rate of bacterial infections of S. epidermidis and V. ordalii but not against E. tarda.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2012

Effects of various concentration of skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis in the diets on a nonspecific immunity and a disease resistance of olive flounder were investigated. After feeding trial, weight gain of fish fed 0.05% skullcap immersed group was higher than that of fish fed 0, 0.1 and 1% skullcap diet but no significant differences were observed among the experimental groups. Furthermore, no significant differences in hematological indices of olive flounder were found among the experimental groups. Lysozyme activity in the serum and kidney of the administrated group(0.05% skullcap immersed group) was significantly higher than the control group. In addition, the chemiluminescent(CL) responses of head kidney leucocytes from the 0.05% skullcap immersed group was significantly higher(P<0.05) than the control group. In the histological results, the 1% skullcap immersed group appeared to have the detrimental effects for fish health. In a challenge experiment with Edwardsiella tarda(GY-01) and Streptococcus iniae(FT5228), relative percent survival (RPS) in the 0.05% skullcap immersed group was higher than the control group injected with E. tarda(GY-01) at $4^{th}$ and $8^{th}$ weeks. The results suggest that the skullcap extract (0.05%) would be effective to enhance the nonspecific immunity and protective ability of olive flounder against fish pathogen such as E. tarda.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.750-756
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• 2010

Two trials were conducted to study the effects of two Chinese herbal polysaccharides, Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS), and one Chinese herbal saponin, Acantbepanax senticosus saponin (ASS), on the immunity and growth performance of weaned pigs. Experiment 1 was a 14-day growth assay, in which 32 weaned pigs were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments: i) 0.05% talcum powder control; ii) 0.05% APS; iii) 0.05% mixture of APS and ASS in a 1:1 ratio by weight; and iv) 0.05% mixture of APS, ASS, and ABPS in a ratio of 1:1:1 by weight. Blood samples were collected on day 14 to determine plasma parameters. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency were also determined. Experiment 2 was a 21-day immunity assay, in which 16 weaned pigs were randomly allotted to one of two dietary treatments: i) 0.05% talcum powder control; and ii) 0.05% mixture of APS and ASS in a 1:1 ratio by weight. On day 21, pigs were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 3 h later blood samples were collected and analyzed for lymphocyte proliferation as well as interleukin 6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol levels. In Experiment 1, feeding Chinese herbal polysaccharides and saponin increased growth performance of the pigs. The effects of the mixture of APS and ASS were especially notable, as there was a significant improvement in growth performance compared with the control (p<0.05). The plasma concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG), nitric oxide (NO), and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) were increased in all treatments groups, with the mixture of APS and ASS increasing the level of IgG and NOS significantly (p<0.05), compared with the control. There was no difference in the NO level between the control and treatment groups (p>0.05). In Experiment 2, Chinese herbal polysaccharides and saponin showed immunostimulating effects. The level of cortisol, GH, and IGF-I were significantly increased (p>0.05), and the level of IL-6 showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the APS and ASS treatment after the LPS challenge. The mixture of APS and ASS could stimulate the blood lymphocyte proliferation significantly whether the LPS was injected or not (p<0.05). These results show that Chinese herbal extracts can improve growth performance and stimulate immunity of weaned pigs. A mixture of APS and ASS, compared with APS alone, could be a new kind of immunostimulant for weaned pigs, which could result in greater positive effects on their growth performance and immunity.