• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.302-309
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• 2019

BACKGOURND/OBJECTIVES: Vascular inflammation is an important feature in the atherosclerotic process. Recent studies report that leaves and branches of Carpinus turczaninowii (C. turczaninowii) have antioxidant capacity and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, no study has reported the regulatory effect of C. turczaninowii extract on the arterial inflammatory response. This study therefore investigated modulation of the arterial inflammatory response after exposure to C. turczaninowii extract, using human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs). MATERIALS/METHODS: Scavenging activity of free radicals, total phenolic content (TPC), cell viability, mRNA expressions, and secreted levels of cytokines were measured in LPS-stimulated (10 ng/mL) HAoSMCs treated with the C. turczaninowii extract. RESULTS: C. turczaninowii extract contains high amounts of TPC ($225.6{\pm}21.0mg$ of gallic acid equivalents/g of the extract), as well as exerts time-and dose-dependent increases in strongly scavenged free radicals (average $14.8{\pm}1.97{\mu}g/mL$ $IC_{50}$ at 40 min). Cell viabilities after exposure to the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) were similar to the viability of non-treated cells. Cytokine mRNA expressions were significantly suppressed by the extracts (1 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) at 6 hours (h) after exposure. Interleukin-6 secretion was dose-dependently suppressed 2 h after incubation with the extract, at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at 5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$ in LPS-stimulated cells. Similar patterns were also observed at 24 h after incubation with the extract (at $1-10{\mu}g/mL$ in non-stimulated cells, and at $10{\mu}g/mL$ in the LPS-stimulated cells). Soluble intracellular vascular adhesion molecules (sICAM-1) secreted from non-stimulated cells and LPS-stimulated cells were similarly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner after 24 h exposure to the extracts, but not after 2 h. In addition, sICAM-1 concentration after 24 h treatment was positively related to IL-6 levels after 2 h and 24 h exposure (r = 0.418, P = 0.003, and r = 0.524, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that C. turczaninowii modulates the arterial inflammatory response, and indicates the potential to be applied as a therapeutic use for atherosclerosis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2019

Seven antimicrobial agents known to be effective in inhibiting the growth of lactic acid bacteria were applied to ensure the microbial safety of low-salted squid and myungran jeotgal with 4-6% salinity. These agents reduced the salt content by 50% compared with the conventional Jeotgal. Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., and Pediococcus sp. were commonly found to account for 80% of microbial organisms, and yeast and fungi were observed in squid and myungran jeotgal, respectively. The total bacterial counts in squid and myungran jeotgal showed 94.20 and 90.87% reduction after the addition of 0.5% (w/w) glycine. The microbial counts in squid and myungran jeotgal decreased $10^1-10^2CFU/g$ when compared with the control after 21 days at $10^{\circ}C$. Glycine was found to be an effective commercial antimicrobial agent that can be used to control bacterial count in low-salted Jeotgal without affecting sensory qualities such as overall taste and flavor.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2021

Recently, an R-based point time series data validation system has been established for the statistical post processing and improvement of the National Center for AgroMeteorology-Land Atmosphere Modeling Package (NCAM-LAMP) medium-range prediction data. The time series verification system was used to compare the NCAM-LAMP with the AWS observations and GDAPS medium-range prediction model data operated by Korea Meteorological Administration. For this comparison, the model latitude and longitude data closest to the observation station were extracted and a total of nine points were selected. For each point, the characteristics of the model prediction error were obtained by comparing the daily average of the previous prediction data of air temperature, wind speed, and hourly precipitation, and then we tried to improve the next prediction data using Support Vector Machine( SVM) method. For three months from August to October 2017, the SVM method was used to calibrate the predicted time series data for each run. It was found that The SVM-based correction was promising and encouraging for wind speed and precipitation variables than for temperature variable. The correction effect was small in August but considerably increased in September and October. These results indicate that the SVM method can contribute to mitigate the gradual degradation of medium-range predictability as the model boundary data flows into the model interior.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.84-91
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• 2022

In this study, an experimental study was conducted to analyze the hysteresis behavior according to the steel fiber aspect ratio and volume fraction of diagonally reinforced concrete coupling beams under to cyclic loading. The aspect ratio and volume fraction of the steel fibers were set as the main variables, and 4 specimens were fabricated in which the amount of transverse reinforcement of the coupling beam suggested in the domestic building structural standard was relaxed by about 53%. In the experiment, cyclic loading experiments were performed in the displacement control method in accordance with ACI 374.2R-13, and as a result of the experiment, it was found that all specimens containing steel fibers exceeded the nominal shear strength suggested by the current structural standards. As the aspect ratio of the steel fibers increased, the steel fibers prevented the buckling of the diagonal reinforcement, and the bridging effect of the steel fibers held the crack surface of the concrete. The shear strength, stiffness reduction and energy dissipation capacity of the specimens containing steel fibers were superior to those of the Vf0 specimens without steel fibers. Therefore, it is judged that the steel fiber reinforced concrete can relieve the details of the transverse reinforced.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.137-148
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to implement variable selection algorithm which helps construct a reliable linear regression model. If we use all candidate variables to construct a linear regression model, the significance of the model will be decreased and it will cause 'Curse of Dimensionality'. And if the number of data is less than the number of variables (dimension), we cannot construct the regression model. Due to these problems, we consider the variable selection problem as a combinatorial optimization problem, and apply GA (Genetic Algorithm) to the problem. Typical measures of estimating statistical significance are $R^2$, F-value of regression model, t-value of regression coefficients, and standard error of estimates. We design GA to solve multi-objective functions, because statistical significance of model is not to be estimated by a single measure. We perform experiments using simulation data, designed to consider various kinds of situations. As a result, it shows better performance than LARS (Least Angle Regression) which is an algorithm to solve variable selection problems. We modify algorithm to solve portfolio selection problem which construct portfolio by selecting stocks. We conclude that the algorithm is able to solve real problems.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 2024

This study investigates the therapeutic potential of Indigo Naturalis (IN) in treating a Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). The objective is to comprehensively examine the effects and pharmacological mechanisms of IN on IBD, assessing its potential as an novel treatment for IBD. Analysis of 11 selected papers is conducted to understand the effects of IN, focusing on compounds like indirubin, isatin, indigo, and tryptanthrin. This study evaluates their impact on Disease Activity Index (DAI) score, colon length, mucosal damage, and macrophage infiltration in Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice. Additionally, It investigate into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) pathway activation, Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-κB)/nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)/Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) inhibition, and modulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88)/NF-κB and Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. Immunomodulatory effects on T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg cell) balance and Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3-β) expression are also explored. Furthermore, the study addresses the role of IN in restoring intestinal microbiota diversity, reducing pathogenic bacteria, and increasing beneficial bacteria. The findings reveal that IN, particularly indirubin and indigo, demonstrates significant improvements in DAI score, colon length, mucosal damage, and macrophage infiltration in DSS-induced colitis mice. The anti-inflammatory effects are attributed to the activation of the AhR pathway, inhibition of inflammatory pathways, and modulation of immune responses. These results exhibit the potential of IN in IBD treatment. Notably, the restoration of intestinal microbiota diversity and balance further supports its efficacy. IN emerges as a promising and effective treatment for IBD, demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects and positive outcomes in preclinical studies. However, potential side effects necessitate further investigation for safe therapeutic development. The study underscores the need for future research to explore a broader range of active ingredients in IN to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2015

The Maillard reaction is a non-enzymatic reaction between amino and carbonyl groups. During milk processing, lactose reacts with milk protein through this reaction. Infant formulas (IFs) are milk-based products processed with heat-treatments, including spray-drying and sterilization. Because IFs contain higher Maillard reaction products (MRPs) than breast milk, formula-fed infants are subject to higher MRP exposure than breast milk-fed ones. In this study, we investigated the optimization of conditions for minimal MRP formation with the addition of $\small{L}$-carnitine ($\small{L}$-car), pyridoxine hydrochloride (PH), and $\small{DL}$-${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate (${\alpha}$-T) in an IF model system. MRP formation was monitored by response surface methodology using fluorescence intensity (FI) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content. The optimal condition for minimizing the formation of MRPs was with $2.3{\mu}M$ $\small{L}$-car, $15.8{\mu}M$ PH, and $20.6{\mu}M$ ${\alpha}$-T. Under this condition, the predicted values were 77.4% FI and 248.7 ppb HMF.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.539-544
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• 2005

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiologic role of serum E-selectin, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)-induced cell adhesion mollecule in Kawasaki disease(KD) and to look for the evidence of direct relationship between the plasma levels of soluble E-selectin and the incidence of coronary artery lesion(CAL). Methods : Changes in plasma levels of sE-selectin(n=98) over time were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) in 23 patients with acute KD and 25 age-matched febrile children. Results : Compared with control values, the peak levels of plasma sE-selectin were significantly elevated($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $22.89{\pm}12.53ng/mL$ vs $10.65{\pm}3.42ng/mL$, P=0.01) in KD. 5 patients with CAL, plasma sE-selectin levels before treatment were higher than in 18 patients without CAL($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $39.43{\pm}15.08ng/mL$ and $19.00{\pm}8.32ng/mL$, respectively; P=0.01). Plasma sE-selectin declined rapidly in the majority of KD patients regardless of the presence of CAL. Plasma sE-selectin levels after treatment and convalesent period were similar in KD patients with and without CAL. The plasma levels sE-selectin were correlated with those of white blood cell count(r=0.299, P<0.05), CRP(r=0.430, P<0.05), serum albumin(r=-0.483, P<0.05), serum protein(r=-0.502, P<0.05) and hemoglobin(r=-0.372, P<0.05) not with those of ESR, platelet, or duration of fever. There were significant differences in the initial level of serum sE-selectin between KD with and without CAL($mean{\pm}S.E$. : $39.44{\pm}15.08ng/mL$ vs. $19.00{\pm}17.18ng/mL$) in multivariated linear tests. Conclusion : Plasma sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in KD than in other febrile illness. Higher plamsa levels of sE-selectin may have potential as a predictor of CAL in patients with KD.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.264-268
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• 2006

This study investigated the effect of self-incompatibility control substance 'Apple plus' in improving self-fertilization and quality on apple. Results showed that the rate of fruit setting of disc florets of Fuji apple in the open field increased from 17.2% in 2004 to 44.4% in 2005 for the treated plots and from 0.5% in 2004 to 3.0% in 2005 for the control. In the case of using net covering, the rate of fruit setting increased from 3.3% in 2004 to 5.2% in 2005 for the treated plots and from 0.4% in 2004 to 0.1% in 2005 for the control. For the quality of apple fruits, results showed that there was no significant difference on the fruit L/D and firmness for both control and treated plots. However, the number of seeds was affected by the different substances which produced the following average number of seeds: control, 0.9; IS-1, 1.2; IS-2, 1.2; IS-3, 1.5 and IS-4, 0.7. The SSR genetic analysis showed that the rate of self-fertilization was highest for IS-1 (100%), followed by IS-2 (73%), IS-3 (68%), IS-4 (62%) and control (0%).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.195-202
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• 2014

Objective: A low-viscosity resin (infiltrant) was used to inhibit the progression of white spot lesions (WSLs) and resolve associated esthetic issues. An alternative pretreatment was explored to increase the pore volume of the surface layer of the WSLs. Also, the penetration effects of the infiltrant were evaluated for various pretreatments. Methods: Sixty two artificial lesions were fabricated on bovine teeth. As a positive control, 15% HCl gel was applied for 120 seconds. Further, 37% $H_3PO_4$ gel was applied for 30 seconds using three methods. The samples were divided as follows: $H_3PO_4$ only group, $H_3PO_4$ sponge group, and $H_3PO_4$ brush group. The acid was gently rubbed with the applicators (i.e., a sponge or brush) throughout the application time. To compare the effects of resin infiltration, twenty paired halves of specimens were treated with an infiltrant (ICON$^{(R)}$). Results: Thicknesses of the removed surface layers and infiltrated areas were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope. The positive control and the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group failed to show significant differences in the removed thickness (p > 0.05); however, the mean percentage of the infiltrated area was higher in the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group ($84.13{\pm}7.58%$%) than the positive control ($63.51{\pm}7.62%$, p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscope observations indicate higher pore volumes for the 37% $H_3PO_4$ brush group than for the positive control. Conclusions: Application of 37% $H_3PO_4$ with a brush for 30 seconds increased the pore volume of WSL surface layers and the percentage of infiltrated areas in comparison to the use of 15% HCl for 120 seconds.