• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.466-475
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• 2022

Surface oxides and intergranular (IG) oxidation phenomena in Alloy 600 depending on hydrogen concentration were characterized to obtain clear insight into the primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) behavior upon exposure to pressurized water reactor primary water. When hydrogen concentration was between 5 and 30 cm³ H₂/kg H₂O, NiFe₂O₄ and NiO type oxides were found on the surface. NiO type oxides were found inside the oxidized grain boundary when hydrogen concentration was 5 cm³ H₂/kg H₂O. However, only NiFe₂O₄ spinel on the surface and Ni enrichment were observed when hydrogen concentration was 30 cm³ H₂/kg H₂O. These results indicate that the oxidation/reduction reaction of Ni in Alloy 600 depending on hydrogen concentration can considerably affect surface oxidation behavior. It appears that the formation of NiO type oxides in a Ni oxidation state and Ni enrichment in a Ni reduction (or metallic) state are common in primary water. It is believed that the above different oxidation/reduction reactions of Ni in Alloy 600 depending on hydrogen concentration can also significantly affect the resistance to PWSCC of Alloy 600.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2023

Objectives : Sojadodamgangki-tang and its main components are traditional korean medicinal methods for treatment of cough, sputum and dyspnea. Using a respiratory inflammatory model, we intend to reveal the anti-inflammatory effect and its immune mechanism of Sojadodamgangki-tang. Methods : We used a papain-induced respiratory inflammatory mouse model. 8-week-old female BALB/C mice were divided into 3 groups as follows: the following groups: saline control group, papain treated group (vehicle), papain and Sojadodamgangki-tang(200 mg/kg) treated group (n=4). To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts, inflammatory cell infiltration was measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nasal lavage fluid (NALF). In addition, the effects of Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts on Th2 cell population in lung were determined by using flow cytometry. Results : Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts administration reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and NALF, especially of eosinophils. Furthermore, total immunogloblin (Ig)-E levels was reduced in BALF and serum by drug administration. Interestingly, Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts treatment also decreased the Th2 cell (CD4⁺GATA3⁺) population in lung. Conclusions : Our findings indicate Sojadodamgangki-tang extracts have anti-inflammatory effects by mediating Th2 cell and B cell activation.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.659-673
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• 2023

Compared to infant formula, breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; it not only improves the neonatal intestinal function, but also regulates the immune system and gut microbiota composition. However, probiotic-fortified infant formula may further enhance the infant gut environment by overcoming the limitations of traditional infant formula. We investigated the probiotic formula administration for one month by comparing 118 Korean infants into the following three groups: infants in each group fed with breast milk (50), probiotic formula (35), or placebo formula-fed group (33). Probiotic formula improved stool consistency and defecation frequency compared to placebo formula-fed group. The probiotic formula helped maintaining the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which had remarkably decreased over time in placebo formula-fed infants (compared to weeks 0 and 4). Moreover, probiotic formula decreased the acidity of stool and considerably increased the butyrate concentration. Furthermore, the fecal microbiota of each group was evaluated at weeks 0 and 4. The microbial composition was distinct between each groups, and the abundance of health-promoting bacteria increased in the probiotic formula compared to the placebo formula-fed group. In summary, supplementation of probiotic infant formula can help optimize the infant gut environment, microbial composition, and metabolic activity of the microbiota, mimicking those of breast milk.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.629-634
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 여러 종류의 부채꼴 구조를 조합한 슬롯을 이용한 소형 광대역 테이퍼드 슬롯 안테나 설계에 대하여 연구하였다. 테이퍼드 슬롯 안테나를 소형화하고 낮은 주파수에서 동작하도록 하기 위하여 접지면에 부채꼴 구조를 조합한 슬롯을 추가하였다. 각 부채꼴 구조가 추가될 때 입력 반사 계수와 이득 변화를 슬롯이 없을 때와 비교하여 최종 제안된 안테나의 소형화 설계 과정을 체계적으로 설명하였다. 제안된 부채꼴 구조를 조합한 슬롯을 이용한 소형 광대역 테이퍼드 슬롯 안테나를 RF-35 기판 상에 제작하여 특성을 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하였다. 실험 결과, 전압 정재파비(VSWR; voltage standing wave ratio)가 2 이하인 대역은 2.59-11.39 GHz이고, 대역내에서 이득이 3.3- 7.0 dBi로 측정되었다. 제안된 소형광대역 테이퍼드 슬롯 안테나는 접지면에 슬롯이 없을 때와 비교하여 크기를 36.9% 소형화할 수 있다.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.225-235
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• 2023

Background: Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is introduced species that has caused aquatic ecology activity both in vitro and in vivo were investigated for the possibility of application of the bass extract as an alternative feed ingredient. Methods: The bass oil was extracted using a 1-L supercritical extractor, while the protein was extracted from 250 g of bass dry matter, which was dissolved in 1 mL of H₂O at 50℃. Both oil and protein extracts were evaluated antioxidant activities and the level of DPPH radical scavenging assay and nitric oxide (NO) production assay with lipopolysaccharide response. Oral administration of 6.6 µL/g bass protein and 5.38 µL/g bass oil conducted for investigating serological and physiological effect. Results: DPPH radical scavenging showed similar radical scavenging ability of 50 µM of ascorbic acid at 200 ㎍ of protein and 10% of oil treatment. NO concentration was diminished by the treatment of bass oil. Oral administration of both bass oil and proteins to mice showed that the body weight increase rate of the bass oil treated group was significantly reduced by 1.55 g compared to the other groups. The number of white blood cells (WBC) was increased by 4.52 k/µL in the bass protein-treated group and 4.44 k/µL in the bass oil-treated group compared to the control group. However, the serum IgG level did not show a significant difference between the bass extract-treated groups and the control group. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that both bass oil and proteins extracted from the bass not only provide excellent effects of antioxidant and immune activity but can also be used as functional food supplements.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.7.1-7.11
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• 2019

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that affects mainly salivary and lacrimal glands, but its cause remains largely unknown. Clinical data indicating that SS occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with lupus points to common pathogenic mechanisms underlying the two diseases. To address this idea, we asked whether SS develops in the lupus-prone mouse strain sanroque (SAN). Owing to hyper-activation of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, female SAN mice developed lupus-like symptoms at approximately 20 wk of age but there were no signs of SS at that time. However, symptoms typical of SS were evident at approximately 40 wk of age, as judged by reduced saliva flow rate, sialadenitis, and IgG deposits in the salivary glands. Increases in serum titers of SS-related autoantibodies and numbers of autoantibody-secreting cells in cervical lymph nodes (LNs) preceded the pathologic manifestations of SS and were accompanied by expansion of Tfh cells and their downstream effector cells. Thus, our results suggest that chronic dysregulation of Tfh cells in salivary gland-draining LNs is sufficient to drive the development of SS in lupus-prone mice.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2013

김치의 주종 유산균의 하나인 Weissella koreensis(Wk)의 육계 사료용 probiotics로서 활용 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 육계 성장능력, 영양소 이용률, 면역능력, 장내 미생물, 계육품질에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 무첨가 육계사료를 대조구(Control)로 설정하고, 처리구로 생균 형태의 Wk를 0.1%(LWk 0.1), 0.5%(LWk 0.5) 첨가한 구와 사균 형태의 Wk 0.5%를 첨가한 구(KWk 0.5) 등 총 4처리를 두었다. 본 연구결과, 생균 형태의 LWk 첨가는 대조구와 사균 형태의 첨가구(KWk 0.5)에 비하여 증체율과 사료 효율을 유의적으로 개선시켰다. 영양소 이용률은 처리구 간에 차이가 없었으나, 조단백질 이용률이 사균(KWk 0.5) 첨가구에서 유의적으로 낮았다. 혈청 IgG 수준과 F낭의 상대적 크기는 KWk 0.5 첨가구가 가장 높았다. 생균 형태의 Wk 첨가로 맹장 내 총 혐기성 유산균의 수가 유의적으로 높아졌으나, 대장균의 수에는 변화가 없었다. 사료 내 김치유산균의 첨가는 생균이나 사균 모두 계육 지방산 조성, 계육의 산패 지연에는 영향을 나타내지 못하였다. 그러나 생균이나 사균, 첨가수준 모두가 전자코를 통한 육향에서는 차이를 나타내었다. 본 연구는 생균 형태 Wk가 육계 사료용 생균제로 활용 가능함을 보여주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1189-1195
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• 2008

A study was conducted with 48 weaned barrows ($28{\pm}3d$, $8.45{\pm}0.14kg$) to determine the effect of Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharide (ABPS) supplementation on pig performance, immunological, adrenal and somatotropic responses following Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. The experiment was a $2{\times}2$ factorial design; the main factors included diet (supplementation with 0 or 500 mg/kg ABPS) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). On d 14 and 21 of the trial, pigs were given an intraperitoneal injection with either $100{\mu}g/kg$ BW of LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were obtained 3 h after injection for analysis of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and immunoglobulin G (IgG). On d 2 after LPS challenge, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (PBLP) was measured. LPS administration decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.05), had a tendency to decrease average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.10) during both the first and second challenge periods and increased (p<0.05) feed:gain ratio only during the first challenge period. ABPS tended to improve ADG (p<0.10) during the first challenge period, and improved ADG (p<0.05) and tended to improve ADFI (p<0.10) during the second challenge period. ABPS did not affect feed:gain ratio. An interaction (p<0.05) between LPS challenge and diet was observed for the plasma concentrations of TNF-${\alpha}$, $PGE_2$ and cortisol after both LPS challenges such that, among LPS-treated pigs, pigs fed the ABPS diet were lower for these indices than those receiving the control diet. In contrast, pigs fed the ABPS diet had higher IGF-I (p<0.05) compared with those fed the control diet. No effect of diet, LPS challenge or both on GH and IgG was observed after both LPS administrations. LPS challenge increased PBLP when these cells were incubated with $8{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS during both the challenge periods, and did likewise when incubated with $8{\mu}g/ml$ of concanavalin A only after the first challenge. ABPS had no effect on PBLP. These data demonstrate that ABPS alters the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines following an immunological challenge, which might enable pigs to achieve better performance.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.501-509
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• 2016

본 연구는 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎을 단독으로 사용하기보다 혼합하여 사용할 경우 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎 복합추출물이 아토피 피부염(AD) 증상을 억제하는지 효과를 밝히고, 항염 효능을 나타내는 기능성 소재로서의 이용 가능성을 알아보고자 하였다. 그 결과 육안 평가를 통해 피부의 건조 상태, 스케일링, 미란, 찰과상 및 홍반 같은 아토피 피부염 증상이 AD 모델에서 증가하였지만, 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎 각각의 추출물과 복합추출물을 투여하였을 경우 완화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 복합추출물이 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎 각각의 추출물보다 더 뛰어난 효과를 나타내었다. 피부 두께와 염증세포 및 비만세포의 침윤은 AD 모델에서 크게 증가하였지만, 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎 단독추출물과 복합추출물을 투여하였을 경우 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 복합추출물이 단독추출물보다 더 뛰어난 효과를 나타내었다. 혈청중의 IgE와 IL-4의 수치를 측정한 결과 AD 모델에서 많이 증가하였으나, 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎 단독추출물과 복합추출물을 투여하였을 경우 감소하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 복합추출물이 단독추출물보다 더 뛰어나게 억제하는 효과를 나타내었다. HMC-1 세포에 복합추출물을 처리하였을 경우 염증성 사이토카인인 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 IL-6의 생성량이 유의적으로 감소하였으며, 또한 RAW 264.7 세포에 복합추출물을 처리하였을 경우 염증 매개 인자인 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $PGE_2$ 및 NO 생성량이 감소하였고, 이러한 염증 매개 인자 억제 효능은 복합추출물이 단독추출물보다 더 뛰어나게 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어볼 때 고욤잎, 감잎 및 뽕잎을 혼합한 복합추출물을 사용할 때 효능이 더 우수한 것을 확인하였고, 아토피 피부염 증상 개선 및 염증관련 질환 치료를 위한 기능성 천연물 소재 및 제품 개발에 응용이 가능할 것으로 생각한다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

목 적 : 혈뇨의 가족력을 가지는 무증상성 혈뇨의 가장 흔한 기저질환 중의 하나로 알려져 있는 비박형 기저막 신증(Thin glomerular basement membrane disease)은 흔한 빈도수에 비해 임상적 양상이나 병리학적 소견에 대해서는 국내에서 체계적으로 잘 보고되어 있지 않다. 본 인구에서는 비박형 기저막 신증 환아들을 대상으의 임상적 및 병리학적 소견을 분석하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1990년부터 2000년까지 무증상성 혈뇨를 주소로 내원한 환아 중 신장조직검사를 시행하여 비박형 기저막 신증으로 진단된 26명의 환아들을 대상으로 하여 임상적 및 병리학적 소견들의 특징을 분석하였다. 결 과 : 대상 환아들의 혈뇨의 발현시기는 9.4${\pm}$3.2세(3.0-15.8세)였고, 신생검 당시의 나이는 평균 11.1${\pm}$2.2세(4.7-16.3세)였다. 이중 성별에 따른 차이는 남아가 8례, 여아가 18례의 여아에서 더 많았다. 환아의 부모와 형제를 대상으로 실시한 요검사상 혈뇨의 가족력이 나타난 겅우는 8례(30.7$\%$) 였다. 입원 당시의 임상적 소견을 살펴보면, 육안적 혈뇨를 가진 경우가 3례(11.5$\%$), 현미경적 혈뇨 23례(88.5$\%$), 단백뇨 1례(3.8$\%$)로 대부분의 환아에서 현미경적 혈뇨가 주된 소견이었다. 임상경과의 관찰도중 현미경적 혈뇨는 전례에서 지속되었다. 신조직 검사상 광학현미경 소견에서는 이상소견이 거의 나타나지 않았으며, 면역형광현미경 소견에서는 대부분에서 면역글로불린과 보체의 침착을 관찰할 수 없었고 일부에서 메산지움에 IgM, C3와 fibrinogen의 침착이 관찰되었다. 전자 현미경 소견으로는 사구체 기저막의 두께는 180.9${\pm}$35.8nm로 얇아져 있었다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 비박형 기저막 신증은 현미경적 혈뇨를 주소로 내원한 소아의 흔한 원인이며 혈뇨의 가족력이 있는 경우는 약 30$\%$에서 관찰되었다. 임상경과는 대부분 좋은 것으로 나타났다.