• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1999

In order to modify lipid production of Perilla qualitatively as well as quantitatively by genetic engineering, genes involved in carbon metabolism were isolated and characterized. These include acyl-ACP thioesterases from Perilla frutescens and Iris sp., four different $\beta$-ketoacyl- ACP synthases from Perilla frutescens, and two $\Delta$15 a-cyl-ACP desaturases(Pffad7, pffad3). Δ15 acyl-ACP desa turase (Δ15-DES) is responsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to $\alpha$-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3). pffad 3 encodes Δ15 acyl-desaturase which is localized in ER membrane. On the other hand, Pffad7 encodes a 50 kD plastid protein (438 residues), which showed highest sequence similarity to Sesamum indicum fad7 protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that the Pffad7 is highly expressed in leaves but not in roots and seeds. And Pffad3 is expressed throughout the seed developmental stage except very early and fully mature stage. We constructed Pffad7 gene under 355 promoter and Pffad3 gene under seed specific vicillin promoter. Using Pffad7 construct, Perilla, an oil seed crop in Korea, was transformed by Agrobacterium leaf disc method. $\alpha$-linolenic acid contents increased in leaves but decreased in seeds of transgenic Perilla. Currently, we are transforming Perilla with Pffad3 construct to change Perilla seed oil composition. We isolated three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) genes from Perilla immature seed specific cDNA library. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that two of three AGP (Psagpl, Psagp2) genes encode AGP small subunit polypeptides and the remaining (Plagp) encodes an AGP large subunit. PSAGPs, AGP small subunit peptide, form active heterotetramers with potato AGP large subunit in E. coli expressing plant AGP genes.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.81-86
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• 2008

This study describes conditions for plant regeneration from protoplasts-derived from embryogenic callus of satsuma mandarin. Plants were generated via somatic embryogenesis. Protoplasts isolated directly from nucellar callus induced from immature ovule of satsuma mandarin cv. Okitsu (Citrus unshiu Marc.) were cultured in 0.6M $BH_3$ medium. Cell division and plating efficiency were affected by protoplast culture method. The liquid over solid method was the most effective for formation of microcalli. Most of microcalli grew rapidly and transferred onto embryoid formation medium. Optimum embryoid formation medium was MT medium containing 1.5 g/L malt extract, 0.146 M sucrose and the medium for plantlet regeneration was MS medium containing 0.09M sucrose, 1.0 mg/L $GA_3$. No differences were noticed in growth habits and leaf characters such as shape, thickness, and colour between protoplast-derived plants and nucellar seedlings. This plant regeneration system from protoplasts-derived from embryogenic callus provides an alternative way for producing new scion and rootstock cultivar from citrus species which can not be crossed.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.162-173
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the folate contents and quality characteristics of commercial and fermented Kimchi and compare the correlation between folic acid and quality characteristics. Methods: The contents of total folate and quality characteristics were evaluated in 10 kinds of industrial and local Kimchi and nine kinds of other commonly consumed Kimchi. Changes in folate content and quality characteristics of Kimchi during 14 days of fermentation at $15^{\circ}C$ were compared. Results: Chungnam (L4) Kimchi had the lowest pH of 4.62, and acidity (0.57%) and salinity (3.26%) were highest compared to other areas. The content of total folate of D company (A) was the highest at $73.66{\mu}g/100g$. The content of total folate was significantly higher than those of Sesame leaf Kimchi (O9) and Young leafy radish Kimchi (O5) containing 65.77 and $62.82{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. The pH of fermented Kimchi decreased from 6.09 to 4.11 (p<0.05), and the acidity significantly increased (p<0.001) to 0.32-0.66%. Reducing sugar content decreased rapidly by 4 days and then slowly decreased (p<0.001). Total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts significantly increased (p<0.05) with fermentation period. Content of total folate was highest at $69.82{\mu}g/100g$ and $68.16{\mu}g/100g$ on days 0 and 2 of fermentation, after which it decreased to 77.6% at $15.61{\mu}g/100g$ on day 10 of fermentation. Conclusion: As a result, there was no definite trend regarding folate content in commercial Kimchi and other Kimchi. Young leafy radish, Chives, and Welsh onion Kimchi, which are rich in green leaves, are excellent folate source foods. The highest folate content of fermented Kimchi was identified on day 2 of fermentation. Therefore, it is recommended to use raw or immature Kimchi when using Kimchi as a folate source food.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.284-288
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• 1997

In order to study on suitable harvest time of adlay utilizing self-feeding combine harvester with four rows, which is originally designed for rice harvest, harvesting were carried out at four different times (40, 50, 60 and 70 days after anthesis) . For efficient operation, appropriate working rows were 2 rows at 50 days after anthesis and working speed was 0.26m/sec at 60 days after anthesis. Theoretical working capability was 11.23a/hr at 60 days after anthesis. As the harvesting was delayed, water content of adlay decreased. Water content of culm+leaf was $69.7{\sim}55.3%$ and water content of grain was 34.2% at 60 days after anthesis. The later adlay was harvested. the higher the percent of ripened grain was. But the immature grain was decreased. Remnants was less than 1.8% at 60 days after anthesis. The later adlay was harvested, the heavier volume weight was. Yield was the highest at 60 days after anthesis. When utilizing self-feeding combine harvester with four rows, which was originally designed for rice harvest, suitable harvesting time was 60 days after anthesis. Therefore, theoretically suitable harvest time was 68 days after anthesis.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.225-236
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: Hydroponics is one of the methods for evaluating plant production using the inorganic nutrient solutions, which is applied under the artificial light conditions of plant factory system. However, the application of the conventional inorganic nutrients for hydroponics caused several environmental problems: waste from culture mediums and high nitrate concentration in plants. Organic nutrients are generally irrigated as a supplementary fertilizer for plant growth promotion under field or greenhouse conditions. Hydroponic culture using organic nutrients derived from the agricultural by-products such as dumped stems, leaves or immature fruits is rarely considered in plant factory system. Effect of organic or conventional inorganic nutrient solutions on the growth and nutrient absorption pattern of green and red leaf lettuces was investigated in this experiment under fluorescent lamps (FL) and mixture Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs). METHODS AND RESULTS: Single solution of tomatoes (TJ) and kales (K) deriving from agricultural by-products including leaves or stems and its mixed solution (mixture ration 1:1) with conventional inorganic Yamazaki (Y) were supplied for hydroponics under the plant factory system. The Yamazaki solution was considered as a control. 'Jeockchima' and 'Cheongchima' lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) were used as plant materials. The seedlings which developed 2~3 true leaves were grown under the light qualities of FL and mixed LED lights of blue plus red plus white of 1:2:1 mixture in energy ratio for 35 days. Light intensity of the light sources was controlled at 180 μmol/㎡/s on the culture bed. The single and mixture nutrient solutions of organic and/or inorganic components which controlled at 1.5 dS/m EC and 5.8 pH were regularly irrigated by the deep flow technique (DFT) system on the culture gutters. Number of unfolded leaves of the seedlings grown under the single or mixed nutrient solutions were significantly increased compared to the conventional Y treatment. Leaf extension of 'Jeockchima' under the mixture LED radiation condition was not affected by Y and YK or YTJ mixture treatments. SPAD value in 'Jeockchima' leaves exposed by FL under the YK mixture medium was approximately 45 % higher than under conventional Y treatment. Otherwise, the maximum SPAD value in the leaves of 'Cheongchima' seedlings was shown in YK treatment under the mixture LED lights. NO₃-N contents in Y treatment treated with inorganic nutrient at the end of the experiment were up to 75% declined rather than increased over 60 % in the K and TJ organic treatment. CONCLUSION: Growth of the seedlings was affected by the mixture treatments of the organic and inorganic solutions, although similar or lower dry weight was recorded than in the inorganic treatment Y under the plant factory system. Treatment Y containing the highest NO₃-N content among the considered nutrients influenced growth increment of the seedlings comparing to the other nutrients. However effect of the higher NO₃-N content in the seedling growth was different according to the light qualities considered in the experiment as shown in leaf expansion, pigmentation or dry weight promotion under the single or mixed nutrients.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.451-469
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• 1996

To identify the drug abuse status and its determinant factors in high school boys in Taegu, the study was performed from April to May, 1995. Study population were selected by cluster sampling method and total 5,665 students replied to the self-administered questionnaire survey (2,207 in academic high school, 3,458 in business high school). The major findings were as follows; The proportion of drinking, smoking experience was 55.0%, 45.8%, respectively, and the proportion of current drinker, current smoker was 27.2%, 27.5%. The drinking, smoking experience rate of second grade students was higher than first grade and it was higher in business high school boys. The proportion of a stimulant, a hallucinogen, hemp leaf cigarets experience was 3.2%, 1.6%, 0.1%, respectively. Drug abuse had significant association with home environment(lower economic status, frequent move, death of father or mother, apart from family), parents environment(parents' indifference, parents' drinking and smoking, etc.), school life(lower school grades, intimate friend's drug abuse, etc.), generous attitude to drug abuse, higher level of stress. Students who replied that the law prohibited immature person(students) from drinking and smoking showed lower drug abuse rate. In multiple logistic regression analysis, second grade students, business high school students, parents' indifference, lower school grades, intimate friend's drug abuse, no recognition of the fact that the law prohibits high school students from drinking and smoking, generous attitude to drug abuse, higher level of stress were significantly related with alcohol abuse and smoking. Other drugs abuse were related with above factors. On consideration of above findings, to prevent students from drug abuse, we have to try together in house, school, and society.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2011

A large amount of nitrogenous compounds are found in burley tobacco and are responsible for peculiar aroma during smoking. Excess in nitrogen or its compounds such as total nitrogen and proteins in burley tobacco gives a strong pungency and make its taste bad. The present study has focused on improving quality of Burley tobacco by regulating topping and harvesting time of leaf to reduce nitrogen compounds in Burley tobacco. In addition, the early-stage of flower topping had lower level of nitrogenous compound, such as total nitrogen and protein nitrogen, and total tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) contents compared to the button-stage and full flower-stage topping. Also, the contents of nicotine got significantly decreased while the ether extract was increased as the period of topping got delayed. Regarding the brightness among the colors of cured leaves, the color at the full flower-stage topping was the brightest, and there was no particular difference in red and yellow colors. The harvesting amount was decreased as the period of topping got delayed and there was no significant difference between the topping treatments in terms of the exterior quality. As the harvesting time delayed, the total nitrogen, protein nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen were decreased while the nicotine contents got increased. Also, the total TSNA contents were decreased as the harvesting time delayed. However, ether extract was increased. Among the colors of cured leaves, the brightness and degree of yellow color were significantly increased as the harvesting time delayed, and there was no particular difference in the degree of red color. The harvesting amount was decreased along with the delayed harvesting time; however, the harvest of the matured and mellow leaves was higher in terms of price, compared to that of the immature leaves. For the reduction of nitrogenous compound and TSNA contents in Burley tobacco, the topping was examined to be more effective in terms of improvement in chemical contents and quality regardless of the decreased harvesting amount.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

Temperature dependent development of Tetranychus. urticae Koch was studied on the leaf of eggplant at 17, 22, 27, 32 and $37^{\circ}C$. T. urticae showed a minimum mortality at $27^{\circ}C$ and it increased at higher or lower temperatures than $27^{\circ}C$. The hatchability was low at 17 and $37^{\circ}C$. The duration of development decreased with increasing temperatures i.e., 5.3d at $37^{\circ}C$ and 25.8d at $17^{\circ}C$. Linear regression analysis of temperature vs. rate of development yielded the higher $r^2{\geq}0.88$ resulting in a good fit of the estimated line in the range of $17{\sim}37^{\circ}C$. Developmental zero temperature was $12.5^{\circ}C$ for the entire immature stage of female and $12.8^{\circ}C$ for that of male. Thermal constants were 80.5 and 74.7 degree days for those of female and male, respectively. Adult life span and oviposition period decreased with increasing temperatures. The number of eggs laid per female peaked at 141.0 eggs at $27^{\circ}C$, while that was a minimum 78.0 eggs at $37^{\circ}C$. Rate of hatchability, ratio of female, and $R_o$ were increased up to $27^{\circ}C$, and than declined thereafter. Intrinsic rate of natural increase (Rm) increased with rising temperatures and showed a maximum 0.5652 at $37^{\circ}C$. Also, ${\lambda}$ increased with increasing temperature. Doubling time (Dt) and generation time (T) decreased with increasing temperature.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.237-243
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• 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of stem number on plant growth, fruit quality, and yield of sweet peppers grown in greenhouses under supplemental lighting in winter. The seedlings were transplanted at 3.2 plants·m^-2 on October 26, 2020, and started supplemental lighting with 32 high pressure sodium lamps for 16-hour photoperiod from December 1, 2020 to May 25, 2021. Stems were differently trained with 2 and 3 numbers after branching nodes were developed. In the final harvest, the plant height was significantly shorter in the 3 stem-plants than in the 2 stem-plants. The number of nodes per stem and the leaves per plant were increased in the 3 stem-plants than in the 2 stem-plants, while the leaf area was less affected. There were no significant differences in the dry mass of leaves, stems, and immature fruits between the 2 and 3 stem-plants. The fruit fresh weight and fruit dry weight in the 3 stem-plants were decreased by 17% and 12% at 156 days after transplanting (DAT), and by 17% and 15% at 198 DAT compared to those in the 2 stem-plants, respectively. The marketable fruit rates were 93.6% and 95.4% in the 2 and 3 stem-plants, respectively. The total fruit yield in the 3 stem-plants was increased by 30.2% as compared to that in the 2 stem-plants. We concluded that the 3-stem-training cultivation positively affected the total fruit yield by sustaining adaptive vegetative growth of the plants. This result will help producers make useful decisions for increasing productivity of sweet peppers in greenhouses.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: Various culture media have been used for hydroponic cultures of horticultural plants under the smart greenhouses with natural and artificial light types. Management of the culture medium for the control of medium amounts and/or necessary components absorbed by plants during the cultivation period is performed with ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and/or IoT (Internet of Things) in a smart farm system. This study was conducted to develop the cloud-based data analysis system for effective management of culture medium applying to hydroponic culture and plant growth in smart greenhouses. METHODS AND RESULTS: Conventional inorganic Yamazaki and organic media derived from agricultural byproducts such as a immature fruit, leaf, or stem were used for hydroponic culture media. Component changes of the solutions according to the growth stage were monitored and plant growth was observed. Red and green lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa L.) which developed 2~3 true leaves were considered as plant materials. The seedlings were hydroponically grown in the smart greenhouse with fluorescent and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights of $150{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ light intensity for 35 days. Growth data of the seedlings were classified and stored to develop the relational database in the virtual machine which was generated from an open stack cloud system on the base of growth parameter. Relation of the plant growth and nutrient absorption pattern of 9 inorganic components inside the media during the cultivation period was investigated. The stored data associated with component changes and growth parameters were visualized on the web through the web framework and Node JS. CONCLUSION: Time-series changes of inorganic components in the culture media were observed. The increases of the unfolded leaves or fresh weight of the seedlings were mainly dependent on the macroelements such as a $NO_3-N$, and affected by the different inorganic and organic media. Though the data analysis system was developed, actual measurement data were offered by using the user smart device, and analysis and comparison of the data were visualized graphically in time series based on the cloud database. Agricultural management in data visualization and/or plant growth can be implemented by the data analysis system under whole agricultural sites regardless of various culture environmental changes.