• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.52-65
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• 2016

The electronic toll collection system(ETCS), is globally used in about 40 countries. In Korea, the Korea Expressway Corporation led the nationwide introduction of the ETC system in 2007 under the brand name of the Hi-pass. Since then, Hi-pass, with its rate of average daily use reaching about 70%, has become an essential facility in Korean expressways. To identify users' perception on Hi-pass (satisfaction, preference, etc.), this study conducted a Modified Importance-Performance Analysis (M-IPA). With this, this study attempted to identify the kind of efforts necessary to enhance current Hi-pass users' convenience and satisfaction. According to the result of M-IPA, the items including "non-stop payment" and "toll discount" are identified as key items that require further improvement. For improvement in the "non-stop payment" item, operations of Hi-pass toll booths appropriate for the demand for Hi-pass use and the selection of Hi-pass booths' locations in consideration of entry and exit lanes need to be improved. In addition, with regard to the "toll discount" item, although toll discount is currently provided to Hi-pass users, thus, PR thereof will have to be strengthened. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to devise methods of enhancing Hi-pass usage through improvement of Hi-pass users' satisfaction.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.104-119
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to suggest a way of the efficient operation of university foodservice through the Importance-Performance Analysis and examine a causal relationship between selection attributes and satisfaction. A survey was carried out in class, and after excluding 12(A University) and 20(B University) unusable cases which had an unacceptable level of missing data, 108 out of 120(A University) and 104 out of 124(B University) cases were used for analysis. As for A University, IPA showed that taste, variety, food cleanliness, table cleanliness, and tableware cleanliness were included in the concentrating efforts items. As for B University, IPA showed that taste, variety, and table cleanliness were in the concentrating efforts items that university foodservice managers should improve. Also, through t-test difference analysis on selection attributes of A University and B University in the research model, this study confirmed that both A University and B University displayed positive difference in personal services. And, through regression analysis, food quality had a positive influence on satisfaction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.4
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• pp.679-686
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• 2014

This study analysed differences between importance and performance of 2014 forest interpreter training program through IPA with the aim to provide suggestions and improvement. First the results of a comparison of the overall average of performance and importance showed importance is higher than performance. Afterwards, the result of IPA showed that confidence of being an interpreter, active involvement, the understanding of the value of forest, expansion of the understanding of forest, the understanding of the mission of interpreter, and the understanding of the qualification of interpreter, those 6 items belong to the I quadrant. In the case of the II quadrant there were interest of the content of education and to learn a lot of things through education. Next, those how to deal with service, planning interpreter programs, clarity of the content of education, accuracy of the content of education, validity of the content of education, appropriate number of participants, and appropriate time of education involved in III quadrant. Finally, concentration in the education and the understanding of the topic of education situated in IV quadrant.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.675-687
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• 2019

As interest in artificial intelligence increases, each university has been establishing a special graduate school with artificial intelligence major, and recently, the Korea government has established various support policies for artificial intelligence education. However, each university has a lot of difficulties because it has little experience in operating graduate education with the latest field of artificial intelligence and it is not easy to find experts. In this study, the response of graduate school students majoring in artificial intelligence was analyzed using IPA technique, and the direction of education of graduate school artificial intelligence major was searched. Among the 40 items surveyed by IPA, 12 items such as systematization of artificial intelligence curriculum, progress of class considering learning level, improvement of academic relations with guidance professors were extracted as items to be improved first. On the other hand, 8 items such as assistant capacity, and relationship with colleagues were overloaded, and twelve items such as instructor's lecture competency, appropriateness of educational contents, learner's artificial intelligence skills and knowledge, and attitude acquisition were to be maintained. In addition, eight items such as convergence education curriculum and diversity of education methods were all low in importance and performance. It is suggested that AI graduate school should be divided into two tracks(technical specialization, convergence expansion) by educational goal, and each track should be conducted by level-specific educational contents and methods suitable for student level. The curriculum should be elaborate and systematic to acquire AI knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and should have an individualized guidance system centered on excellent faculty members.

• Clean Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.419-425
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• 2012

This work explored the characteristics and the photocatalytic activities of S element-doped $TiO_2$ (S-$TiO_2$) and N element-doped $TiO_2$ (N-$TiO_2$) for the decomposition of gas-phase isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at sub-ppm concentrations, using a plug-flow reactor irradiated by 8-W daylight lamp or visible light-emitting-diodes (LEDs). In addition, the generation yield of acetone during photocatalytic processes for IPA at sub-ppm levels was examined. The surface characteristics of prepared S- and N-$TiO_2$ photocatalysts were analyzed to indicate that they could be effectively activated by visible-light irradiation. Regarding both types of photocatalysts, the cleaning efficiency of IPA increased as the air flow rate (AFR) was decreased. The average cleaning efficiency determined via the S-$TiO_2$ system for the AFR of 2.0 L $min^{-1}$ was 39%, whereas it was close to 100% for the AFR of 0.1 L $min^{-1}$. Regarding the N-$TiO_2$ system, the average cleaning efficiency for the AFR of 2.0 L $min^{-1}$ was above 90%, whereas it was still close to 100% for the AFR of 0.1 L $min^{-1}$. In contrast to the cleaning efficiencies of IPA, both types of photocatalysts revealed a decreasing trend in the generation yields of acetone with decreasing the AFR. Consequently, the N-$TiO_2$ system was preferred for cleaning of sub-ppm IPA to S-$TiO_2$ system and should be operated under low AFR conditions to minimize the acetone generation. In addition, 8-W daylight lamp exhibited higher cleaning efficiency of IPA than for visible LEDs.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.927-949
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to find out the difference between importance and performance regarding perception of core competence of gifted education teachers through importance-performance analysis (IPA). One hundred fourteen elementary gifted education teachers including math and science participated in the study. The collected survey data was analyzed with IPA matrix. As the result, firstly, there was significant difference between importance and performance regarding perception of core competence of gifted education teachers. Secondly, core competencies of 'understanding knowledge', 'research and instruction', 'passion and motivation', and 'ethics' are high in both perceptions of importance and performance. However, both 'communication and practices' and 'professional curriculum development' are low. Thirdly, there was a difference in core competence of gifted education teachers between math and science at the competence of 'passion and motivation'. Math gifted education teachers perceived 'passion and motivation' high in both importance and performance while science gifted education teachers perceived its importance low and performance high. In addition, math gifted education teachers showed lower performance compared to its importance in the sub-categories; 'knowledge of gifted development', 'gifted child assessment', 'information gathering and its literacy', and 'creative answers to various questions'. However, science gifted education teachers showed lower performance compared to its importance in sub-categories; 'higher-order thinking skills in its subject', 'teaching methodology for self-directed learning', 'problem behavior of the gifted', and 'counseling the gifted'.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

Purpose - Despite the structural irrationality of multi-level transportation and the oil price rise, the domestic freight transportation market continues to grow, mirroring the rise in e-commerce and resultant increase in courier services and freight volumes. Several studies on courier services have been conducted. However, few studies or statistics have been published regarding regular freight services although they have played a role in the freight service market. The present study identifies the characteristics of regular freight service users to seek competitiveness enhancement measures specific to regular freight services. Research design, data, and methodology - IPA is a comparative analysis of the relative importance of and satisfaction with each attribute simultaneously. This study used IPA because it facilitates the process of analyzing importance and performance, deriving implications and a visual understanding of results. To enhance the competitiveness of regular freight services, this study surveyed its current users regarding the importance of the regular freight service factors. A total of 200 copies of a questionnaire were circulated and 190 copies were returned. In addition to demographics, respondents answered questions about the importance of and satisfaction with services on a 5-point Likert scale. Excluding 3 inappropriate copies, 187 out of 190 copies were analyzed. PASW Statistics 18 was used for statistical analysis. A total of 20 question items were selected for the service factors presented in the questionnaire based on the 1st pilot survey and previous studies. Results - According to the IPA performed to compare the importance of and satisfaction with service factors, both importance and satisfaction are high in the 1st quadrant, which involves the economic advantage of using regular freight services, quick arrival at destinations, weight freight handling, and less time constraints on freight receipt/dispatch. This area requires continuous management. Satisfaction is higher than importance in the 2nd quadrant, which involves the adequacy of freight, cost savings over ordinary courier services, notification on freight arrival, and freight tracking information. This area requires intensive investment and management. Satisfaction is lower than importance in the 3rd quadrant, involving the credit card payment system, courier delivery service, distance to freight handling sites, easy access to freight handling sites, and prompt problem solving. This area requires further intensive management. Both importance and satisfaction are low in the 4th quadrant, involving the availability of collection service, storage space at freight handling sites, kindness of collection/delivery staff, kindness of outlet staff, and easy delivery checks. This area is a set of variables should be excluded from priority control targets. Conclusions - Based on the IPA, service factors that need priority controls because of high importance and low satisfaction include the credit card payment system, delivery service, distance to freight handling sites, easy access to freight handling sites, and prompt problem solving. The findings need to be applied to future marketing strategies for regular freight services and for developing competitiveness enhancement programs.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.133-141
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• 2019

High specific surface area zirconia with acid-basic property was synthesized by precipitation using reflux method or hydrothermal synthesis method using ammonium hydroxide solution as precipitant in the range of pH of Zr solution from 2 to 10. The prepared zirconia was characterized by the nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), isopropanol temperature programmed desorption (IPA-TPD), scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the catalytic activity in the IPA decomposition reaction was correlated with the acid-basic properties. When using reflux method, high pH of Zr solution was required to obtain high fraction of tetragonal zirconia, and pure tetragonal zirconia was possible at pH 9 or higher. High pH was required to obtain high specific surface area zirconia, and the hydrous zirconia synthesized at pH 10 had high specific surface area zirconia of $260m^2g^{-1}$ even after calcination at $600^{\circ}C$. However, hydrothermal synthesis with high pressure under the same conditions resulted in very low specific surface area below $40m^2g^{-1}$ and monoclinic phase zirconia was synthesized. High pH of the solution was required to obtain high specific surface area tetragonal phase zirconia. In hydrothermal synthesis requiring high pressure, monoclinic zirconia was produced irrespective of the pH of the solution, and the specific surface area was relatively low. Zirconia with high specific surface area and tetragonal phase was predominantly acidic compared to basicity and only propylene, which was observed as selective dehydration reaction in IPA decomposition reaction, was produced.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.368-378
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• 2019

This study examined the differences of importance and performance perception level among the food & beverage festival attributes of visitors participating 'Daegu Chimac Festival' and also conducted importance-performance analysis (IPA) of food & beverage festival Attributes. The results were as follows: firstly, food & beverage festival attributes were grouped into four factors such as 'sanitation environment', 'food taste and variety', 'food quality and supplementary service' and 'food purchase convenient.' Secondly, the 4 factors and 21 items of festival attributes showed statistically significant differences in their levels of importance and performance. Finally, results of the questionnaire survey of 322 visitors at '2018 Daegu Chimac Festival' indicated that 'food purchase convenient' and 'food taste and variety' were important to visitors and had high performance. Although attributes related to 'food quality and supplementary service' had an low importance and low performance, and also 'sanitation environment' had an low importance and high performance in the IPA results, they were identified as the key determinants affecting food & beverage festival' success.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.447-457
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to check awareness of 'the phenomenon of women's alienation in Yon-Ko-Jeon' to women students, and improve the gender equality for Yon-Ko-Jeon through IPA(Importance Performance Analysis). For this study, 322 women undergraduates at Yonsei University and Korea University, from sophomore to senior students, are selected and asked to be surveyed. At first, a majority of women students from two universities didn't recognize the lack of women sports and athletes in Yon-Ko-Jeon. Moreover, they didn't think about women's alienation in Yon-Ko-Jeon as well as improvement for the issue seriously. It shows the life style of gender in the sport. Second, as a result of IPA, improvement plan of Yon-Ko-Jeon on gender equality shows it needs to reflect member's opinion and introduce women sports clubs first. Recently, the improvement for the Yon-Ko-Joen is the top priority because the event doesn't reflect member's opinion. Furthermore, it shows that Yon-Ko-Jeon needs to introduce the competition of women's club sports. These are what the event has to improve.