• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.403-412
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• 2008

We define the operations ${\vee}$ and ${\wedge}$ for fuzzy sets in a lattice, characterize fuzzy sublattices in terms of ${\vee}$ and ${\wedge}$, develop some properties of the distributive fuzzy sublattices, and find the fuzzy ideal generated by a fuzzy subset in a lattice and the fuzzy dual ideal generated by a fuzzy subset in a lattice.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to study the some properties of fuzzy quasi-semiprime ideal, fuzzy prime ideals and to prove some fundamental properties of semigroups. In particular, we will establish a relation between fuzzy prime ideals and weakly completely semiprime ideals by using the some equivalent conditions of fuzzy semiprime ideals.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2005

In this paper, we investigate exchange ideals and get some new characterization of exchange rings. It is shown that an ideal I of a ring R is an exchange ideal if and only if so is $QM_2$(I). Also we observe that every exchange ideal can be characterized by exchange elements.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1997

Throughout this paper, all rings are assumed to be commutative with identity. By a local ring (R,m), we mean a Noetherian ring R which has a unique maximal ideal m. Let I be an ideal in a ring R and t an indeterminate over R.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2012

The notion of an enlarged $q$-ideal and a fuzzy $q$-ideal in BCI-algebras with degree are introduced. Related properties of them are investigated.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.393-397
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• 1998

The author obtains ideal-theoretical characterizations of the following two classes of $\Gamma$-semigroups; (1) regular $\Gamma$-semigroups; (2) $\Gamma$-semigroups that are both regular and intra-regular.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.225-237
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• 2019

We introduce a larger ideal ${\mathcal{N}}_{wp}$ of the ideal of p-nuclear operators. We obtain isometric representations of the injective and surjective hulls of ${\mathcal{N}}_{wp}$ and study them.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.305-316
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• 2018

Let R be a ring with identity. A right ideal ideal I of a ring R is called ref lexive (resp. completely ref lexive) if $aRb{\subseteq}I$ implies that $bRa{\subseteq}I$ (resp. if $ab{\subseteq}I$ implies that $ba{\subseteq}I$) for any $a,\;b{\in}R$. R is called ref lexive (resp. completely ref lexive) if the zero ideal of R is a reflexive ideal (resp. a completely reflexive ideal). Let K(R) (called the ref lexive radical of R) be the intersection of all reflexive ideals of R. In this paper, the following are investigated: (1) Some equivalent conditions on an reflexive ideal of a ring are obtained; (2) reflexive (resp. completely reflexive) property is Morita invariant; (3) For any ring R, we have $K(M_n(R))=M_n(K(R))$ where $M_n(R)$ is the ring of all n by n matrices over R; (4) For a ring R, we have $K(R)[x]{\subseteq}K(R[x])$; in particular, if R is quasi-Armendaritz, then R is reflexive if and only if R[x] is reflexive.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2007

In this paper we consider the fuzzy ideals of N-group G where N is a nearring. We introduce fuzzy ideal ${\theta}_{\mu}$ of the quotient N-group $G/{\mu}$ with respect to a fuzzy ideal $\mu$ of G. If $\mu$ is a fuzzy ideal of G and $\theta$ a fuzzy ideal of $G/{\mu}$ such that ${\theta}_{\mu}\;{\subseteq}\;{\theta}$ and ${\theta}_{\mu}(0)\;=\;{\theta}(0)$, then corresponding ${\sigma}_{\theta}\;:\;G\;{\rightarrow}\;[0,\;1]$ is defined and proved that it is a fuzzy ideal of G such that ${\mu}\;{\subseteq}\;{\sigma}_{\theta}$ and ${\mu}(0)\;=\;{\sigma}_{\theta}(0)$. We also prove some results on homomorphisms and fuzzy ideals of N-groups. The image and preimage of fuzzy ideal $\mu$ under N-group homomorphism were studied. Finally it is obtained that if $f\;:\;G\;{\rightarrow}\;G^1$ is an epimorphism of N-groups, then there is an order preserving bijection between the fuzzy ideals of $G^1$ and the fuzzy ideals of G that are constant on kerf. Some examples related to these concepts were illustrated.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.631-644
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• 2013

This study investigates the gaps between ideal and actual corporate social responsibility (CSR) by comparing levels of CSR perceptions and examining the relationship differences between CSR perception, perceived quality, and affective trust from a consumer perspective. Data from 315 adult samples were collected through a nationwide online survey. In order to compare ideal and actual CSR, the study employed the approach of latent means analysis (LMA) and multi-group comparisons within the framework of a structural equation modeling (SEM). The result of latent means comparison showed significant differences of perceptions on fashion CSR across ideal and actual contexts. Only actual economic CSR was evaluated higher than in the ideal context and the effect size of inter-management CSR was the largest among seven domains. Multi-group SEM revealed a significant discrepancy between ideal and actual CSR structural models that exhibited relationships of CSR perception, perceived quality, and affective trust. The paths from internal management and ethical CSR to perceived quality and from economic and philanthropy CSR to affective trust were different across ideal and actual contexts. Implying the understanding of consumer CSR perceptions and the mediating role of perceived quality, this study suggests that marketers narrow the gap between ideal and actual CSR.