• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.33-53
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• 2021

The import content of exports (ICE) is defined as the amount of foreign input embodied in one unit of export, and it has been used as a measure of the degree of integration into the global production network. In this paper, we suggest an alternative measure based on the decomposition of gross output and imports into the contributions of final demand terms. This measure considers the manner in which a country manages its domestic production base (gross output) and utilizes the foreign sector (imports) simultaneously and can thus be regarded as a more comprehensive measure than ICE. Korea's input-output tables in 1970-2018 are used in this paper. These tables were rearranged according to the same 26-industry classification so that these measures can be computed with time-series continuity and so that the results can be interpreted clearly. The results obtained in this paper are based on extended time-series data and are expected to be reliable and robust. The suggested indicators were applied to these tables, and, based on the results we conclude that the overall importance of the global economy in Korea's economic strategy has risen and that the degree of Korea's integration into the global production network increased over the entire period. This paper also shows that ICE incorrectly measures the movement of the degree of integration into the global production network in some periods.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.800-803
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• 2008

Road is one of the infrastructure facilities, on which lines include various information for guiding a smooth traffic flow. This line marking work is continually removed and re-marked during maintenance. However, some problems exist when the line marking work is conducted. Traditional methods of using grinders and torches have risk of repetitive skill, and workers are exposed directly to the hazardous situations. Moreover, even though the equipment has developed, the line removing work induces environmental contamination and pollution line on the road. Therefore, this study can become one of the eco-friendly cleaning technologies using dry ice blaster equipment, and the new development of equipment will improve method of pavement marking removal. Also, it can introduce innovative automation in construction.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2006.07a
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• pp.368-369
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• 2006

축냉설비는 심야시간대에 얼음이나 냉수를 저장하였다가, 이를 주간 및 저녁시간대에 냉방에 이용할 수 있는 기능을 가진 냉기저장식 냉방설비를 말한다. 여름철 냉방용 전력을 전력수요가 적은 심야시간대로 분산시킴으로써 하계 Peak 억제 및 심야수요 증대로 부하평준화를 촉진하여 전기공급 원가를 절감하기 위하여 보급을 하고 있는데 활성화 방안을 제시한다.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 2000

District heating and cooling systems offer highly efficient energy utilization and maintenance by centralizing heat management. More pumping power, however, is required because the water has to travel long distance from heat source to the users. In the present study, a trace of drag reduction additives is added to the District Cooling system to achieve a significant drag reduction and save pumping power. Water-soluble polymers, surfactants, and environment-friendly degradable polymers are used as effective drag reducing additives. Time dependent percent drag reductions are compared for various additive solutions at 100 wppm concentration for different water velocity. Without as an anionic surfactant, copolymer was most effective in percent drag reduction. It is found that there exists an optimal condition when copolymer is mixed with SDS. An environment-friendly degradable polymer, xanthan gum, is found to be a significant drag reduction additive. Ice slurry systems, can give less pressure drops compared with chilled water system for certain condtions. Drag reduction additives were also effective for the ice slurry system.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.317-333
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the interrelationships between visitor motivations, attitude, and behavioral intention toward the Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival, China. It is also to test moderating roles of gender and past travel experience between these factors. Design/methodology/approach - Data was collected from potential Chinese visitors, after which 420 usable surveys were processed. Findings - To investigate our hypotheses, we used descriptive, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. We found that aesthetic attractiveness, purchase of local products, and involvement had positive effects on attitude toward the festival. Attitude toward the festival had a significant effect on behavioral intention to visit. Finally, it was also found that gender and past travel experience significantly moderated the interrelationships between these factors. Research implications or Originality - Theoretical and managerial implications, as well as, suggestions for future research are discussed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.23-37
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• 2004

Fibromyalgia syndrome(FMS) is a chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread musculoskeletal aches and pains, stiffness, and general fatigue, disturbed sleep and sleepiness. Frequently misdiagnosed, FMS is often confused with myofascial pain syndrome, polymyalgia rheumatica, polymyositis, hypothyroidism, metastatic carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, or systemic lupus erythematosus, any of which may occur concomitantly with FMS. The management of FMS often begins with a thorough examination and a diagnosis from a physician who is formally trained in tender-point/trigger-point recognition. An initial diagnosis provides reassurance to the patient and often reduces the anxiety and depression patterns associated with FMS. The most common goals in the management of FMS are (1) to break the pain cycle, (2) to restore sleep patterns, and (3) to increase functional activity levels. Because FMS is a multifactorial syndrome, it is likely that the best treatment will encompass multiple strategies. Medication with analgesics and antidepressants and also physiotherapy, are often prescribed and give some relief. The other most effective intervention for long-term management of FS to date is physical exercise. Physical therapists can instruct patients in the use of heat at home (moist hot packs, heating pads, whirlpools, warm showers or baths, and hot pads) to increase local blood flow and to decrease muscle spasm and tension. Also instruct patients in the proper use of cold modalities (ice packs, ice massage, and cool baths) to anesthetize localized areas of pain (tender points) and break the pain cycle. Massage and tender-point massage also may promote muscle relaxation. To date, the two most important interventions for the long-term management of FS are patient education and physical exercise. Lately, is handling FMS and Chronic Fatigue syndrome(CFS) together, becuase FMS and CFS are poorly understood disorders that share similar demographic and clinical characteristics. Because of the clinical similarities between both disorders it was suggested that they share a common pathophysiological mechanism, namely, central nervous system dysfunction.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.459-465
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• 2012

This study has investigated the effect of isometric contractile force and muscle activity applying ice and hot according to the time from the biceps brachii muscle. In this study, 20 university students participants without musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. By applying a hot pack 5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 30 min respectively and ice pack for 5 min, 10 min, and 20 min respectively. After that measurement are skin temperature, contractile force and muscle activity. Skin temperature of the hot and cold 5 min applied that rapidly changing. Increasing the time it takes to apply a variance has been reduced(p<.001). Isometric contractile force was not statistically significant but highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes and lowest when applying the hot pack 30 minutes(p<.001). Muscle activity and median frequency was highest when applying the hot pack 5 minutes. To analyze the above results, it was found that isometric contractile force and muscle activity changed according to the applying time. These result lead us to the conclusion that this study will be more evidence for changes in muscle contraction to apply hot pack and ice pack on clinic.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2022

In this study, flow patterns in the ice-harbor fishway were analyzed according to fluctuations of the upstream water level, an increase of weir interval, and the presence or absence of orifices using a three-dimensional commercial numerical model, Flow-3D. In order to prove the suitability of the numerical simulation results, the flow velocity and flow rate at the exit of the fishway were observed using a 3D ultrasonic velocimetry on an actual ice-harbor fishway installed downstream of the Daegok bridge in Gyeongan-Cheon. Four types of turbulence modules can be selected for the Flow-3D model. As a result of verification with observation data, the RNG model best described the flow characteristics in the ice-harbor fishway. The velocity structure in the fishway according to fluctuations of the upstream water level was simulated. The results showed that the plunging flow and the streaming flow were mixed at the lowest water level. When the water level increased about 10 cm or more from the lowest water level, the plunging flow disappeared in all pools and only the streaming flow occurred. Contrary to expectations, even when the water level is rose a little, the flow simply occurred mainly on the streaming flow. If the interval between the weirs is increased, both the plunging flow and the streaming flow are showed continued even if the water level rises. In addition, compared to the case where there are no orifices at the bottom of the weirs, the plunging flow tends to be generated in several pools. It is necessary to prevent blocking orifices through active management so that various flow patterns in the fishway can be generated in multiple pools.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.313-325
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine Korean restaurant industry during $1979{\sim}2001$, and to review Korean restaurant industry related by statistics. Finally, to predict the Korean restaurant industry, major restaurant industry was categorized into fast food restaurants, family restaurants, pizza restaurants and ice cream restaurants. A contents analysis used to review Korea food industry yearly statistics and monthly magazine 'restaurant'. Korean food service industry yearly statistics have been published since 1980, the magazine 'Restaurant' has been published since 1985, but the statistics was recorded from 1995.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.105-112
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• 2007

The era of express train in Korea has come since April in 2004. The KTX(Korea Train Express) which has introduced the technology of TGV of France is regraded as good as the ICE of Germany or Shinkansen of Japanese in its hardware aspects. However there are still many things to be improved in its software aspects such as the quality of services, since the new express railway system is in the early beginning stage. To improve the quality of services, we should first measure and analyze the current level of the service quality. Using SERVQUAL model, the service level of KTX is measured and analyzed in this paper. Issues on how to improve the service quality are discussed based on the measurement and analysis.