• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2005

Objectives : Applying herbal-acupuncture using Ursi Fet into Zusanli (UZ) on to the atopic dermatitis (AD) in mice to study changes in external dermal formation, change of leukocytes in vasculature, change of lipid formation in stratum corneum and distribution of ceramide. This study was done through forcing an injury to the mice's back skin which damages the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum. Methods : The AD which was caused intentionally using the external application on the mice's back skin was treated with VB; the change of leukocytes in the vasculature was identified through optima 5.2 and Student's t-test and the results were made into a dermal formation graph. Results : After dispensing UZ into the AD, the dermal injury decreased. The recovery of the lipid protection formation which includes lipid and ceramide in the stratum comeum (for suppressing acute inflammation due to factors such as PKC, $TNF-\alpha,\;IL-1\beta$, which controlled the secretion of the relating inflammatory cytokine) also went on to show a decrease of both angiogenesis and degranulated mast cells. In addition, the decrease of epithelial injury also caused the growth of cells to decrease in the stratum basale and cytoclasis. In the vasculature, the leukocytes were also decreased na this could relate to a decrease in AD. Conclusions : UZ has an effect on AD by suppressing dermal injury through the recovery of the lipid protection formation in the stratum corneum.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.200-206
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• 2014

N-(p-Coumaryol) tryptamine (CT), a phenolic amide, has been reported to exhibit anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the underlying mechanism by which CT exerts its pharmacological properties has not been clearly demonstrated. The objective of this study is to elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of CT in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells. CT significantly inhibited LPS-induced extracellular secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and $PGE_2$, and protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2. In addition, CT significantly suppressed LPS-induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$. To elucidate the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanism of CT, involvement of MAPK and Akt signaling pathways was examined. CT significantly attenuated LPS-induced activation of JNK/c-Jun, but not ERK and p38, in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, CT appeared to suppress LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation. However, JNK inhibition, but not Akt inhibition, resulted in the suppression of LPS-induced responses, suggesting that JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway significantly contributes to LPS-induced inflammatory responses and that LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation might be a compensatory response to a stress condition. Taken together, the present study clearly demonstrates CT exerts anti-inflammatory activity through the suppression of JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway in LPS-challenged RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.616-621
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• 2009

To evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), we measured the inhibitory effect of several LAB isolated from intestinal microflora and commercial probiotics against the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation by intestinal bacteria. Bifidobacterium longum HY8004 and Lactobacillus plantarum AK8-4 exhibited the most potent inhibition. These LAB inhibited colon shortening and myeloperoxidase production in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitic mice. These LAB also blocked the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-$\alpha$, as well as of COX-2, in the colon. LAB also blocked activation of the transcription factor, NF-${\kappa}B$, and expression of TLR-4 induced by TNBS. In addition, LAB reduced the TNBS-induced bacterial degradation activities of chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid. These findings suggest that GAG degradation-inhibitory LAB may improve colitis by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression via TLR-4-linked NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and by inhibiting intestinal bacterial GAG degradation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2012

Recently, we reported that the synthetic Coprisin analog peptide 9-mer dimer CopA3 (consisted of all-L amino acid sequence) was designed based on a defensin-like peptide, Coprisin isolated from Copris tripartitus. The 9-mer dimer CopA3 (L-CopA3) had antibacterial activity and induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells via a caspase-independent pathway. In this study, all of amino acid sequences of L-CopA3 were modified to all D-form amino acids (DCopA3) to develop a more effective antimicrobial peptide. We investigated whether D-CopA3 had antimicrobial activities against pathogenic microorganisms and pro-apoptotic effects in human leukemia cells (U937, Jurkat, and AML-2). The synthetic peptide D-CopA3 had antimicrobial activities against various pathogenic bacteria and yeast fungus with MIC values in the 4~64 ${\mu}M$ range. Moreover, D-CopA3 caused cell growth inhibition, and increased the chromosomal DNA fragmentation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL1-${\beta}$, transcripts in human leukemia cells. The all-D amino acid peptide DCopA3 proved as effective as the L-CopA3 reported previously. These results provide the basis for developing D-CopA3 as a new antibiotic peptide.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.429-433
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• 2005

We investigated the effects of aqueous extract from talc for suppression in the process of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in the rat. The weight of urinary bladder was increased in the cyclophosphamide-injected rat compared with normal, but the increase of weight was arrested by intake of talc. More similar results showed in the uric test involving nitrate content and blood cell number and serum analysis involving the content of blood urea nitrogen and uric acid in the talc challenged rat compared with control one. More severe histological changes of urinary bladder such as edema, wall thickness, bleeding, vacuolation in mucosal epithelium were demonstrated in the rat injected with cyclophosphamide compared with normal. Fewer scores of these changes such as edema and bleeding were observed in rats treated with talc. In the immunohistochemical analysis, the expression of inflammatory-related protein examined tended to increase in the urinary bladder of cyclophosphamide-injected rat, especially COX-2 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ in mucosal epithelium and iNOS and $IL-1{\beta}$ in mucosal and muscular layer. The decline of these immunoreation were observed in the talc treated rat, significant decrease of COX-2 was detected in mucosal epithelium and iNOS in submucosal layer. These results suggest that talc may use as a useful therapeutic agent for noninfectious cystitis.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.25-55
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of the present study was to observe the effect of Astragali Radix Herbal-Acupuncture Solution(AR-HAS) at $ST_{36}$(jok-samni, $Z\acute{u}s\bar{a}n$ Li) on collagen- II -induced arthritis(CIA) in mice. Methods : DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine type II collagen(CII) on days 0 and 21 to induce arthritis. The mice were divided into 5 groups : normal group(no CIA), control group(CIA+no treatment), needle prick group(CIA+single prick with an injection needle), saline group(CIA+saline injection) and ARHA group(CIA+ R-HA treatment). The needle prick, saline injection, and AR-HA groups were injected on the right $ST_{36}$(jok-samni) of mice for 9 weeks, 3 times a week, beginning 4 weeks after the booster immunization. Results : 1. The incidence of arthritis, AI(arthritis index), and joint edema decreased in the AR-HA group. 2. Weight gain, hypertrophy of the spleen, adhesion of the tissues, and transformation of the joint were restrained in the AR-HA group. 3. The concentrations of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in CIA mouse serum and $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10 in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the AR-HA group. 4. Total cell counts increased significantly, and the ratio of $CD3e^+$ to $CD45R^+$, $CD4^+$ to $CD8^+$, and $CD4^+$ to $CD25^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse spleen cell culture of the AR-HA group. 5. Total cell counts decreased significantly, and $CD4^+/CD25^+$ and $CD45R^+/CD69^+$ decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse lymph nodes of the AR-HA group. 6. $CD3e^+/CD69^+$ and $CD11b^+/Gr-1^+$ cells decreased significantly at $ST_{36}$ in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group. 7. The histological examination showed that cartilage destruction and synoviocyte proliferation decreased in the CIA mouse joints of the AR-HA group, and collagen fiber was expressed similar to that seen in the normal group. Conclusions : Our experiments show that at $ST_{36}$, an anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR-HA controls synovial cell proliferation and protects against cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.642-652
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• 2018

본 연구는 LPS 처리 큰포식 세포에서 옻 추출물, 옻 첨가 된장 및 간장 추출물의 항염증 및 산화방지 효과를 확인하였다. 염증 반응은 자극이 가해지면 히스타민, 세로토닌, 프로스타글란딘과 같은 혈관 활성물질에 의해 혈관 투과성이 증대되어 염증을 유발하고 사이토카인, 활성산소종, lysosomal enzyme 등 다양한 매개 인자가 관여한다. 자극에 의한 큰포식세포의 염증반응은 $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6, $IL-1{\beta}$와 같은 pro-inflammatory cytokine의 발현이 유도되고, iNOS와 COX-2에 영향을 받는 유전자의 발현을 자극하게 되어 NO 및 $PGE_2$ 등의 염증 인자가 생성된다. 이에 따라 옻 추출물, 옻 첨가 된장 및 간장 추추물의 염증 및 산화방지시스템 관련 유전자 발현을 분석하였다. 그 결과 옻 추출물은 LPS 자극에 의해 생성된 NO, 염증성 사이토카인 및 $PGE_2$의 생성을 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 옻 추출물은 산화방지관련 핵 내 전사인자인 Nrf2 및 관련 유전자의 발현에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 옻첨가 된장 및 간장 추출물은 NO 및 염증성 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하였지만, 염증 및 산화방지관련 유전자의 발현에 영향을 미치지는 않았다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.596-606
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 다시마 물 추출액과 유산균(Lactobacillus brevis)으로 발효한 다시마 발효액의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성과 항염증 활성에 대하여 검토하였다. 다시마 물 추출액 및 발효액의 pH는 각각 6.18과 4.16이었고, 당도는 $8.50^{\circ}Brix$와 $7.40^{\circ}Brix$였다. 다시마 물 추출액과 발효액의 주요 유리아미노산은 glutamic acid와 aspartic acid 및 alanine으로 발효에 의해 glutamic acid는 감소한 반면 GABA의 함량은 증가하였다. 다시마 물 추출액 및 발효액의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 $498.29{\mu}g\;GAE/ml$와 $615.77{\mu}g\;GAE/ml$였다. DPPH radical 소거능은 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며, 10% 농도에서의 DPPH radical 소거능은 각각 89.89%와 96.94%로 나타났다(p<0.05). 다시마 물 추출액과 발효액의 SOD 활성 또한 농도 의존적으로 증가하였으며, 다시마 발효액의 경우 물 추출액보다 유의적으로 활성이 증가하는 결과가 나타났다(p<0.05). 나아가 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포를 이용하여 항염증 활성을 검토하였다. 다시마 물 추출액과 발효액의 ROS 생성은 1% 농도에서 각각 189.90% 및 174.69%를 나타내었다. 또한, 염증성 cytokines인 $TNF-{\alpha}$와 $IL-1{\beta}$의 분비량은 다시마 발효액이 물 추출액보다 유의적으로 감소하는 결과가 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과에서와 같이 다시마 추출액과 발효액은 높은 항산화 및 항염증 활성이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 발효에 의해 그 활성이 증가하여 기능성 식품소재로서 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권9호
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• pp.512-517
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• 2014

In this study, we showed that Mycobacterium abscessus MAB2560 induces the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), which are representative antigen-presenting cells (APCs). M. abscessus MAB2560 stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-12p70] and reduce the endocytic capacity and maturation of DCs. Using $TLR4^{-/-}$ DCs, we found that MAB2560 mediated DC maturation via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). MAB2560 also activated the MAPK signaling pathway, which was essential for DC maturation. Furthermore, MAB2560-treated DCs induced the transformation of $na\ddot{i}ve$ T cells to polarized $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T cells, which would be crucial for Th1 polarization of the immune response. Taken together, our results indicate that MAB2560 could potentially regulate the host immune response to M. abscessus and may have critical implications for the manipulation of DC functions for developing DC-based immunotherapy.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.491-496
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• 2015

본 연구는 대표적인 떫은 감 품종인 대봉감과 반시의 항산화, 항염증 및 면역증강 효과를 탐색, 비교하였다. 쥐 모델을 대상으로 4주간 대봉감과 반시의 섭취는 식이섭취량과 체중 변화에 영향을 미치지 않았다. B지역의 대봉감 섭취는 고지방식이 대조군 대비 유의적으로 카탈레이즈 활성 수준을 증가시켰으며, 간 조직의 지질과산화물인 말론디알데하이드 수준은 고지방식이 대조군 대비 A지역 대봉감을 섭취한 군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다. 또한 A지역 대봉감의 섭취는 염증인자인 IL-1 beta의 수준을 고지방식이군 대비 유의적으로 감소시켰다. 또 다른 대표적인 염증인자인 IL-6는 고지방식이 대조군과 비교하여 A지역과 B지역의 대봉감을 섭취한 군에서 유의적으로 감소시켰다. TNF-alpha 수준은 A지역의 대봉감을 섭취한 군에서 고지방식이대조군 대비 유의적으로 감소되었다. A지역 대봉감 섭취는 IgG의 수준을 고지방식이 대조군 대비 유의적으로 증가시켰다. IGF-1의 수준은 고지방식이 대조군과 비교하여 A, B, C 지역 대봉감 섭취군에서 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 대봉감의 섭취는 우수한 항염증 효과와 면역증강 효과가 있을 것으로 사료된다.