• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.345-360
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was examined to investigate the effects of Cheonmagudeng-um gagam (CGG) extract on spontaneous hypertension. Methods : For the study of CGG, we divided rats into three groups. The normal group was Wister Kyoto rats (WKY). The control group was spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The treatment group was SHR which were administered CGG extract (SHR-CGG). SHR-CGG were orally administered CGG extract that was diluted in distilled water at the various concentrations for 4 weeks (234.5 mg/kg) and SHR were orally administered the same dosage of plain distilled water as SHR-CGG. Then we measured anti-oxygen effects, ACE inhibitory activity, weight of heart and kidney, blood pressure, heart rate, plasma aldosterone, electrolyte, creatinine, uric acid, BUN, and observed the cortex of the cardiac muscle, kidney, and adrenal gland. Results : CGG increased DPPH scavenging activity and SOD similar activity depending on the concentration. CGG significantly decreased ROS, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, IL-$1{\beta}$, heart weight, blood pressure, heart rate, aldosterone, and BUN in SHR. CGG increased ACE inhibition activity depending on the concentration. CGG inhibited the heart, kidney and adrenal gland tissue injury that is caused by hypertension. Conclusions : These results suggest that CGG is effective in treatment and prevention of hypertension.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.141-161
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to investigate the effects of Sobokchukeo- Tang(SCT) on the experimentally-induced endometriosis in rats. Materials and Methods : Endometriosis was induced via the surgical autotransplantation technique in rats. A laparotomy was performed and a $4\;{\times}\;4\;mm$ of the right uterine horn was resected incised and sutured to the peritoneum. And the animals divided into control(n=8) and SCT-treated group(n=8). SCT(1,000 mg/head) was administered orally for 15 days after operation. The weights(body, left uterus, and ovaries) and concentrations of cytokines(MCP-1,$TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-l{\beta}$) were measured. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry for COX-2, and histochemistry for mast cells of the transplanted uterine tissues were performed. Results : - The $volume(mm^3)$ of transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(92.88{\pm}41.89)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group $(404.50{\pm}317.68)$. The concentration(pg/ml) of MCP-1 in ascites of SCT-treated group$(5,256{\pm}1,209)$ was significantly(p<<0.001) decreased than the control group$(8,632{\pm}1,245)$. - The concentration(pg/ml) of $TNF-{\alpha}$ in ascites of SCT-treated group$(521.8{\pm}306.1)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group$(1,245.2{\pm}362.2)$. - The percentage of COX-2 positive epithelial layer in transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(25.0{\pm}7.3)$ was significantly(p<<0.001) decreased than the control group$(50.2{\pm}8.2)$. - The number of mast cells in the stroma of transplanted uterine tissues of SCT-treated group$(16.5{\pm}6.8)$ was significantly(p<<0.05) decreased than the control group$(26.0{\pm}7.7)$. - The number of mast cells in the periphery of transplanted uterine tissues of control group$(71.3{\pm}18.5)$ was significantly(p<<0.01) decreased than the control group$(109.3{\pm}30.2)$. - Proliferation of epithelia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and microanglogenesis in transplanted uterine tissues of treated group were weakly observed than the control group. Conclusion : From the above results, Sobokchukeo-Tang(SCT) has an inhibitory effect on the development of transplanted uterine tissue in rats and it is related to the decreased concentration of MCP-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, and decreased expression of COX-2, and decreased infiltration of mast cells by administration of Sobokchukeo-Tang.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1026-1032
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• 2016

Citrus platymamma hort. ex Tanaka is widely used in traditional Korean medicine because of its medicinal benefits including an anti-inflammatory effect. This study aimed to evaluate changes in the flavonoid content and anti-inflammatory activities of C. platymamma during its harvest period. Fruit peel samples were obtained between September 2015 and February 2016. The results indicate that C. platymamma peel extract (CPE) was an effective inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. The inhibitory effects of CPE at $100{\mu}g/mL$ concentration included dose-dependent decreases in the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins. In addition, CPE decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6. The highest anti-inflammatory activity and flavonoid content were observed in CPE of C. platymamma peel harvested during the immature fruit period in September. Further, to assess the suitability of CPE for cosmetic use, we performed MTT assays using HaCaT keratinocytes and observed that CPE did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. To test the potential application of CPE as a cosmetic material, we also performed primary skin irritation tests on normal skin of 30 volunteers and no adverse reactions were observed. The results of this study indicate that CPE may be considered as an anti-inflammatory candidate for inclusion in cosmetic materials.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.15-28
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• 2024

Objectives We used the D-galactose (D-gal) induced C2C12 myoblast senescence model to investigate whether ethanol extract of Perilla. fructescens leaves (EEPF) could delay cellular senescence and regulate related mechanisms. Methods C2C12 myogenic cells were cultured in an incubator under 37 ℃ and 5% CO₂ conditions. EEPF, dried perilla leaves were pulverized and extracted at 1:10 (v/v) at 50 ℃ for 4 hours. Cell counting kit-8 and western blot analysis was performed. Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit and DAPI staining was applied. Catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde analysis kits were used. To measure the level of reactive oxygen species generation, staining and flow cytometry was used. To analyze the mitochondrial activity, membrane potential changes were measured using JC-1. 𝛽-gal activity was analyzed using SA-𝛽-gal staining solution, and DNA damage was analyzed by using 𝛾-H2AX. Quantikine ELISA kit was used to analyze inflammatory cytokine production. Results According to the results of this study, EEPF significantly alleviated the decrease in cell viability in C2C12 cells treated with D-gal and suppressed the decrease in the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. EEPF also markedly blocked D-gal-induced C2C12 cell apoptosis and restored reduced activity of CAT, GSH-Px, T-AOC, SOD. In addition, EEPF suppressed the decrease in 𝛽-galactosidase activity, the induction of DNA damage and the increase in expression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype proteins such as p16, p53 and p21 in D-gal-treated C2C12 cells. Furthermore, EEPF significantly attenuated D-gal-induced production and expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that EEPF can be used as a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of muscle aging.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2012

A key molecule in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the ${\beta}$-amyloid peptide ($A{\beta}$) generated by ${\beta}$-secretase activity, an aspartic protease. This study was designed to evaluate inhibitory effect of the high-molecular weight water-soluble polysaccharides (Et-P) isolated and purified from Phellinus linteus fruiting body on ${\beta}$-secretase activity. The Et-P was purified from the hot water extract of Phellinus linteus fruiting body mainly by 75% ethanol precipitation and DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography. From the DEAE-Cellulose chromato-gram and molecular weight analysis, the Et-P was shown to be a mixture of three polysaccharides with molecular mass of 1,629, 1,294, and 21 kDa, respectively. The monosaccharide composition of Et-P was determined to be glu-cose, galactose, and mannose as major sugars, glucose being the most prominent one (48% in mole percentage). The elemental analysis and FT-IR analysis suggested that Et-P is typical polysaccharides having at least partially ${\beta}$-linkages and possible existing as complex with phenolic compounds. The laminarinase digestion and HPAEC-PAD analysis suggested that Et-P is a variant of beta-(1,3)-glucans. The Et-P showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and, especially, a significant inhibitory activity on ${\beta}$-secreatase activity (48% inhibitin at 100 ${\mu}g/mL$), suggesting that they may inhibit the formation of $A{\beta}$ which is the major causative of Alzheimer's disease. The results of this study suggest that the water soluble polysaccharides of Phellinus linteus fruiting body can be a potent material for the development of preventive or therapeutic agents for AD.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.177-184
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• 1977

Arylsulfatase catalyzes the release of SO$\sub$4//sup2/- from sulfate esters of simple phenols. Arylsolfatase occurs widely in animal tissues and in microorganisms including soil bacteria. Its widespread distribution suggests that it has a rather fundamental function and environmental meaning. It has been shown previously that arylsulfatase of Klebsiella was purified and characterized. A condition of arylsulfatase synthesis was tested with several strains of Serratia. Serratia marcescens could not utilize some sugars, such as xylose, rhamnose, glucosamine and arabinose hut glucose and mannitol as a sole carbon source. However, arylsulfatase synthesis was repressed by glucose but not by mannitol. The enzyme synthesis was repressed ob inorganic sulfate and methionine, and this repression was relieved by addition of tyramine. Arylsulfatase of S. marcescen was purified by fractionation with ammonium sulfate and followed by chromatographies on DEAE-Cellulose CM-Cellulose, and DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The molecular weight of arylsulfatase was determined to be 46,000 by SDS-Gel electrophoresis and 49,000 by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme showed some different properties with that of K. aerogenes. The activity was maximum at pH 6.8. The Km and Vmax values for p-nitrophenyl sulfate were 2.5${\times}$10$\^$－4/ M and 20 nmoles/min/mg protein, respectively. The enzyme showed high activities toward phenyl sulfate, ο-and p-nitro phenyl sulfates, and p-nitrocatechol sulfate. The inhibition of enzyme was strongly affected by hydroxylamine, inorganic fluoride, sulfide and phosphate, but by inorganic sulfate. Like Klebsiella arylsulfatase, tyramine, octopamine, and dopamine gave signifcant inhibitory effect.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.115-121
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• 1988

Although Saponin A from Panax ginseng has previously been shown to inhibit carageenin induced edema. a paucity of information exists on the effects of components from ginseng on the cellular inflammatory response. specifically polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function. The purpose of this study was 10 determine the effects of isolated neutral dammarane saponins from ginseng (i.e..glycosidic derivatives of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol [ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2$ and Rc] and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol [ginsenosides Re and $Rg_1$]) on in vivo PMNL function and to compare their effects with those produced by a steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (dexamethasone) and commercially available saponin. Dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to he potent inhibitors of PMNL chemotaxis using the $^{51}Cr$ assay with $5{\times}10^{-8}M$ f-met-leu-phe [FMLP] as the chemoattractant. Inhibition or PMNL chemotaxis by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides and saponin were all shown to be both time-and dose-dependent and these agents did not affect cellular viability at the concentrations tested Saponin and the ginsenosides were more potent inhibitors of chemotaxis than was dexamethasone. while oxidant generation (as measured by the luminol-enhaneed chemil-uminescence of PMNL using FMNL $[10^{-6}]$ as the stimulus) was inhibited by dexamethasone. the ginsenosides $(Rb_1\;Rb_2\;Rc\;Re\;and\;Rg_1)$ and saponin at a concentration of 1 ${\mu}M$ had no significant effect on PMNL chemiluminescence. Thus. the neutral dammarane saponins are potentially important modulators or PMNL function and their inhibitory effects may he differentiated from those of the Steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2009

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of surfactin in combination with Bacillus subtilis BC1212 isolated from Korean soybean paste, on feed utilization and growth performance during 4 weeks in weaning piglets. Eighteen weaning piglets(Landrace$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Duroc; weighing $7.68{\pm}0.97\;kg$) were divided into control(n=9) and experimental groups(n=9). The treatments included a control group consisting of the basal diet with no additives(control) and an experimental group consisting of the basal diet supplemented with 1 g of surfactin C and $1.0{\times}10^9CFU$ of Bacillus subtilis BC1212/kg feed. Piglets fed Bacillus subtilis BC1212 increased in average daily weight gain and feed efficiency. In comparison with the control group, the fecal Bacillus subtilis were significantly increased and the fecal coliform bacteria were markedly reduced in the experimental group. In addition, Bacillus subtilis BC1212 had excellent acid and bile tolerance. The treatment of surfactin($50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$) in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated swine peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) for 6 h showed a significant inhibitory effect on INF-$\gamma$, TNF-$\alpha$ and NO secretion(p<0.05) in comparison with LPS treatment alone but not on IL-10 secretion, with levels of secreted IL-10 similar to those secreted by PBMCs stimulated with LPS alone. Supplementation with surfactin in combination with Bacillus subtilis BC1212 in diets improved the ecosystem of gastrointestinal tract by increasing probiotic population and enhanced the systemic immune response in weaned piglets.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-29
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• 1986

The present study was carried out to observe the effect of triiodothyronine on heart, one of the target organ of thyroid hormone. There are many reports that tachycardia, arrythmia, and agumentation of sodium, potassium pump activity are caused in hyperthyroid animal. To examine these cardiac positive chronotropic effects on sinoatrial (SA) node and atrial muscle, hyperthyroid state was induced experimentally by the injecion of 3,3',5-1-triiodothyronine $(T_3)$ in $3{\sim}6$ month-old rabbits. Then intracellular recordings by inserting glass microelectrode into cell were obtained in SA node and atrial muscle. The results can be summarized as follows : 1) Heartbeat was increased from $169.6{\pm}28.0\;to\;264.2{\pm}18.0$ beats per minute, while body weight was decreased to 68f of the initial body weight (Day 1). 2) In experimental group, the duration of action potential at 80% repolarization was decreased from $148.0{\pm}29.1\;to\;107{\pm}13.6msec$. This suggested the increase heartbeat. 3) The firing rate in hyperthyroid group markedly reduced under the 15 mM potassium Tyrode (p<0.005). 4) In hyperthyroid group, depolarization of atrial muscle cell was lowered significantly in 15 mM (p<0.05), 20 mM (p<0.05) potassium Tyrode solution. 5) Sodium-potassium pump activities in experimental group were higher than those in control group in both SA node (p<0. 1) and atrial muscle (p<0.025). 6) In lower concentration of $MnCl_2$, the excitability of SA node in hyperthyroid group was decreased more than that in control group. Effective inhibitory dose $(ID_{50})$ as 0.6 mM in hyperthyroid statd and 1.1 mM in control group.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 2014

Plants as well as crops are damaged by a combination of the hot and dry winds that has been a major factor in the reduction of crop production. A means to protect them from damaging conditions is to consider a coating material. In this study, we established laboratory screening methods to find a coating material to protect a crop from rapid transpiration caused by various factors. In a test measuring the weight loss of kidney bean seedlings for 6 days, Avion treatments decreased its weight loss (P=0.05). Owing to long-time spend in completing this assay, we performed a more simple method using a cobalt chloride paper strip, which changes from blue to red colors under water condition. Beewax, guagum, paraffin liquid, soybean oil, and PE-635 gave a waterproofing effect above 37 and 43% at 0.5 and 1 h after treatment, respectively. However, these tested materials did not show significant waterproofing results at 2 h. Although the methods produced reasonable results, a screening method to obtain more objective data is needed. An alternative is to use an instrument that can detect the transpiration of crop leaves. In a preliminary test using barley leaves, a portable photosynthesis system showed transpiration inhibition of 2% soybean oil and 10 times-diluted Avion under field conditions. In another test using the leaves of maize seedlings and apricot tree, 2% liquid paraffin and plant oils such as apricot oil, linseed oil, olive oil, and soybean oil showed significant transpiration inhibition (P=0.05). Especially, paraffin liquid and soybean oil selected from above tests gave good transpiration inhibitory effects against rice at 2%. In addition, the mixture of 2% soybean oil and a spreader showed more elevated inhibition results comparing with soybean oil or the spreader alone indicating that the spreader may be attributed to more uniform diffusion of the hydrophobic material onto the leaf surface of maize seedlings. The hydrophobic material coated physically the stomata and cuticle layers on leaf surfaces of rice. These hydrophobic materials screened in this study are expected to be used as plant coating materials.